Hanshu generally followed the style of Shiji, but merged the aristocratic families of Shiji into biographies and changed the book into records, which were divided into four categories: Ji, Biao, Lu and Chuan. The scale of Ten Records of Hanshu is larger than the eight books of Historical Records, including criminal law, five elements, geography and biography.
Hanshu absorbs the advantages of many historical works in the past and is based on historical records and biographies, so its narrative is "profound and detailed" and thorough and orderly. However, Ban Gu was attached to his consort Dou Xian and was keen on fame and fortune. Therefore, in Hanshu, he praised the powerful groups, catered to the will of the rulers, and denied some achievements in Shiji.
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Hanshu has a volume of 120, which was written by Ban Gu in the Eastern Han Dynasty. This is the first biographical history of China. Ban Gu (32-92), this volume has a biography.
On the basis of absorbing the achievements of Records of the Historian, Hanshu made corrections and supplements. For example, Hui Di Ji supplemented the influential systems and decrees at that time, added biographies of the tombs, Kuai Tong, Jia Shan, and extracted the deeds of Zhang Qian from the Biography of General Wei's title of generals in ancient times, expanded it and set up a special biography. Chao Cuo's Talking about Military Affairs and Recruiting People for Migration are particularly famous. It is an important feature of Hanshu to quote imperial edicts and memorials completely. In addition, the biographies of frontier ethnic minorities are also quite rich.
Ban Gu has made many breakthroughs in compiling local chronicles and historical tables, which shows his erudition. For example, Guan Bai Gong Qing Biao is the earliest existing official system outline of Qin and Han Dynasties. Although the details are not clear, they are extremely necessary. It is unique in discussing the five chronicles of Qin and Han dynasties in criminal law, geography, five elements, art and diet.
For the history after Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Ban Gu not only refers to Ban Biao's Biography of Historical Records, but also draws on the research results of Liu Xiang, Liu Xin, Yang Xiong and Feng Shang. For example, Emperor Gaozuji used Liu Xiang's Ode to Emperor Gaozu, Yi was born out of Liu Xin's Seven Laws, and Jiao Sizhi copied the Addendum.
Influenced by orthodox Confucianism, Ban Gu abides by the feudal ethics and believes in destiny. He can't be as honest and clean as Sima Qian, but he can't help but be influenced by the tradition of historians' straight books, so he dare not take the historical facts written in Historical Records lightly and can reflect all kinds of corruption in the Western Han Dynasty with twists and turns. This kind of contradictory psychology and behavior must attract our attention in reading.
There are many ancient words and sayings in Hanshu, which are difficult to understand. There are many notes on this. Presumably, Du Yan wrote the sound and meaning of Hanshu while writing Historical Records. Now we know that Ying Shao and Fu Qian were the first to annotate Hanshu, and they wrote the sound and meaning of Hanshu.
There are several important textual research works about Hanshu:
Wang Niansun read Hanshu Magazine in Qing Dynasty,
Qing Dynasty-Han's Shu Zheng,
Annotation and proofreading of Han Shu by Zhou Shouchang in Qing Dynasty,
Qian Dazhao's Query on Hanshu in Qing Dynasty,
On Zhu Yixin's Hanshu in Qing Dynasty,
Shen Jiaben in Hanshu Suoyan in Qing Dynasty,
Close to Yang Shuda's "Han Shu Peep",
New Proof of Chen Zhi's Hanshu.
Wang and Zhou's works are good at exegesis. Er Shen, Qian and Zhu Zhu are good at textual research. Yang Shuda's exegetical collation is also quite desirable. Chen Zhi, on the other hand, is brand-new. He systematically uses the characters of ancient artifacts such as Juyan, Dunhuang Han bamboo slips, Han steles, Qin and Han bronzes, lacquerware, Qin and Han seals and seal tiles to make new proofs and make many inventions.
In addition, Jin's Collection of Notes on Hanshu Food is an important reference book for studying the economy of the Han Dynasty, and Cen's Revision and Interpretation of Hanshu Western Regions is a must-read for studying the evolution of geographical names in the western regions.
In the late Qing Dynasty, Wang Xianqian collected the essence of sixty-seven textual research works and wrote a supplementary note to Hanshu. Although his personal inventions are few, he has strong comprehensive selection ability and great achievements, which is irreplaceable so far. His shortcoming is that he has not prepared the essence of Qian Dajun and Zhou Shouchang.
Therefore, the textual research books of Qing scholars can not be ignored, and the new achievements of modern scholars need special attention.
The Qing Dynasty made a lot of corrections to the annotations of Hanshu and made great achievements. Representative works are mostly included in Ten Collations on the Twenty-five History of Hanshu, including Eight Annotations on the Book by Xia Xie, Textual Research on the Annotations of Liang Yu People, Geographical Supplement to Hanshu by Yang Shoujing, and Supplement to the Art and Literature of Hanshu by Yao Zhenzong.
