What are the writing methods?

1, the characteristics of the first-person narrative method Because the content of the article is conveyed to the reader through "I", it means that what is written in the article is what the narrator saw with his own eyes, heard with his own ears, or his own personal experience, so that the reader can get a kind and real feeling. Use the first person, because the narrator is the party, the people and things described can only be those within the scope of "I" activities. People and things outside the scope of activities cannot be written in. 2. The third-person narrative method is characterized by the use of third-person narrative. The narrator is not limited by space or time, nor by physiology or psychology. He can directly show the people and things in the article to the readers and reflect the social life freely and flexibly. But the third-person narrative is often not as intimate and natural as the first-person narrative. 3, the characteristics of the chronological method, chronological method is to describe things, in line with the actual situation of the development of things, so it is easy to write articles clearly. When using chronological order, we should pay attention to proper tailoring and highlight key points. Otherwise, it is easy to list, easy to be straightforward, and like a running account, it is boring to read. 4. flashback method features flashback is not to reverse the whole event, but to advance a certain part, and the others are sequential methods. There are generally three kinds of flashbacks: first, in order to express the central idea of the article, the part that can best express the central idea is mentioned in front and highlighted; The second is to make the structure of the article changeable and avoid straightforward narration; Third, in order to show the effect, the article twists and turns, causing suspense and fascinating. Explain the starting point clearly when flashback. There should be clear boundaries between flashback and sequence, necessary text transition and natural connection. Pay special attention not to toss and turn aimlessly, making the article unclear. 5. Interpolation is characterized by expressing the needs of the article center. Sometimes it is to help readers understand the narrative of the story; Sometimes it is to annotate and explain the plot of the characters that appear. The use of interpolation must obey the need to express the central idea, so as not to rock the boat and steal the host's attention. When inserting a narrative, we should also pay attention to the transition, care and cohesion of the article, and there should be no traces of fracture. 6. Supplementary narrative method is mainly used to supplement the above narrative, which is generally fragmentary and short, and does not have a complete event. You can also put the explanation or explanation in front and cause the following. The function of supplementary narrative generally does not develop plots and events, but enriches and supplements the original narrative. 7. Characteristics of Classification The function of classification is to write complicated things clearly and orderly. You can tell one thing first, then another, or you can cross-talk several things. When using classification, it is necessary to establish narrative clues according to the content of the article and the need to express the central idea, and also to explain clearly the time when each event occurred and developed. 8. Detailed description Features Detailed description is generally used to describe the development and change process of things. When describing details, we should grasp the characteristics of characters or the details of things and describe them in detail. When writing a composition, the part closely related to the central idea should be described in detail. It has little to do with the central idea, but it has to be explained, so as to highlight the center of the article. Otherwise, the article will appear non-center or multi-center, which is more complicated. 9. The function of brief description is to explain what is indispensable in the process of the occurrence and development of events, but it is not necessary to describe them in detail. When it is combined with detailed narrative, the whole narrative is detailed, sparse and dense, forming the ups and downs of narrative. Brief narration is generally used at the beginning and end of the article; The part generally related to the central idea; What people know. 10, the characteristics of direct lyricism can make emotional expression simple, true and shocking. Direct lyric is generally suitable for expressing strong and nervous feelings. Direct lyric is characterized by strong narrative feelings, fast and tense rhythm, straightforward feelings and easy to grasp. 1 1, the characteristics of indirect lyric method are implicit and indirect, full of charm and strong appeal. Indirect lyricism can generally be expressed by narration. The author adds his own subjective feelings and narrates according to the flow of feelings, so that readers can feel the author's thoughts and feelings in the process of narration. You can also express your feelings through discussion. In the discussion, the author expressed strong love and hate. The discussion in this narrative is generally carried out through judgment; You can also express your feelings through description, and the author permeates his feelings in the process of description. Using indirect lyric method, we should make the language beautiful and full of emotion. 12, the characteristic of first narration and then discussion is first narration and then discussion, so the discussion should play a role of summarizing the above and taking courage as the center. When discussing, we should discuss the main content of the event, or the main people or things of the event. Only in this way can we achieve the unity of narration and discussion. The method of discussion can be discussed through the language and psychological activities of the characters in the article, or as a third party. 