Problem description:
Official script and later fonts come down in one continuous line, but the change from seal script to official script seems to be too sudden, as if it were two completely different characters. Did you find the middle font? CCTV found that it seems that this issue was mentioned in one issue, but I didn't watch all the programs in that episode.
Analysis:
1. The emergence of Biography
There are many kinds of seal scripts, such as ancient prose, variant script, big seal script, small seal script, Miao seal script and overlapping seal script, which can be roughly divided into two types: big seal script and small seal script. Among them, the big seal script includes Oracle Bone Inscriptions, inscriptions on bronze and inscriptions on bronze. On biographies, Xu Shen said in Shuo Wen Jie Zi: "Qin Shihuang was the first emperor in the world, and Prime Minister Li Si played with him, but did not cooperate with Qin Wen. The company wrote Cang Xie, the CRRC government ordered Zhao Gao to write Calendar, and the Taishi ordered Hu Wujing to write erudition, all of which were based on history as a big seal, or quite preserved, so-called small seal. "
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, different styles of calligraphy were formed due to geographical division and governors' different ways. In 22 1 year BC, Qin Shihuang unified the six countries and established a centralized system. Soon, he ordered Li Si, the prime minister, to unify the eight calligraphy styles, such as Da Zhuan, Xiao Zhuan, Block Edition, Insect Edition, Regular Script, Official Script and Official Script, which were popular all over the country at that time, and implemented "the same script" and formulated a set of standardized and unified calligraphy styles, also known as "Qin Zhuan".
The ink of Qin dynasty can still be seen today, such as Qingchuan wooden slips, Hou Shu and Qin bamboo slips "Sleeping in a Tiger's Land in a Dream". Bamboo slips and silk books bid farewell to the support of Zhong Ding artifacts, making calligraphy appear systematically in the form of ink; Moreover, these ink calligraphy styles have changed from long to flat, from round to square. This news is also found in artifacts of the same period, such as Ding. This kind of official script, which has not yet broken away from the constitution of seal script, is called "pure official script" by Li Jianshu-"no wave pen, straight without bending, and lonely".
Shi Guwen in Qin Dynasty (also known as Chen Cang Ten Chapters, Yong Yi Hunting Chapters and Stone Carving) is the earliest stone carving calligraphy seen at present. His calligraphy style is between ancient books and Qin Zhuan, and it is a representative work in the transition period from Da Zhuan to Xiao Zhuan. Shi Guwen was unearthed in Baoji, Shaanxi Province in the early Tang Dynasty, and Han Yu wrote "Shigu Song", which had a great influence on later generations.
In the 26th year of Qin Shihuang (22 BC1year), Ban and Qin were unified. Their calligraphy is full of rules, but the characters are colorful and random, and the strokes are mostly parallel. Qin Shihuang led many people to patrol around, seeing mountains and water, and setting a monument wherever he went to celebrate his great cause of "sweeping Liuhe and subliming the world" It is said that the stone carvings written by Li Si include Taishan stone carvings, Langya stone carvings and Langya stone carvings.
Carving Stone on Yishan was written by Qin Shihuang when he climbed Yishan and ordered Li Siji to praise his virtue. The Tang Dynasty was destroyed, and what exists is an engraving of the Song Dynasty (named Chang 'an Edition). Like Ode to Jieshi and Huiji Stone Carving, this kind of seal script is a standard Qin Zhuan (Xiao Zhuan). Xiao Zhuan's calligraphy style is neatly arranged and the rules are harmonious; The structure is symmetrical, the upper part is tight and the lower part is loose, slender and graceful, and the lines are round and healthy. It is rated as "picturesque as a stone statue and a strong crossbow".
Because the strokes of Xiao Zhuan are straight, even and round, it is also called "jade-style character".
The original stone of "Yishan carved stone" was destroyed as early as when Cao Cao went up the mountain, leaving only an inscription. What I saw in the forest of * * * today was carved by people in the Song Dynasty according to the copy of Xu Xuan in the Southern Tang Dynasty in the Five Dynasties. After Qin Lisi, there were five generations of seal script, namely Xu Xuan and Li in Tang Dynasty, Deng, Wu Changshuo and Qi Baishi in Qing Dynasty.
The stone carvings in Qin dynasty not only achieved its spiritual purpose, but also created a method to make calligraphy last forever and opened up a new art form of calligraphy. There are two schools of calligraphy art in China, one is the study of steles, and the other is the study of calligraphy, and the stone carvings in Qin Dynasty undoubtedly created the study of steles.
