Bacon believes that "the purpose of reading is to understand the principle of things. ..... in order to seek truth and enlighten wisdom. " At the same time, he also warned people to pay attention to three aspects when reading.
First, do not read too slowly.
Bacon thinks that "reading too slowly will lead to laziness". Therefore, he hopes that people should be sharp-minded, pay attention to reading, and not be too slow, so that it is easy to get results.
Second, don't pretend.
Bacon thought that "reading for decoration is deceptive".
Third, don't copy books.
Bacon thought that "it is a fool to just follow the script". That is, what we usually call "nerds", their most obvious feature is to do what the book says, and they don't know how to adapt or use it flexibly.
In this case, what kind of reading method does Bacon advocate? How to study is reasonable? To sum up, there are about three points.
First of all, different books can be read in different ways.
He believes that "books are like food, some need to be tasted and some can be swallowed." Only a few people need to chew carefully and taste slowly. Therefore, some books only need to read part of them, some books only need to know the outline, and for a few good books, we should read them thoroughly, carefully and repeatedly.
Second, you can make different choices for different books.
Because there are so many books at home and abroad, the classification and content are different. In this case, Bacon thinks that we can choose according to our own needs and knowledge structure. In his view, "reading history makes people wise, reading poetry makes people wise, calculus makes people precise, philosophy makes people profound, morality makes people noble, and logical rhetoric makes people eloquent".
Third, it is not enough to study and ask questions, but also to use and practice.
Bacon is a very clever man. He is not only a scholar, but also dabbles in politics. He is the queen's minister in charge of the national seal. Therefore, he has always attached importance to and emphasized the application of book knowledge and the combination of book knowledge and practical experience. He said: "Although knowledge can guide the direction, it is often superficial and must be based on experience."
In order to make people understand what he said further, he compared the situation of several people and said, "cunning people despise learning, stupid people envy learning, and smart people use learning." Knowledge itself does not tell people how to use it, and the wisdom of using it lies outside books. This is a skill that you can't learn without experience.
2. Goethe's reading method
First, Goethe believes that knowledge and truth should be acquired through hard work and unremitting pursuit.
He believes that truth should be obtained through study, thinking, exploration and hard work. If it's from God, it's easy to get, and it doesn't mean much.
Secondly, Goethe advocates that we should concentrate on learning every subject and try to learn it well.
At that time, German ordinary schools arranged many courses, some of which were not necessarily reasonable. Goethe has his own views on this. He put forward his own learning proposition: if a person can't ride two horses, he must get rid of that one. Smart people will put aside all distractions and concentrate on a subject and learn it well. Third, Goethe believes that book knowledge alone is not enough, but also needs practice and application.
Goethe is not only well-read and familiar with music, painting, sculpture and other arts, but also always pays attention to application and the combination of book knowledge and practical knowledge. He once said: "The theory itself is useless to itself, but it makes us believe in the correlation between various phenomena." He added: "Because in the final analysis, we can only remember what we have learned in practice." Practice and application can not only strengthen memory, but also enhance our judgment.
Fourth, Goethe advocated learning from ancient classics.
Goethe launched a "hurricane movement" in literature with Schiller and others in his early years, and he was a representative writer of German romanticism. However, he still hopes that people can learn from ancient classic writers and don't abandon them because they have opened up a romantic atmosphere. When talking about German drama at that time, he said: "We should not learn from our peers and competitors, but from the great figures of ancient times. For centuries, their works have been evaluated and respected. A very talented person should have felt the need to deal with great people in ancient times, and knowing this need is a symbol of great talent. Let's learn from Moliere and Shakespeare, but first we must learn from the ancient Greeks and always learn from the Greeks. "
In a word, Goethe is a tireless learner. It is precisely because of his diligent study and exploration and his great personality that he became one of the greatest figures in German history who combined literary creation with scientific research.
3. lev tolstoy's reading method
First, be good at summarizing and reviewing your own reading experience and summarizing it.
