From the Yellow Emperor to the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the writing form has not changed. In the Qin dynasty, seal script was used, and ancient books were burned, so the ancient prose was abolished. When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was in power, King Lu Gong demolished Confucius' former residence and got The Book of History, The Spring and Autumn Annals, The Analects of Confucius and The Book of Filial Piety. At that time, people didn't know there was ancient prose, so they called it Tadpole Book. Ancient records of the Han Dynasty are rare. The spread of China's ancient literature began with Han Danchun. Grandfather Heng wrote Shangshu, and later showed it to Chun, who couldn't tell the difference. At the beginning of the period, the three-character classics were established, but the pure brushwork was lost. Because the tadpole book is famous, people have followed suit. In the first year of Taikang, someone stole Wei Xiangwang's tomb in Ji 'an County, and it took hundreds of words to write a book. According to the style written by Hou Jing, there are still some similarities. There are also several kinds of ancient prose, one of which is the most exquisite. I like it very much in private, so I try my best to praise its beauty with stupid thinking, which is not enough to sideways predecessors' works. I just want to keep the shape of ancient calligraphy. In ancient times, there was no other name, just purple stone!
Ju Yong and Cang Xie, the historians of the Yellow Emperor, observed the bird's footprint and began to write down words. Governing the country, promulgating the legal system and royal decrees can be used for propaganda, and the simple content and gorgeous shape are known to the world. In the brutal Qin dynasty, abuse of power created tyranny, the right path was annihilated, and ancient prose was discarded. Wei Wendi likes ancient culture, spreading "jiusan" and "Three Graves", which have never been spread in past dynasties, so there is no distinction between true and false. The Great Jin Dynasty ushered in a new era, carried forward the correct way of formulating laws and regulations, and showed its image in the sky, shining brilliantly with gorgeous literary talent. Gorgeous literary talent shows off, brilliant, these words, because of the sound, are pictographic and powerful. The sun is full, complete and generous in the position of king, while the moon is in charge of the duties of ministers and loses one side. Clouds stretch and bend in the sky like snakes, and Xu's stars are very bright. The luxuriant grain shape leads to the drooping of spikes, and the mountains are connected with mountains, showing a high and steep trend; Insects crawl slowly, as if they were moving, and birds stand straight, as if they were flying but not flying. Look at the next pen and ink, pure and single-minded, flat and balanced, with no gap between the lines. Some words obey the statutes, follow the rules, and turn around with gestures; Some modifications are not limited to rules, but depend on different glyphs. The pen is bent like a bow and straight like a string. The posture of the pen rises magnificently, like a dragon in the river; The strokes fall very long, like rain falling from the sky. There is a pen and a struggle, like a swan flying high, extraordinary and beautiful; Some strokes are bold and gentle, like tassels with feathers, rich and quiet. Therefore, from a distance, it is like a breeze stirring water, stirring up clear waves and fine waves. It is really a book trace left by the Yellow Emperor and the Tang Dynasty, and it is the pioneer of the scale pattern of the Six Arts. Seal script is probably its descendant, and official script cursive script is its great-grandson. Seeing the body thinking of the ancient people in China, I feel that words can't be expressed.
When I was a historian before, there were 15 pieces of "Da Zhuan", some of which were the same as ancient prose, and some were different from ancient prose, which was called "Shu" by the world. When they moved from Pingdong to Dongdong, the division policies of vassal States were different, and the policies of various countries were different, and the characters also had different shapes. As soon as Qin Shihuang began to unify the world, Li Si, the prime minister, added and subtracted words and typed words that did not conform to the Qin script. Li Si wrote Cang Xie Pian, CZ ordered Zhao Gao to write Li Pian, and Tai Shi ordered Hu Wujing to write Xue Ji, all of which adopted Shi Shuo Da Zhuan, some of which were slightly simplified and changed, and called Biography. Some people say that when Du Rencheng Temple became an official, he offended Qin Shihuang and imprisoned Yunyang Prison for ten years. In prison, he changed the seal script, adding less and reducing more to make it round and round. When it was played to Qin Shihuang, Qin Shihuang was very satisfied with him, asked him to come out as an imperial envoy and asked him to examine the text. Some people say that Cheng Ding ordered official script.