2. The emergence and prosperity of official script
There is a legend about the emergence of official script, which was created by Cheng Miao. Cheng Miao, a disciple of Qin Dynasty, was imprisoned for offending Qin Shihuang. He found it troublesome to write prison officials' waist tags with seal script, so he rounded them into squares and created a new style of writing. Qin Shihuang appreciated it after reading it. Not only was he pardoned for his crimes, but he was also made an empire, and it was stipulated that this font should be used in official prisons in the future. Because this new style of calligraphy was originally used by officials, and Cheng Miao was an official, it was called official script, or Zuo Shu and Zuo Li. Of course, this is just a legend, because, in fact, any kind of representative calligraphy can't appear out of thin air, nor can it happen overnight. It will take quite a while to form gradually. As for a person's contribution, it is generally just a comprehensive arrangement and a collection of achievements. This is true of official script, and so is the production technology of regular script, running script and cursive script.
Archaeological data prove that the ink on bamboo slips from the Warring States to the Qin Dynasty has become commonplace, with fewer strokes and longer and flatter glyphs. In addition to the above-mentioned "pure officials", many characters began to suffer from the pain of the soles of their feet, and they were called "Qin officials" (in the name of "Qin officials", to distinguish them from a large number of mature ink calligraphy, such as Changsha Mawangdui silk books (such as Lao Zi Jia Ben and Lao Zi Ben), Songbaishan Han bamboo slips and Juyan Han bamboo slips, all of which had obvious official meanings. It not only showed how simple seal scripts evolved into elegant and free-spirited standard Han Li's. From the end of the Warring States Period to the Qin Dynasty, although the official script appeared and was used by the people, it occupied a dominant position independently, but in the Han Dynasty, especially in the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was adopted by the Emperor Huandi (147- 167) to the Emperor Hanling (168- 189).
The appearance of official script, like later regular script and cursive script, is a major change in the history of calligraphy in China. Judging from the history of writing, the appearance of official script ended the pictographic characteristics of ancient Chinese characters and entered the field of writing symbolization. From the perspective of calligraphy history, it is a major milestone in the history of calligraphy development that official script inherits seal script and opens regular script. The pen used in official script broke through the monotony of the pen used in seal script. These points are clearly defined, and it is very important that Fiona Fang is harmonious with each other. On behalf of the main pen "Swallowtail Silkworm Head", there are twists and turns.
In addition, Han Li's bold and simple style reflects the magnificent scene of the Han Empire from one side. Unfortunately, the creator of such brilliant art, the calligrapher who wrote Dan at that time, left no name, and even the relevant historical records were pitiful.
Liu Xie's "Wen Xin Diao Long Bi Bei" said: "Since the later Han Dynasty, the tablet has been carved in the clouds." Of course, erecting a monument is a serious matter, so its calligraphy style is solemn and solemn, which makes sense. Ink calligraphy in Han bamboo slips is different. Although cautious and generous, it is natural after all. Let us really see the true face of * * * official script and try to figure out all the secrets of calligraphers when they put pen to paper. What is particularly surprising is that there are mature cursive scripts, regular script and running script in these Han bamboo slips, which reveal the news of regular script in Wei and Jin Dynasties and running script in Jin Dynasty.
Besides these precious ink vessels, the most valuable thing in Han Li is a large number of inscriptions in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
The inscriptions in the Western Han Dynasty, such as "Five Phoenix Carving Stones", were similar to the simplified Chinese calligraphy at that time. By the Eastern Han Dynasty, official calligraphy was in full swing. At that time, the wind of erecting monuments was very strong, and the authors were multi-level, which made the inscriptions on Lishu in various places extremely rich. , Zhang Shou Monument, Xianyuhuang Monument, Liyue Monument, Confucius Temple Monument, Chaohou Filial Piety Monument, Yangbei Monument, Xiping Monument, Yiying Monument, Monument and Xiacheng Monument.
Although these official scripts are all marked by the brushwork and foot strokes known as "the swallow-tailed silkworm head", they have their own characteristics and distances, and people have to marvel at the artistic creativity of * * *. As far as a style of calligraphy is concerned, Lishu reached an unprecedented peak in China's calligraphy history in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The Han Dynasty was really the golden season in the history of calligraphy in China, especially the official script. Close friend Kang Youwei spoke highly of Han Li. He wrote in "Two Boats in Guangyi": "The books in the Han Dynasty were not prosperous, not only high in spirit, but also changed the most, which was highly praised by one hundred generations. Du Du made grass, Cai Yong made white flowers, and Liu Desheng made running script, all of which were * * *. The late season comes true, and future generations can't go outside. It has become extremely difficult to establish a system by the Han Dynasty. "
In addition to the dominant official script, on the basis of Qin Zhuan, the official script of the Han Dynasty has also been developed, such as Mu Kai Temple Stone Queming, Yuan 'an Monument, Taishi Stone Que Monument and so on. What is more noteworthy is that the inscriptions in the Han Dynasty are also official, and the decoration style is all the way. As for "The Monument to the San Gong Mountain", it is particularly unique and a strange song.