For the version of Hanshu, you can refer to the school-based version and patchwork version of Zhonghua Book Company.
Huang Fuluan's Hanshu Index is the first reference book, followed by the Comprehensive Introduction and Supplementary Notes of Hanshu compiled by the Institute of Introduction and Compilation of Harvard Yanjing Society, and Wei Lianke's Hanshu Personal Names Index.
Xu Tianlin's 70-volume Record of the Western Han Conference in the Southern Song Dynasty collected historical and Han information, and distributed the relevant information of the laws and regulations of the Western Han Dynasty to 15 departments, including imperial system, ceremony, music, clothing, learning, calendar, physiognomy, official position, election, civil affairs, food, military, criminal law, square territory, Fan Yi and so on.
Ninety volumes of the Book of the Later Han Dynasty were written by Ye Fan in the Southern Song Dynasty. Fan Yezi is a great man, Yang Shunren. He was born into a noble family. Grandfather Fan Ning was the satrap of Jin Dynasty, and he wrote Gu Liang Ji Jie. Gu Liang's Annotation in the Thirteen Classics is based on Gu Liang Ji Jie. His father, Fan Taiguan, worships Jin Zi Guanglu. He wrote twenty-four ancient and modern good words. Therefore, Ye Fan has a deep family background and has always considered himself a noble family. He is aloof and informal by nature, and he is unwilling to lag behind others in his career and writings. He became famous and died.
In the ninth year of Yuanjia (432), Ye Fan offended Stuart Liu Yikang when he was mourning for the imperial concubine in Pengcheng, and was demoted as the satrap of Xuancheng. Ye Fan was very depressed, so he relied on the revision of history to pin his ambition and began to write the Book of Were Han. In the 22nd year of Yuanjia (445), when he finished writing biographies and biographies, he and Xie Yan * * *.
He participated in Liu Yikang's plot to usurp the throne, so he died in prison. Xie Yan was afraid of being implicated and destroyed his manuscript, so only the biographical part of the book of the Later Han Dynasty was handed down.
Before Ye Fan's Book of the Later Han Dynasty, there were no fewer than ten important works about the history of the Eastern Han Dynasty, including the History of the Eastern Han Dynasty edited by Serina Liu and others, the Book of the Later Han Dynasty edited by Xie Cheng, the Book of the Later Han Dynasty edited by Sima Biao and Hua Hua, and the Book of the Later Han Dynasty edited by Xie Shen and Yuan.
Eight Books of the Later Han Dynasty was written by Xie Cheng, with a volume of 130. Xie, chronicles and biographies are complete and innovative. For example, "Wars" and "Biography of Feng Jiao" are all unique to him. Inferred from the lost articles, independence, magic, benefiting people, and heroic women.
Xue Ying's Book of the Later Han Dynasty has a volume of 100. The number of lost articles in this book is very small, only involving the admonitions of the six emperors Guangwu, Ming, Zhang, An, Huan and Ling and a few scattered sentences. His praise and criticism are restrained, heartfelt, straightforward and frank, and he has certain historical knowledge.
Sima Biao's Han Shu consists of 83 volumes. As mentioned above, it has been included in Ye Fan's later Han Shu. The number of lost articles in Biography is second only to that of Xie Chengshu. The title of the continuation of Hanshu is obviously written by inheriting Hanshu.
When compiling history, Fan Shu was more important than literary talent, and some historical facts were abridged to an obscure degree. Various schools of thought are often needed to supplement the lost history of the post-Han Dynasty, and the Book of Continued Han is the most important. Take Li Xian's notes as an example. Sima Biao cited as many as 149 books, far exceeding other books. In Pei Songzhi's Notes on the History of the Three Kingdoms, the Book of Continued Han Dynasty was quoted to explain the events at the end of the Han Dynasty.
The Book of the Later Han Dynasty, with a total of 97 volumes, was renamed Zhi Zhengdian. It was planned to write 10, but it died before it was finished. Before it was completed, it was sorted out by his sons Hua Che and Hua Chang. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Liu Xie called his book "Zhun" in Wen Xin Diao Long, which was the same as Sima Biao's statement.
Xie Shen's Book of the Later Han Dynasty, volume 122, only contains five lost articles on etiquette, sacrifice, astronomy, five elements, county and country, which is slightly helpful for continuing the history of Han Dynasty. There are few lost articles, which are as useless as Fan Shulei's.
Yuan Shaosong's Book of the Later Han Dynasty has a volume of 100. The quality of Yuan's biography is not high, and the lost articles occasionally have some merits. However, the records are comprehensive and there are many lost articles, among which the lost articles in County Records and Five Elements Records are helpful to supplement the continuation of Han Records.