Since the destruction of ancient Chinese prose in Qin Dynasty, there are still eight ways to write it: one is Da Zhuan, the other is Xiao Zhuan, the third is seal cutting, the fourth is snail style, the fifth is copying, the sixth is official script, the seventh is official script and the eighth is official script. In the era of Wang Mang, he asked Sikong Zhenfeng to revise the text and change the ancient prose into six books: one is called ancient prose, which is Confucius's "The Wall Grass"; Second, strange characters, which are somewhat different from ancient Chinese; The third name is seal script, which is Qin Zhuan; The fourth name is Zuo Shu, which is an official script; The fifth wonderful biography is printed; Six is called bird book, written on the letter. Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi was written by wine-givers in Han Dynasty, with seal script as the main body. It is a model of style, the latest and worthy of comment. In the Qin Dynasty, Li Si called it a seal, and the inscriptions on famous mountains and bronze statues were written by Li Si. In the early Han dynasty, Cao Xi, a man who helped the wind, was good at seal cutting, which was slightly different from Li Si, also known as goodness. Han Danchun learned from him, and achieved a little beauty. Teachers in Dan Wei are not as good as those in Chun. During the period of Taihe, Dan Wei was the magistrate of Wudu, because he could keep accounts and serve middle schools. The inscriptions on Cao Wei's treasures are all traces of Dan Wei's books. At the end of the Han Dynasty, Cai Yong, as an assistant and a corps commander, was good at seal script, adopting the method of official script and Cao Zhi to form complex shapes in ancient and modern times, but his precision and proficiency were not as good as that of Han Danchun. Cai Yong's Shi Zhuan said: The strokes of Chinese characters were originally based on the footprints of birds and animals. Cang Xie followed the wishes of the saints and created words as an example for everyone. There are six styles of seal script, all of which are profound and subtle. Or like a turtle pattern, or like a dragon forest, with long wings and short body. The strokes are drooping like ears of grain, and the strokes are piled up like insects and snakes. Some images set off waves and were shaken by vibration; Some are standing as high as eagles, and the birds look scared, craning their necks and spreading their wings, destined to fly in the air. Some strokes are lightly written inward, and the handwriting seems to be broken, such as dew falling along the line, and finally the lower end is condensed. Some strokes are like followers, hanging upside down on other strokes; Some of them are parallel to each other and arranged in a second order; Some are elegant and oblique, not square and not round. Some are like flying, walking slowly and flying slowly. Seeing them from a distance is like a flock of swans swimming around in the sky. If you look closely, it looks like a rushing water, and you can't do your best. Ji Yan and Sang Hongyang, the most famous people in history, have countless twists and turns in their brushstrokes, while Li Lou, a celebrity with the brightest eyes in history, can't see the gap between their words. Gong Bo, Shun and other famous craftsmen will raise their hands and shirk, and dare not claim to be brilliant. Stone Brush, Ju Yong and other famous calligraphers and writers will also give up writing. The contents of ancient books have been sorted out to this day, and they are bright and beautiful for viewing. Spread gorgeous characters on exquisite white silk for those who learn calligraphy as a model. Praise the rich implication of ritual and music education, and praise the generosity of the author of this seal script. I missed the pitch of the writing form, so I just gave it a general discussion.
Since the Qin dynasty used seal script, there have been many rare things to play with. This kind of seal script is difficult to write, so service officials help to copy it, which is called official script. Han uses this font, but only Fu, Zanxin and Title Department use seal script. Official script is a simplification of seal script. Wang Cizhong of Shanggu began to make standardized official scripts and became a good calligrapher of Lingdi. At that time, many people knew calligraphy, and stone was the best. The big one is one foot square, and the small one can write 1000 words, so he bragged about his talent. Sometimes when you go to a restaurant to drink without money, you write a book on the wall, ask the viewer to pay for the drink, and then blot out the words when you have paid enough. After each book is finished, the written sawdust will be chopped and burned. Gu Liang will give him more sawdust, give him wine to drink, and take it away when he is drunk. Liang Hu finally got the position of selecting a minister for calligraphy. Yi Guan later became a general of Yuan Shu. Today, there is "Geng Qiu Bei" in Songzi County, Julu County, which was written by Yuan Shu, and its book trace is exquisite, saying that it was written by Yi Guan. Liang Hu defected to Liu Biao, and Wei Wudi broke Jingzhou and begged Liang Hu. Liang Hu is an official in the selection department. Wei Wuxiang gave him orders from Luoyang, but he thought it was the commander-in-chief of the north, so he got scared and tied himself to the military gate. Wei Wu appointed him as a military pseudo-Sima, and made contributions to the minister with diligent books, so there are many writings by Liang Hu today. Hanging his books in military accounts and nailing them to the wall for viewing are considered better than Shi's