13, the characteristics of the first discussion and then narrative method adopt the method of first discussion and then narrative. First, directly put forward the main points and centers of the narrative, and unify the full text in this way, so that the meaning of the events recorded in the full text becomes clear after discussion. When narrating, you should write around the center of the discussion and grasp the key points. 14, the narrative method is characterized by interspersed narrative, flexible writing, and the author can freely express his feelings. When using narrative discussion method, we should pay attention to the coherence of narrative and the discussion should be inserted naturally. 15, the characteristics of taking things as clues In the narrative process, an object is allowed to appear repeatedly at various stages of the event, and its image is enhanced by various means. Such objects often play a transitional role or symbolize and point out the central idea. 16, narrating with human clues, we should pay attention to the unity of characters in different times and environments, as well as the unity of their age characteristics, appearance, movements, local and ethnic characteristics, living habits and so on. Otherwise, it is easy to cause confusion. 17. In this writing, the main line of ideological development should be clear. All stages of ideological change should be natural and clear. 18, with the central event as the clue, the main events are highlighted, the secondary events are clearly explained, the primary and secondary collocation is reasonable, and the narrative is orderly. In this way, no matter how complicated the event is, it can be complicated without chaos. 19, the characteristics of sketching To learn painting, you should start with sketching and sketching; To learn calligraphy, we should start with the practice of tracing red paste; Learning objects also need to practice from sketching. When we write a composition, if we can describe what we see in words, readers will have a solid foundation when they see the article. When sketching objects, we should pay attention to the order of drawing, from top to bottom, from bottom to top, from left to right, from right to left, from middle to both sides, from both sides to middle, from whole to part, or from part to whole. Secondly, we should pay attention to the description of details, so that readers will be impressed. 20, the characteristics of the rotation method The rotation method is used to describe the items arranged in a certain order, and you can't just toss. Secondly, we should use the directional words such as front, back, down, up, left and right accurately. When changing the direction of the article, use direction words to express it. In addition, it should be detailed, and the side that can reflect the characteristics of the article should be described in detail, and the others should be briefly explained. It is forbidden to cover everything and apply force evenly. 2 1, the characteristics of bamboo shoot stripping method Some items have complex structures, which can't be described clearly by simply rotating method. We can't grasp the characteristics, so we have to describe the structure of the article from the outside to the inside or from the inside to the outside. Transition words should be used to explain clearly which level to enter. In addition, it is necessary to focus on the structure of the article. 22. The characteristics of anthropomorphic methods When comparing animals with adults, we should pay attention to finding out the similarities between the characteristics of animals and people and describe them in detail. To compare an animal with an adult, we should first compare it with an adult as a whole, and then find out the local similarities. This way, you can have a sense of integrity after reading it. If we only focus on partial comparison, it is easy to appear neither fish nor fowl, and it is not easy for readers to imagine. Comparing animals with humans is also used to describe animal movements. This is mainly based on the psychological activities of the characters to imagine the purpose of animal movements. 23, the characteristics of dynamic method The dynamic of the imaginary object should be combined with the static description, so as to set each other off. The article changes from describing static to imagining dynamic or from dynamic to imagining static, and the description should be clear, otherwise it is not clear which part to look at and think of. The fictional object dynamics of the article should conform to the characteristics of the object, so that people can read it credibly. 24, the characteristics of the explanatory text When describing an article with an explanatory text, we must first truly explain its characteristics, and secondly, we must grasp the key points to explain. For example, when explaining various parts of an article, some parts can explain its texture; Some parts can explain its characteristics; Some parts can explain its function. In addition, when explaining the history, characteristics or uses of the article, we should focus on the center of the full text and avoid going too far from the topic. 25. Using the "five senses" method, the eyes can see the color and shape of the object; Ears can hear all kinds of sounds; Nose can smell fragrance, stink, fishy smell and shame; Tongue can know the bitterness, spicy, sour, sweet, salty, light and astringent of goods; Skin can sense the softness, hardness and coldness of objects. When describing an object, we can write the characteristics of the object through the feelings of various sensory organs. When describing an object with the "five senses" method, we should pay attention to writing around the most important features of the object to avoid fragmentation. In addition, we should pay attention to the description in a certain order. 