Zhang Kun's Book of the Later Han Dynasty has 30 volumes, which seems to be an unfinished work. It didn't spread widely and died early. However, the events recorded in the late Han Dynasty were quite detailed and absorbed by Justin. Judging from the lost articles, the officials of the Four Libraries all think that Yuan Jiwen is the best, so the use of Ji Ji is of little value.
Zhang Ying's Book of Were Han, 55 volumes. Books die early and lose the least articles. Only Emperor An saw Tongren Tune recorded by himself.
Among them, the compilation of the first seven books is the earliest one of Yao in Qing Dynasty, and the most refined one in Qing Dynasty is Wang Wentai's Seven Books of the Later Han Dynasty.
Wang attached great importance to hundred schools of thought's Book of the Later Han Dynasty, and made great efforts to review the ancient times, focusing on searching and mending. In the collection of Yao's version, there are many notes, which are almost everywhere. Disciple Wang Xuedun gained more and finished compiling. He has a wide collection of books, rich words, meticulous textual research, rich sources and orderly cataloguing. Finally, I attached a lost volume of the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, which is quite convenient. Although it was recorded by Tang players to compensate his son, it was still lost. In the eighth year of Guangxu (A.D. 1882), when Lin was printed, the proofreading was not accurate and a little was added. In addition, Zhang Yingji has not been compiled, and his work has not been completed, which needs to be revised. Recently, Eight Books of the Later Han Dynasty was published on Sunday.
Ye Fan took the History of Han Ji in Dongguan as the basic historical data and Hua Tuo Shu as the main blueprint, absorbed the strengths of his books, simplified them by deleting the complicated ones, arranged stories, surpassed others and came from behind. Therefore, in the Tang Dynasty, Ye Fan's Book of the Later Han Dynasty replaced Dongguan's Han Jishi, and was called "Three History" with Shiji and Hanshu, which prevailed for a while.
The Book of the Later Han Dynasty recorded by Ye Fan began with Liu Xiu's uprising to overthrow Wang Mang, and finally Xian Di Zen was located in Cao Pi, which recorded the history of the Eastern Han Dynasty 195 in detail.
Ye Fan was born into a famous aristocratic family. Great-grandfather Wei Fan was the secretariat of Yongzhou in the Western Jin Dynasty, and general Zuo Jia. Great-grandfather Wang Fan was appointed as the secretariat of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and the official was General Jin 'anbei and Xu Yan. Grandfather Fan Ning successively served as Linhuai and Zhang Yu Magistrate. His father, Fan Taishi, was appointed assistant minister of Zhongshu, and Huan Xuan was deposed during his reign and later moved. He was appointed as a doctor in Guo Zi, a satrap in South County and an imperial official. When he was the prefect of Dongyang, he helped Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty defeat Lu because he opened a warehouse to store grain and sent thousands of troops. Since then, Fan Tai has been deeply trusted by Emperor Wu and has been promoted repeatedly. He has served as Zhong Cheng, Shang Dynasty Shangshu Zhongcheng and Shang Dynasty Shangshu Zhongcheng. After the Jin Dynasty, he was worshipped as a doctor of golden light, and he served the young emperor specially.
Ye Fan's family has a true family tradition. Wang Fan is "well-read, good at talking about fame and reason". He is the author of 20 volumes of Events in Shangshu, Fan Family Biography 1 volume, Sacrifice 3 volumes, Fan Dongyang Fang 105 volume, Introduction to Seven Nine Kinds of Products 1 volume, etc. , which belongs to medical chess. Fan Ning tasted a volume of Shun Dian China Ancient Literature History. Fan Tai also has twenty-four volumes and collections of ancient and modern good characters. Influenced by his family, Ye Fan studied hard since childhood. Because of his talent, he is not an adult, so he is famous for his extensive knowledge of classics and history and good writing.
Ye Fan (398-445), born in Yang Shun (now Xichuan East, Henan Province) in the Southern Dynasties, was a general of Zuo Wei and a prince of war history. In the 9th year of Yuanjia, Song Wendi (432), Ye Fan began to write the Book of the Later Han Dynasty because he left Xuancheng as a satrap and was frustrated, but deleted many books of the Later Han Dynasty as masterpieces.
The history of Ye Fan's life as a teenager is not detailed, except that his mother was born in the toilet and her forehead was bruised by a brick, so the fine print is "brick". He followed Bo Hongzhi and attacked the Fifth Governor of Xing Wu County. He is not eager to learn, he dabbled in classical literature and history ... In seventeen years, the state opened the main book, so he did not (Biography of Ye Fan in Song Dynasty). Unless otherwise specified, the following quotation. He went out to Jingzhou to make history and asked to be called a secretary. In the fifth year of Yuanjia in Song Wendi (428), his father Fan Tai died and entered the official health system. Later, he went out to recruit Tan Daoji Sima, the south general, and brought a new Cai Taishou, who moved to Situ for a middle rank. Soon, he was promoted to Shang Shulang in the official department. It can be said that the official career is prosperous.