Other stone carvings and brick carvings, such as "Biography of the Ram" and "Jijiu Brick", are also eye-catching. They not only provide circumstantial evidence for studying the evolution of calligraphy, but also give us enlightenment. Calligraphy from folk calligraphers is unpretentious, naive and straightforward, which is unique from the tradition of strict statutes. Apart from brick carving, the tile in Han Dynasty is also a treasure in the history of China calligraphy. As Kang Youwei said in Guang Yi Yi Zhou Shuang, "The tiles of Qin and Han Dynasties are cheap and flat, and scholars can get married with their brushwork."
3. Han Bei's drunken shadow
The full name of "Ode to Shimen" is "Ode to Yang Junsong", which was built in the second year of Han bamboo slips (148) and is a large cliff stone carving. Its structure is adapted to local conditions, its brushwork is vigorous and extensive, and its weather is broad.
The full name of "Yiying Monument" is "100 Monuments of Confucius Temple erected by Lu Han Xiang Yiying", which was built in the first year of Han Yongxing (153) and is now in Dacheng Hall of Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong Province. The calligraphy structure of this tablet is neat and even, the brushwork is calm, and the swallowtail posture is beautiful, which is the representative work of Han Li's standardization and maturity. Weng Fanggang called it "the kinship of flesh and blood, the smooth feelings", and He Zanyun "constant, open a door later, but Zhuang Yan Shu."
The ritual monument was established in the second year of Yongshou in the Eastern Han Dynasty (156). Its full name is the Confucius Temple Sacrificial Monument built by Lu, so it is also called Hanyi Monument. Now it is hidden in Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong Province. The shape of the monument is unique, and the monument is engraved on four sides: Beiyang 16 lines, each with 36 words; There are 3 columns of steles, each column 17 rows; There are 3 columns on the left side of the tablet, each with 4 rows; There are four columns on the right side of graphics tablet, each with four rows. The calligraphy style of the tablet is relaxed and vivid, the words are consistent, the pen is frustrated and vigorous, and the waves are heavy, which is called Han Lizhi's extreme rule. Wang Shu, a calligrapher in the Qing Dynasty, praised the cloud as "strange words without emotion". The names of those who didn't sign the book seem to be written in different ways.
The full name of Yellow Monument is June Monument, which was built in eight years (165). The monument is magnificent, broad, flat and rich, neat and even, and powerful with a pen.
Shi Chenbei was written in Jianning period of the Eastern Han Dynasty (169) and is now in the Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong Province. The monument is carved on both sides, so it is also called "Chen Shi front and back monument": the full name of the front monument is "Chen Shi in Luxiang sacrificed Confucius to write an inscription", 17 lines, each line is 36 words; The full name of the back monument is "Lu Shixiang Chen Yi Confucius Temple Monument", 14 lines, with 36 words in each line. The calligraphy of the tablet is neat, finely carved, and there is no calligrapher's name. His calligraphy is elegant and dignified, with delicate and bright strokes and flying waves. Yang Shoujing commented on the inscription: "It used to be said that Han Li was not beautiful, but an ancient and heavy spirit was out of reach, which is true." The monument is known as the "eight-point original" and is a model for future generations to visit.
The full name of Xi Huang Fu is Li Mao Xi Huang Fu of Hanyang Ayang, also known as Li Mao Monument and Hui An Xi Table, commonly known as Huanglong Monument. The fourth year of Jianning in the Eastern Han Dynasty (17 1) is similar to Shimen Fu and Hui 'an Xi Biao. This book is carved on the cliff of Qinglongtou in the middle of the narrow west. It is 280 cm high and 200 cm wide, with 20 lines and 20 words in each line. It was written by Qiu Jing, a folk calligrapher, adding a bit of natural interest to the uneven space. There are many seal characters in the structure, or seal characters stand side by side, and the pen and Fiona Fang are used together. Liang Qichao called The West Chamber "heroic and quiet, Han Li regular" in his Inscription. Yang Shoujing's Comments on Inscriptions praised the cloud as "square and majestic, endless and especially valuable".
Cao Quanbei's full name is Han Heyang's Order to Cao Quanbei, which was engraved in the second year of Hanzhouping (185) and 1956 was collected in Xi 'an Beilin Museum. The tablet calligraphy is elegant, graceful, flat and even in structure and elegant in brushwork. It belongs to beauty and elegance with "Yi Ying" and "Li Qi". It is vivid and coquettish, and it is a wonderful flower in Han Li.
Zhang Qianbei, whose full name is Ode to Zhang Junbiao, was built in the third year of Zhong Ping in the Eastern Han Dynasty (186) and unearthed in the Ming Dynasty. The monument is 317cm high and 0/07cm wide. The inscription is
The word "Song of Chang Dang Chanting Zhang Jun's Table in the Ancient Valley of Han Dynasty" is 12, which is a "wonderful biography" in the Han Dynasty. The inscription is 15 lines of official script, each line is 42 words, and the name of the signer. The monument was originally in Dongping, Shandong, and now it is hidden in Dai Temple in Tai 'an, Shandong. The calligraphy of this tablet is quite individual, with flexible structure and simple brushwork.