26. The characteristics of the lyric method of borrowing things require us to pin our feelings on the love and hate of things when describing things, and express our feelings implicitly by borrowing the image of things. Using the method of expressing emotion by borrowing things, the key is to find out the characteristics of things and the places where their feelings evoke * * *, so as to achieve the unity of things and feelings and to rely on them. 27. The ideographic method is characterized by an article written by ideographic method, which is characterized by using an object to compare or symbolize a certain spirit, character, thoughts and feelings. To write such an article well, we must master the internal relations between "things" and "aspirations" and "things" and "feelings". First of all, the main features of an article should have some similarities and similarities with one's own aspirations and wishes. Secondly, when describing, your ambition should be centered on the characteristics of the object. Articles should be able to express their wishes. The most commonly used writing methods are metaphor, personification and symbol. 28, the characteristics of the article self-report The article self-report describes the article in the first person, so I hope my article has human characteristics. In the specific description, we should pay attention to accurately grasp the characteristics of the object, so that the personalized object not only embodies the characteristics of people, but also does not lose its true colors. It has the characteristics of humanization, vivid objects, attracts readers' interest and clearly shows the author's thoughts and feelings. Keep the essential characteristics of the object, and describe the object truly and naturally. 29. Visionary features Buildings can be seen from a distance or a distance. Overlooking the building, you can get the overall impression and outline of the building. However, we can't see the specific situation of each part from a distance. On the contrary, we lack a holistic sense of the position of the building in space, and often have a vague sense. When we describe a building, we can combine the results of the distant view and the close view, so that readers can have a detailed understanding of the whole and various parts of the building and get a complete impression. 30. The characteristics of the combination of inside and outside Looking at the building from the outside, it is mainly to understand the outline of the building and let the reader have a complete impression of the building. Looking at the building from the inside is mainly to understand the structure of the building, so it is necessary to make a detailed introduction. Observing the building from the outside, we should focus on the overall description and avoid writing it in pieces. Observing the building from the inside should be meticulous, so it should be introduced in the order of orientation, so that it can be organized clearly and understood by readers. When describing architecture by combining internal and external methods, we should pay attention to rhetorical methods such as metaphor and personification. 3 1, the characteristics of the step-by-step transformation method The step-by-step transformation method is used to describe the building, which can constantly change the foothold and observation point, and observe and describe the building in many aspects. Looking at the same building from different angles, we will get different impressions. Therefore, when describing architecture by gradual transformation, it is necessary to make the observation point and foothold clear, so that readers can understand from which angle the architectural image you described is seen. Otherwise, it is easy to confuse readers. Secondly, when describing architecture with the method of gradual transformation, we must grasp the most important features of architecture to write. If described in a comprehensive way, the article can easily become a running account. 32, the characteristics of the introduction method When describing the building with the introduction method, we must first pay attention to the center determined by the article to make the necessary introduction, and avoid rambling. In the process of explanation and introduction, we should be concise and to the point, and avoid dragging our feet. When describing a building by description and introduction, we should also pay attention to the overall coherence, that is, after description and introduction, the article should return to describing the building and connect with the previous article. The article should have transitional words or sentences from describing architecture to introducing architecture, or from introducing architecture back to describing architecture. 33. The characteristic of the environmental foil method is that it is surrounded by green, and the red in the middle is particularly bright and eye-catching, so it is called "a little red among all greens". The proper description of the scenery around the building makes the building stand out. The purpose of describing the scenery around the building is to highlight the building, so it is forbidden to write close-ups without leaving the building when describing the scenery. Cause a noise. When describing the scenery around the building, the observation points and footholds should be clearly explained so that readers can understand the location of the building. 