189 1 year, Tolstoy, who was in his sixties, wrote a list of books in a letter to a friend, entitled "Books that impressed me". In this book list, he divides the books he has read at all ages into three levels: impressive, impressive and extremely impressive, which shows that he is still very good at summing up and reviewing his reading experience, which is Tolstoy's first reading method worthy of attention.
Secondly, Tolstoy believes that when reading literary works, we must pay attention to the author's personality.
In his diary 1853, he wrote: "Reading, especially reading pure literature books-the main attention should be paid to the author's character expressed in this work." Paying attention not only to the characters in literary works, but also to "the author's character expressed in literary works" can be regarded as Tolstoy's second reading method worthy of attention.
Third, Tolstoy likes reading literary works, and feels or judges the quality of a literary work in reading.
Tolstoy often reads some of his favorite literary works emotionally during his rest, leisure or chatting with friends, and is often moved to tears by reading aloud. Sometimes after reading aloud, he will comment on it. Like Tolstoy, he likes to read other people's works and then comment on them, which is rare among other famous writers, but it is of great benefit to deepen the understanding of the feelings and connotation of a literary work, which may be regarded as Tolstoy's third reading method worthy of attention.
In addition to the above three points, Tolstoy also has some reading methods that should be paid attention to. For example, besides reading books, he often likes to chat with people, exchange ideas and reading experiences, and so on.
4. Lenin's symbol reading method
Lenin loved reading very much, and in the fierce revolutionary struggle, even in his arrest and exile, he still couldn't put it down. When reading, he likes to write rich comments, notes and experiences in the margins of the pages. Sometimes the most noteworthy ideas or materials will be marked on the cover of the book. Once he read a book with high academic value and wrote a bibliography index on the title page or cover of the book, especially indicating the page numbers of good ideas, good materials and representative wrong conclusions in the book. Lenin regarded annotation as a kind of creative labor, which was taken very seriously and never sloppy. He usually annotates with a pencil, but seldom with a pen. The process of his annotation can be said to be a process of discussion and even heated debate with the author of the book. Whenever he reads incisive things, he marks them as "very important", "witty and flexible" and "wonderful", and when he reads fallacies, he marks them as "nonsense!" "Inexplicable!" Wait, some places simply write "Oh, Oh!" "Well, is it? ! ""Ha ha! " "So that's it!" Wait a minute. His fascination with reading is vivid on paper. More valuable, Lenin's important book Philosophical Notes is a compilation of notes and notes written while reading philosophical books. It is recognized as one of the classic works of Marxist philosophy. Writing notes carefully can help you use your brain when reading, study hard, grasp the main content of the book, and also urge yourself to take notes and write down some feelings and sparks. It is an effective reading method to review this book in the future and compare it to see if the original understanding is correct.
So how did Lenin improve his reading speed?
Lenin's reading speed and understanding depth are amazing. Once, an old Bolshevik saw Lenin leafing through a thick foreign language document and asked him how many times he had to recite a poem. Lenin replied: Just read it twice.
Lenin's strong memory is inseparable from his concentration in reading. When he started reading, he ignored everything around him. Once, his sisters played a practical joke and built an unstable triangular tower with six chairs behind him. As long as Lenin moves, the tower will collapse. However, Lenin, who was absorbed in reading, did not notice or move. It was not until half an hour later that he finished reading the chapter he was scheduled to read that he looked up and the wooden tower collapsed. ...
This story shows that if you want to finish reading and remember a book thoroughly, you must concentrate on it. The ancients said long ago: "There are three kinds of reading: heart, eyes and mouth." If your heart is not here, you won't look carefully. Not single-minded, only read but not remember, remember for a long time. Of the three, the heart is the most urgent. Since the heart is here, what about the eyes and mouth?