books. Nowadays, most of the palace titles are Liang Hu's calligraphy. Liang Hu is suitable for writing big characters, Han Danchun is suitable for writing small characters, and Liang Hu says that Chun's brushwork is secondary, but Liang Hu's brushwork can be said to have exhausted the secondary brushwork. Mao Hong, a disciple of Liang Hu, was taught by his secretary. Today's popular stereotyped writing is Mao Hong's brushwork. At the end of the Han Dynasty, there was a man named Zuo Ziyi, who was slightly different from Chun and Gu, but also famous. There were two calligraphers in the early Wei Dynasty, Zhong You and He. Both of them studied under the guidance of Zhong, but they had their own ingenuity and spread all over the world. As "Lishi" said: The reason why seal script is flexible is that it detracts from complexity and simplicity, so it is simple and easy to operate from now on. Since it is of great use, there are statutes to describe objects, which are as bright as stars and as empty as clouds. Its big characters are all square, and the small characters are as thin as nails. The font size depends on the situation, and there is no fixed system. Some are tall and generous, some strokes are arranged like needles, some are straight, some are tortuous and jumbled, some are as strong as rhinoceros horns, and some strokes are whirling. The strokes are commensurate in length, and the characters are different in shape but equally magnificent. Some attach great importance to brushwork, and the strokes are separated from each other and endless. Wavelet dots, arranged in words, stood up like a wall clock and lit in court like a torch. Some rugged rocks are connected with each other, like high platforms connected by overlapping houses, and like piled clouds hanging on hills. From a distance, it flies like a dragon in the sky; If you look closely, you will feel very confused and dizzy, because people can't exhaust the source of strokes because of the strange changes in strokes. People who are good at counting, such as Ji Yan and Sang Hongyang, can't figure out its twists and turns, and people who are good at rhetoric, such as Zai Yu and Duanmu Ci, can't figure out its posture. Why is cursive seal script commendable enough, but official script is not promoted? Is the scale difficult to see, or is the mystery unable to spread? I'm happy to take a closer look and just say it briefly.
There was a cursive script after the rise of the Han dynasty, and I don't know the author's name. When I arrived at Emperor Zhang, I got along well with each other and became good at cursive writing. Later, there were Cui Yuan and Cui Ai, both of whom were called cursive scripts. Du's cursing is very safe, but the book is slightly thinner; Cui Shi's writing style is very impressive, but he ignores the structure and situation of Chinese characters. Zhang Boying, a Hong Nong, specializes in refining his intelligence. All the clothes and silk in the house should be written before rinsing. He approached the pool to study. The water in the pool was black. When he writes, he will set an example and often say, "hurry to write cursive." None of the pieces of paper he wrote were discarded. Up to now, his calligraphy is still cherished by the world, and Zhong Wei called him "the sage of grass". Boying's brother Wen Shu is second only to Boying; There are also Jiang, Liang, Tian Yanhe and Wei Zhongjiang, all disciples of Boying, who are famous all over the world, but far less. There are two people, Luo and Zhao, who are called Xizhou at the same time as Boying, but they are quite puzzled. Boying said, "I'm not as good as I used to be; Pedro and Zhao, I have more than enough. " Hejian Juck Zhang is also famous, but although it is a realm with Cui Shi, its brushwork is not as good as Boying's. Cui Yuan wrote "cursive script": the generation of characters began in Cang Xie. He described the hoofs of birds and animals and used them to shape characters. And later, more and more classics; There are many unusual things in the times and many accidents in politics; Business is deserted, because articles have to be copied. There are many Li people who help to write, delete and simplify the past characters. Cursive writing is probably simpler, showing the meaning of the times. It is used to accelerate the urgency and accelerate the effect. Like seal script, it saves time and effort. These changes are purely temporary. Why do we have to stick to the old posture? Judging from its image, Low Ang has its unique posture situation. Square ruler, round compass. Restrain the left and raise the right. It looks inclined. Like a wild animal, a bird stands on tiptoe and bows. Want to fly away; Like a sly rabbit suddenly frightened, it will run rather than run away. Some (black knowledge) (black master) point (black south) underground strokes, like Julian, after the strokes are finished, the ink is received. If you accumulate a strong spirit and feel unhappy, strange scenes will appear when you let it out vertically. Some are like the abyss, trembling, and the heights are not cold; The side points are obliquely attached, like mantis holding branches. After the stroke is completed, the gesture should be recovered. It's like winding the remaining thread. Some, like mountain bees, cast poison gas along the cracks; Some are like Dongting Lake, where the snake enters the hole with its head inside and its tail outside. So looking at them from a distance, the momentum of destruction and collapse is like a raging wave rushing to the shore. If you look closely, a painting can't move easily. Its beauty lies in adopting the right approach at the right time. Here is a brief overview, as if that's it!