34. The characteristic plants described by colored pencils are always composed of roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits. When drawing with colored pencils, write down the most important features of roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits, and write down their shapes and colors. When describing plants in this way, you should observe them carefully. It is necessary to distinguish the colors of various parts of plants, which are also red, and to distinguish whether they are fiery red or pink; It is also yellow, whether it is orange or gold; It is also green, whether it is green or light green ... It is necessary to carefully distinguish the morphological characteristics of each part, which is also a flower, which is different from a blooming flower. After careful observation and detailed description, the reader seems to see a color photo of a plant. To describe plants in this way, we should also use appropriate metaphors to write our own feelings. 35. The combination of distance and distance is characterized by the same plant, which is different from the close-up view. This is the same as taking pictures. If you put it in front of the camera and away from it, the size of the photos taken will be different. Using the method of combining distance and distance to describe plants can reflect the characteristics of plant morphology and color from different angles and give readers a perfect impression. When describing plants in this way, the observation point should be clearly explained, that is, far or near. Secondly, we should pay attention to the order of narration, from far to near, or from near to far, so that the article can be coherent. 36. The characteristic of time series transformation method is that the shapes and colors of plant parts change with seasons. If we write down the characteristics of plants in different seasons and explain the relevant situation clearly, it is equivalent to taking color photos of plants in different periods. After reading this set of color photos, readers will have a more comprehensive understanding of it. When describing plants with time series transformation method, we should first pay attention to the data accumulated at ordinary times. We should carefully observe the same plant in different seasons in a planned way, and write down the observation diary, so that we can choose the accumulated materials when writing and write good articles. Secondly, we should pay attention to the continuity of observation. 37. The characteristics of the growth change method Plants always grow, and generally go through stages such as germination, branching, long leaves, flowering and fruiting. If we compare the shape, color characteristics and growth of plants at different stages, it is like making a small movie for this plant. Readers can understand the whole process of plant growth through reading in a very short time. To describe plants with the method of growth change, we should first pay attention to writing down the most prominent changes in the process of plant growth; Secondly, it is necessary to explain the reasons, situations and processes of plant changes; In addition, we should pay attention to writing it down in an orderly manner in chronological order. 38, the characteristics of the extended association method When we see a plant, we often associate it with other things, and these things often have something in common with this plant. For example, when we see cotton peaches, we think of white snowflakes, because snowflakes and cotton are the same color; When we see a big watermelon, we think of basketball, because watermelon and basketball are similar in shape; We see pine trees with lush ice in the snow and think of heroes who are not afraid of torture and never bend their knees before the enemy. That is the similarity in quality between pine trees and heroes. When describing plants by association, we should pay attention to the main characteristics of plants and expand our imagination. To improve one's associative ability, one must first study hard, understand life and store rich knowledge in one's mind. Secondly, I think hard and train frequently to enrich my imagination. 39. Highlighting the characteristics of key methods Plants are always composed of roots, stems, branches, leaves, flowers and fruits. When we describe a plant, we can describe its roots, stems, branches, leaves, flowers and fruits, or we can only describe a certain part of the plant. When we focus on describing a plant, we must first find out what makes this plant different. Secondly, it is necessary to describe the part that best reflects the characteristics of this plant from many aspects such as color, shape and smell. In addition, personification, metaphor and other methods can be used appropriately. 40. Comparing the characteristics of the comparative method, as the saying goes: "If you don't look at the mountains, you don't know the flat land." The characteristics of things are often revealed in comparison. When we describe plants, we often highlight their characteristics by comparison. There are two methods of comparison. One is to compare this plant with another plant; One is to compare two obvious characteristics of plants themselves. Using comparison method, we should pay attention to the most remarkable characteristics of the described plants and compare them with other plants. Only in this way can readers be deeply impressed and enlightened. Using comparative methods, we should also pay attention to expressing the author's own thoughts, feelings and tendencies. Only in this way can the article be touching. When comparing different parts of the same plant, we should pay attention to finding out the contradictions in order to attract readers' attention. 4 1, the characteristics of praise and the methods of praise all kinds of plants have their own characteristics, such as pine trees are not afraid of cold, willow trees grow everywhere, lotus flowers are not stained with mud, sweet-scented osmanthus floats for ten miles, and weeds are tenacious ... These characteristics of plants often remind us of the truth of being a man. If we see the lotus coming out of the mud but not stained, we can think of fighting against unhealthy trends; Seeing the tenacious vitality of weeds, we can think that we should not be afraid of difficulties and setbacks ... praise and praise are to praise these characteristics of plants. To adopt the method of praise and praise, we should first describe the characteristics of plants that can be related to how to be a man, and run through the whole text, so as to highlight the center of the article. Secondly, we should express our praise in the article and write our own feelings in the description of plants, so as to be touching. In addition, we should pay attention to the echo from beginning to end and highlight the praise. 