1. The title of “he” in ancient Chinese
The third-person pronouns in ancient Chinese are very underdeveloped. Strictly speaking, there is no real third-person pronoun in ancient Chinese that is completely equivalent to the modern Chinese "he". Although "zhi", "qi", "jue", "that", etc. can be used, they are still very indicative. Therefore, in pre-Qin Chinese, third-person pronouns rarely served as subjects. In modern Chinese, where a third-person pronoun is required as the subject, the ancients generally used two expression methods: one is to repeat the noun that has appeared before, and the other is to omit the subject.
We will discuss the use of personal pronouns "zhi" and "qi" in the next chapter. The usage of the third-person pronouns "Jue" and "bi" is described as follows:
1. "Jue" is used as the third-person pronoun and mostly as an attributive. For example:
What is the shape of the β peak? Adze?
A swollen jaw?笘缃怀瀬鍏?纴洔冩畳铡ヨ汉銆倦Zhilu DONG皧銆婂悐瞞埚师璧娨? Adze?
2. "He" is a third-person pronoun and can be used as subject or object, but it is very indicative. For example:
What is the difference between the jaw and the bottom? Is the rudder strong and the rudder is strong? Adze?宸^紶路駧揕揜卽崄浜屽 hook锆嬶级
銨娨潽褰 alkali 纴涓韚か涔燂绂玴紴紴洶韚か涔燂炂閖Ju綍壣 suburban鍝夛绻甛四? What's the point of Yinghui Road?笂銆嬶level
Note:
1. "比" can be used as a first-person pronoun or a personal pronoun. For example:
①Although he is defeated, he observes his intention and wants to get what he deserves and retaliate to Han. ("Report to Ren An") (The author claims to be me)
②Chaos will remain with you for life. If he knows it, he will stay away from it. ("Zhuangzi Zaiyou") (Those who are chaotic will never leave the roots throughout their lives. If you know that you are returning to the roots, you will leave the roots.)
2. "He" is not a third-person pronoun in ancient Chinese , only means "other", "other" and the like, and is a demonstrative pronoun. "He" is used as a third-person pronoun, probably starting in the Jin Dynasty.
3. "Qu" can later be used as a third-person pronoun. For example: "When my son-in-law came yesterday, he must have stolen it." ("Three Kingdoms·Wu Shu·Zhao Da Zhuan") 2. Chinese
1. In ancient times, a man of about 20 years old was called (weak crown), and a 30-year-old man was called a weak crown. For (standing), the age of 40 is (not confused), the age of 50 is (knowing destiny), the age of 60 is (ears are smooth), the age of 70 is (old age), and the age of 80 is (old age).
2. The three poets of the same family, father and son, are: Su Xun, Su Shi, and Su Che
The four great poets through the ages are: Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi
Su Shi and his His father Su Xun and his younger brother Su Zhe are collectively known as "Three Sus". Song Wang Pizhi's "Mianshui Yan Tan Lu" says: "Su's writings are good all over the world, and his writings are called San Su." Xun is Lao Su, Shi is Da Su, and Zhe is Xiao Su. Zhang Penghui, a man of the Qing Dynasty, wrote a couplet of three Su temples: "One father and son, three poets, four great writers through the ages." Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Ouyang Xiu, and Su Shi were called the "four great writers".
Hunan Yueyang Tower Couplet written by Chen Outline, a Jinshi in Jiaqing of the Ming Dynasty
"Surrounded by lakes and mountains, thousands of families are filled with sorrow and joy." This couplet praises Fan Zhongyan.
The source is two sentences in Fan Zhongyan's "Yueyang Tower": Worry about the world's worries first, and rejoice after the world's happiness
"The world is devastated by the sages in the poems, and the people are suffering." "The Waves at the End of the Pen" is a couplet written by Mr. Guo Moruo.
Mr. Guo Moruo's couplet highly summarizes the two aspects of Du Fu's concern for the country and the people. It has profound content, stable contrast work, and free and rich calligraphy. It has always been respected by the world. 3. Titles in classical Chinese
Daily titles in classical Chinese.
(1) Call yourself modestly
Family father, family strict: call yourself father.
Jia Mu, Jia Ci: Call your mother.
Brother and sister: refer to one’s brother and sister.
House-brother and sister-in-law: refer to one’s own younger brother and younger sister.
To call oneself nephew.
Wife, wife, wife, helper, Zhuojing: call one’s wife.
Wife: Call yourself husband.
Dog and boy: call one’s own son.
Little girl: Call yourself your daughter.
Dear friend: Call yourself a friend.
I: Call yourself.
(2) Address people with respect
Father: Address the other person’s father with respect.
Mingtang: Address the other party’s mother respectfully.
Your Majesty, Your Majesty, Your Majesty: Address each other’s son with respect.
Ling nephew: Call someone’s nephew.
Young lady, daughter: honorific address to each other’s daughter.
Your son-in-law: the honorific title given to the other party’s son-in-law.
Your daughter-in-law: the honorific title given to the other party’s daughter-in-law.
Lingzheng, Xiange, respect your wife: address each other’s wife with respect.
Kunyu and Kunzhong: They are called brothers.
Qiao Zi: Calling people father and son.
Xianqi: Call yourself a student.
Gaozu: Call someone else’s student.
Extended information
Ancient titles
Titles are a cultural phenomenon. From the titles of an era, we can get a glimpse of the style of an era. Titles are also a mirror. The change of title is a cultural change and is also regarded as a reflection of historical culture.
The title of Chinese people is essentially a history of the development of Chinese culture, which contains the precipitation and changes of the long cultural history of the Chinese nation. Chinese people's titles are a reflection of clan lineage, customs, rank, status, reputation, etc. Elders, juniors, superiors, and subordinates each have their own set of titles, and no one can go beyond them. From the titles, we can see that Chinese people attach great importance to rituals and customs such as patriarchal etiquette, respect for elders and the younger, and the way they express official positions and imperial examinations.
Ancient titles for brothers
Ranking titles for brothers: In ancient times, Bo, Zhong, Shu, and Ji were used to express the ranking order among brothers; Bo was the eldest, Zhong was the second eldest, and Uncle was the eldest. Third, the quarter ranking is the smallest. The father's elder brother is called "Father", the father's second brother is called "Zhongfu", the brother of Zhongfu is called "uncle", the youngest uncle is called "Ji's father", and later all the father's brothers are collectively called "uncle".
Ancient names for parents
Parents are also called Gaotang, Chunxuan, parents, knees, kaosi, etc.