5. Engels' reading method
One of Engels' reading methods is to pay attention to reading the original text, and generally do not use second-hand and third-hand materials easily. 1On August 6th, 884, Georg Henrich Vollmar, a German social Democrat, wrote a letter to Engels, saying that a lady was interested in socialism and planned to study social sciences, but she didn't know which college to enter. Engels replied that this question is difficult to answer, because every science, especially economics, has been badly spoiled in universities. The key is to learn by yourself and master effective methods of self-study. Engels said in his letter, "We should learn from real classic works, not from the most unpopular summary reading of German economics or the speeches of its authors." "The most important thing is to seriously study the classical economics from the physiocratic school to Smith, Ricardo and their schools, as well as the works of utopian socialism Saint-Simon, Fourier and Owen, as well as the works of Marx, and at the same time, we should constantly strive to draw our own opinions." In other words, we should read the original work systematically, because "studying the original work itself will not lead some brief reading materials and other second-hand materials astray." (Complete Works of Marx and Engels). Judging from the bibliography he has read, although he has read many popular brochures, newspapers and periodicals, etc. , is the classic original that spends the most time and reads the most. He believes that reading the original works systematically is the correct reading method for research. In this way, we can understand the process of the emergence, development and perfection of a theory, not only comprehensively and systematically grasp the basic principles, but also grasp its development process and understand the whole picture of this theory.
6. Marx's reading method
First, reading likes to make summaries and notes.
Marx's reading is very systematic, and he often reads with a purpose. Whenever he thinks the book is important and valuable, he extracts it and takes notes.
Second, adhere to a regular study life.
Although Marx was wandering all his life, wandering or staying briefly in many countries such as France, his reading life never stopped. Since/kloc-0 moved to London in the summer of/849, Marx's economy was in trouble and his family life was very difficult. But he still insisted on reading and scientific research, and found "endless comfort" in it. At that time, he came to the British Museum to read books at 9 o'clock every morning and went home at 7 o'clock in the evening. Rain or shine, spring, summer, autumn and winter, every day. Even the museum staff know him and his seat. Due to years of uninterrupted reading, his footprints appeared under his seat.
Third, the combination of intense reading and relaxed reading.
Marx mainly engaged in political economy, philosophy, politics and other aspects of research. He has devoted a lot of energy in this field and worked tirelessly for decades, so the reading task is quite heavy and tense. Because Marx loved literature in his early years and liked reading literary works, he had a dream of becoming a poet. Therefore, whenever he is tired from work and lingers in rational books for too long and needs a rest, he will pick up a collection of poems or a novel and walk into another world to adjust and relieve his tired and nervous brain, which has achieved good results.
Fourth, clearly and correctly understand the relationship between reading and self-creation.
For books, because of the different help to individuals, everyone has made different understandings and evaluations. For example, some people regard books as their friends, some as teachers, some as spiritual food, some as the source of wisdom or happiness, and some as the ladder of human progress. Some people regard him as their own ornament, arty. But Marx was different. Although he was inspired by books and read countless books in his early years, he pointed to the books on the desk and said to his friends, "They are my slaves and must serve me according to my will."
In some people's eyes, these words may feel that Marx is a bit arrogant, but here, at least three points can be explained: first, Marx not only got in, but also got out; Second, Marx basically read all the classic works in Europe at that time. He did not admire them, but stood above them and looked down on them from the height of the times, so he stood high and saw far. Third, Marx's reading has reached a fairly high level, otherwise he would not have said such a thing, and it would be difficult to have such an experience.
Of course, the reason why Marx can become the peak of an era and form a profound ideological system is inseparable from his hard study and the spirit of being brave in exploration and creation all his life. He once said: "There is no royal road to science, and only those who are not afraid of hardships on the rugged climbing road can hope to reach the glorious summit."
7. Mrs. Woolf's reading method
The first step is to open your mind as much as possible to accommodate the numerous impressions brought by the author; The second step is to compare and judge. The second step is much more complicated and difficult than the first step. Only after extensive reading, full understanding and good memory can we make a vivid and powerful comparison. It is difficult to make an accurate evaluation of a work and point out its failure and success, which parts are advantages and which parts are disadvantages. For these two steps, Mrs. Woolf vividly compares them to "friends" and "judges". To be a "friend" is to understand the contents of the book and gain an impression. But this is only half of the reading process, and it is not enough to stop there. If we want to get full benefits from reading, we must make further thinking and judgment. Initial impressions are sometimes unreliable. When people compare a book with other books, it means that their attitude has changed. They used to be friends of the author, but now they want to be judges. We can't be too strict. But some reading materials are exceptions. For those fake books, bad books and bad books, their trials must be severe. When evaluating a book, it is best to compare it with the best works of its kind, so as to distinguish its advantages and disadvantages, and to make those excellent works complement each other and leave a deeper impression on us.