42. The characteristics of static sketch include body, coat color, head, limbs, eyes, ears and tail. Different animals have different body parts. For example, a bird has only two feet, but a pair of wings. Fish have no feet, but no scales and fins. Static sketch is to write out the shape and color characteristics of each part of an animal when it is at rest. To describe animals in this way, we must first observe carefully and distinguish the colors of different parts of animals. Secondly, we should find out the shape characteristics of each part. Besides, we should use appropriate metaphors. In this way, it can make readers seem to see a sketch of an animal. 43, the characteristics of the total grouping method The total grouping method is used to describe animals, and attention should be paid to the relationship between the general statement and the sub-statement. The sub-narrative part should be described closely around the features mentioned in the general narrative. If the general statement is about the beauty of animals, the sub-statement should be written around beauty; If the general description is about the "flexibility" of animals, then the sub-description part should be written around its flexibility. In addition, all the parts should be in a certain order, or from top to bottom, or form before color, or middle before two sides, and must be organized. 44. The characteristics of the characteristic example method When describing animals with the characteristic example method, it is generally pointed out that some characteristics of animals are first, and then specific examples are cited to confirm them. When describing animals in this way, we should pay attention to the characteristics that can best reflect the animals, and try our best to be specific and make readers feel credible. 45. Feature description method Feature description method is used to describe animals. Generally, an animal's characteristic is introduced first, and then its function or why it has this characteristic is explained. Then introduce other characteristics of animals one by one in the same way. To describe animals in this way, we should pay attention to science, have evidence and not take it for granted. In order to improve our writing ability, we should pay attention to reading more popular science books and understand the habits of animals. 46. The characteristics of the prominent method When describing animals with the prominent method, we must first carefully observe an animal and find out its distinctive characteristics to describe it. When describing the most important characteristics of animals, we should pay attention to the methods of metaphor, personification and contrast, so that the key parts will leave a deep impression on readers. Describe animals in prominent ways, some describe the main features in detail, while the secondary features are left aside; Some write the main features, not the secondary features. 47. The characteristics of the growth change method When describing animals with the growth change method, we should pay attention to writing down several major stages in the whole process of animals from small to large, and we can't use the method of writing a running account. When describing several main stages in the process of animal growth, we should pay attention to the causal relationship to avoid inconsistency and confusion for readers. The growth process of animals is a long process, so when describing animals in this way, we should pay attention to systematic observation, or unconsciously write a series of observation diaries and write down the observation results. Finally, as long as the observation diary is cut out, it can become an article reflecting the growth process of animals. 48, the characteristics of the experimental proof method Using the experimental proof method, we must first find out some little-known characteristics and habits of animals, and then prove through experiments that animals do have these characteristics and habits. When describing the process of the experiment, we should write down the method, process and result of the experiment in an orderly way to convince the readers. This kind of composition is generally written in the order of asking questions-doing experiments-knowing the truth. 49. The characteristics of group description describe a group of animals. The most important thing is to be detailed. We should choose animals with characteristics, pay attention to observation and description, and write others in general or brief terms, so as to select typical materials and highlight key points. For the key description of animals, we should grasp its shape, color, movement and make a specific description. For sketching animals, we can grasp one aspect and mention it briefly. Describe a group of animals, don't cover everything. 50. The characteristics of the on-site witness method The on-site witness method is used to describe animals, and the observation site should be clearly explained so that it can be read truly. As the spot witness takes the author's observation angle as the starting point of writing, the description should not be comprehensive and complete, but the content of the description should be carefully selected and focused. When describing animals by witnessing on the spot, we should pay attention to explaining what we have seen and guessed clearly. Such an article is scientific.