In the winter of the ninth year of Yuanjia (432), the mother of Liu Yikang, the king of Pengcheng, died. Hundreds of officials mourned the night before the funeral. Ye Fan and Situ Zuoxi, affiliated to Wang Shen, spent the night in Guangyuan, Yikang House (when Ye Di Guangyuan offered wine for Yikang House) and indulged in wine until midnight. They listened to elegy for fun in a drunken haze, so they angered Yikang and demoted Ye Fan to Xuancheng (now Xuanzhou, Anhui Province) to extract The Book of the Later Han Dynasty as a masterpiece, most of which was edited. About 67 years later, he was moved to Changsha by Gan Ningshuo, commander of Liu Wang Yixin Town. In the 16th year of Yuanjia (439), his biological mother died of illness, and he was appointed as the governor of Wang Jun, leading Xiapi Prefecture in the south. Before his death, he was a general and a prince Zhan.
Ye Fan lived a bohemian life, and his will was very dissatisfied with the imperial court. In his later years, his attack finally reached its peak, and he joined the rebel camp in Wang Pengcheng. In November of the 22nd year of Yuanjia (445), Xu Zhan, a member of the same party, reported all the letters and telegrams of the rebellion, and the rebellion failed. Soon, Ye Fan and others were executed, along with his brother Guangyuan and his son.
While in prison, Ye Fan and his nephews wrote a book summarizing his research experience in literature, history, music and calligraphy. When he is about to die, he hopes to have a bosom friend in the future and understand the value of the Book of the Later Han Dynasty. He is very conceited about his historical works written with his life's energy, and thinks that they are "far-reaching", which is unprecedented since ancient times. Compared with Han Shu written by Ban Gu, he has no sense of shame. He said that the world is more expensive than today, so he "talks like crazy" to attract people's attention to Han Shu. Although Ye Fan's boasting is a bit excessive, his works do have superhuman qualities. Liu Zhao said: "The Han Dynasty in Ye Fan was sincere and surpassed many families" (Preface to Notes on Han Shu). There are many wonders "(see Shi Tong's Book History and Bu Zhu Pian). According to "Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi", before Ye Fan wrote a book, there were ten books about the history of the Eastern Han Dynasty, totaling more than 800 volumes. However, when Fan Shu came out, the book of the later Han Dynasty became increasingly depressed and gradually lost.
Ye Fan wrote The Book of the Later Han Dynasty, focusing on the social problems in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and carrying out the purpose of "Gains and Losses of the Positive Generation" (The Book of the Later Han Dynasty was attached to the book of nephews in prison). The book "The Biography of Wang Chong and Wang Fuzhong" contains five articles of Wang Fu's "The Theory of Latent Husband" and three articles of Zhong Changtong's "Chang Yan", all of which are famous articles on the gains and losses of the Eastern Han Dynasty. He also led it to a higher level of historical change. Ye Fan's historical theory can often grasp historical contradictions and make concrete analysis. Most people who discuss history are dissatisfied that Emperor Guangwu did not appoint heroes after the founding of the People's Republic of China. Ye Fan pointed out in "On the Twenty-eight Generals of ZTE" that this was precisely Liu Xiu's foresight. He said that Emperor Guangwu respected heroes and took the post of official commission, which not only avoided the disadvantages of splitting unrest and killing heroes as in the early Western Han Dynasty, but also opened up the road for ordinary scholars to be officials.
The Book of the Later Han Dynasty became an immortal historical masterpiece because of its great success in compilation.
Biography is a comprehensive genre. In this genre, it is a very difficult problem how to make overall plans and reproduce historical facts in detail. Ye Fan made a detailed overall plan for the whole book, and carefully deleted the historical facts. The historical facts described in the book are well avoided, and they take care of each other without repeating tedious work, showing superb historical skills. The Book of the Later Han Dynasty describes the historical prosperity of the Eastern Han Dynasty in an orderly way through his skillful tailoring. Describe the society, people's feelings and figures of the Eastern Han Dynasty in a patchwork way. Liu Zhiji praised the Book of the Later Han Dynasty as "concise and Zhou, sparse but not leaking" ("Shi Tong Bu Zhu"), while Wang Yinglin said, "If we take history as a mirror, how many people can there be throughout the ages?" All the quotations in Wang Xianqian's Notes to the Later Han Dynasty fully affirmed his achievements in this respect.