8. tanaka kakuei's reading method of "tearing books"
Former Japanese Prime Minister tanaka kakuei lost the opportunity of systematic study after finishing high school because of his poor family in his early years. He pays great attention to reading methods in his work-study program. In order to exercise his memory, he recited the Concise English Dictionary and the Wide Linz Japanese Dictionary page by page, tearing off one page at a time and throwing it away after reciting it. This exercised his extraordinary memory.
9. Gorky reading method
First, we should not only read bad books, but also read good books, and distinguish good from bad from reading.
Gorky was wandering around in his early life and always read whatever books he got, including books that people thought were not suitable for reading. By reading a lot of good books, bad books and all kinds of books, he felt that "decent books are good, and bad books are also good." The more you read, the better. You must read all the books before you can find a good one. " Books can only be distinguished from good books by comparison. Moreover, only by reading good books and bad books can we distinguish between good and bad in life.
Second, read with an open mind, and read with an attitude of hoping others will learn.
In his view, reading can't be based on one's own hobbies to pursue a certain genre and category, but should read and observe various literary genres and genres and learn from them with a learning attitude. The attitude of reading should be serious and open-minded.
Third, after reading the book, go back to life to take the exam.
He advocates paying attention to reading and life at the same time, and that it is best to go back to life and check the books he has read to see which are correct and useful and which are wrong and useless. Reading in this way is of great benefit to both book knowledge and life knowledge, and can achieve good results.
10 Einstein's reading method
First, diligent self-study spirit and self-study habit.
Einstein's later success is inseparable from his habit of self-study since childhood. 1 1 years old, he finished reading a set of popular science books and became interested in science. /kloc-at the age of 0/2, he taught himself Euclid geometry. These two things have a great influence on his future development path.
Besides, he also read other people's works and became interested in philosophy. /kloc-started reading Kant's books at the age of 0/3. Later, he said in the "self-report fragment": "My little knowledge is mainly learned by myself."
Second, you can give up reading and learning according to your own situation and goal pursuit.
Einstein once painted himself, and one of them said, "I am a firm and self-aware young man."
According to his own characteristics, aspirations and interests, he did not seek all-round development, but resolutely abandoned and "brushed off" many courses in the school and concentrated his energy and enthusiasm on physics learning. As expected, he has made great achievements in physics. Facts have proved that Einstein's bold abandonment and reasonable adjustment, as well as his choice, are completely in line with his actual situation.
Thirdly, besides studying, I often discuss with my classmates.
As early as when Einstein was in middle school, he and two young friends often studied and discussed various philosophical works together in the evening, and talked about various problems of philosophy and science. Even though he went to college, he still had this habit. While studying at Zurich University of Technology, he established a real friendship with Marcel Grossman, which was closely related to their study and interest.
Later, his classmates became famous university mathematics professors and mathematicians, and finally helped him establish the general theory of relativity. Because there are not only physical judgments and explanations in general relativity, but also some mathematical problems that he can't solve, he invited Grossman to help. It can be seen that discussion and communication in learning is a good learning method, which is sometimes beneficial to both sides.
Fourth, promote in-depth understanding and oppose rote learning.
Einstein was born in a Jewish family in Ulm, an ancient city in southwest Germany. At that time, German schools were strict in education discipline, and some rote learning methods prevailed. Einstein was disgusted with this. He likes "education of free action and self-responsibility" and adopts the method of in-depth understanding in his research.
When he recalled his life in college, he once said that he was keen on in-depth understanding, but rarely recited it. Even after he went to college, he still adhered to the learning method of "deep understanding" and never engaged in unnecessary rote learning.