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Gu Kaizhi was a painter, painting theorist and poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He is knowledgeable and talented, and is good at poetry and calligraphy, especially painting. He is good at portraits, Buddha statues, animals, landscapes and so on. He, Cao Buxing, Lu Tanwei and Zhang Sengyou are also called "Four Masters in Six Dynasties". Gu Kaizhi's painting intention is to convey the spirit, his thoughts of "moving the mind" and "conveying the spirit with form", and his "six methods". It laid the foundation for the development of traditional painting in China.
Introduction to Gu Kaizhi:
Gu Kaizhi was a painter, painting theorist and poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (344-406 AD). Long Kang was born in Wuxi, Jinling, and now Wuxi, Jiangsu. For Wen Ming and Yin Zhong to join the army, Yixi *** 105-4 18*** was appointed as an official attendant for the first time. Emperor Wu of song northern expedition to Southern Yan, Qizhi as "the tooth * * * flag". He is versatile, with works in poetry and calligraphy, especially in painting. He is famous for his talent, painting and infatuation. Portraits of figures, immortals, Buddha statues, animals, landscapes, etc. The painter pays attention to the finishing touch, vividly portraying himself coming from the clouds, and is blocking * * *, which means eyes. Try Pei Kai's portrait and add three hairs to your cheeks. It feels good. The murals painted in Jiankang Crock Temple are dazzling and sensational. Later generations talk about his paintings, which means to save the pen first and paint as best as possible; The handwriting is meticulous and firm, like a silkworm spinning silk. Let's find out that the Song Dynasty in which he and his followers lived was called Lu Gu, and the nickname was dense, which was different from the sparse style of Zhang Liang's monk You and Tang Wu Daozi in the Southern Dynasties. His works include On Painting, Wei Jinsheng's Painting Praise, Painting Yuntai Mountain, etc. Among them, the idea of moving the mind and expressing the spirit with form has had a great influence on the development of Chinese painting. The existing Biography of Tu is an early manuscript, which records Zhang Hua's Canon of Forbidden Princess in the Western Jin Dynasty. 1900, Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing and was taken away from the Qing Palace by the British. He is now in the British Museum in London, England. Another work, Tu, was written by Song people and recited by Gu.
He was once called "genius, painter, idiot" by people at that time. Gu Kaizhi's paintings enjoyed a high reputation at that time. Xie An once marveled that his art was "nothing from the beginning of life!" He sealed his works in a cupboard and stored them in Huan Xuan's place, but Huan Xuan stole them all from the back of the cupboard, which caused his surprise: "Wonderful paintings are psychic, and they can't die after they have changed." The story that he once raised a large sum of money to paint murals in Nanjing crock temple shows the attraction of his paintings. When he built the crock temple, he pledged millions of dollars and painted a picture of Vimalakīrti in the temple for a month. After painting, his eyes lit up and he made a request:100000 for the first day, 50000 for the second day and free for the third day. It is said that at the moment of opening the door, the statue of Vimola actually "shone on a temple", and the gift giver poured a throat and got millions of dollars at once. Gu Kaizhi's works, according to the records of people in Tang and Song Dynasties, contain portraits of some political celebrities as well as some Buddhist images, which was a popular theme at that time. In addition, there are birds and beasts, which are related to paintings in the Han Dynasty. He also painted some images of immortals, because that was also a popular belief at that time. Most notably, he painted many portraits of famous people.
Gu Kaizhi once joined the army, rode horses and worked as an ordinary waiter. Born in a gentry, he is versatile and skilled in poetry and prose, especially in painting. Good at figure painting, historical figures, Taoism, animals, landscapes and other themes. Painting figures advocate vividness, attach importance to the finishing touch, and think that "vivid portrayal is in the eyes of * * * *". Pay attention to depicting physiological details, expressing characters' expressions, painting Pei Kai's image, and adding three points to his cheeks, and suddenly feel radiant. Good at using environmental description to express the interest and expression of characters. Drawing Xie Kun in the canyon highlights the interest of the characters. The clothes lines he painted are made of Gu You Si Miao, and the lines are tight and continuous, such as spring silkworms spinning, spring clouds floating in the air, and running water running on the ground, which is natural and smooth. Gu Kaizhi's works are not authentic. The pictures of women's history, the pictures of Luo Shen and the pictures of women's benevolence and wisdom, which have been handed down to this day, are all copies of the Tang and Song Dynasties. Gu Kaizhi has also made outstanding achievements in painting theory, such as On Painting and Painting Yuntai Mountain. This paper puts forward the views of vivid expression, viewing the spirit with form and wonderful thinking, and advocates that painting should express the mental state and personality characteristics of the characters, attach importance to the experience and observation of the painted objects, grasp the internal essence of the objects through image thinking, and then express the modal thinking of the characters on the basis of similarity, that is, write the spirit with form.
Three volumes of Gu Kaizhi's works and 20 volumes of collected works have been lost. Due to Zhang Yanyuan's Notes on Famous Paintings in Past Dynasties, there are three paintings by Wei Jinsheng: Painting Praise, On Painting and Painting Yuntai Mountain. Its central component is: vivid theory, describing God in form and wonderful thinking. "Vivid" means paying attention to the expression of mental state. He thinks "Waving Five Strings" is very detailed and difficult to master, but it is easier to express mental state and inner activities than "Looking at Hong Fei". In painting theory, the concept of "writing spirit with form" is clearly put forward, with the aim of achieving both form and spirit. "Imagination" is a process in which a painter ponders, understands and even conceives in observing objects and experiencing life, that is, imaginative thinking. "Miao" is to grasp the inner essence of objects skillfully. "Wonderful thinking and movement" should achieve the unity of subjective and objective, and the ideological integration of the author, the performance object and the reader. These arguments are the pioneers of Sheikh's Six Laws. It has a great influence on the later creation of Chinese painting and the development of painting aesthetics.
Gu Kaizhi is knowledgeable and talented. He is good at poetry and calligraphy, especially at painting. Statues of workers, Buddha statues, animals, landscapes, etc. At that time, it was called "talent, painting and stupidity". His painter Fawei has changed again. His paintings are full of colors, slightly embellished with rich colors, and do not seek halo decoration. The handwriting is meticulous and firm, such as silkworms spinning and spring clouds fluttering. Historically, Cao Buxing, Gu Kaizhi, Lu Tanwei and Zhang Sengyou were collectively called "four outstanding figures in the Six Dynasties". He is proficient in painting theory, and his arguments such as "thinking wonderfully" and "writing spirit with form" have great influence on the development of Chinese painting.
Gu Kaizhi's story:
It is said that Gu Kaizhi's mother died as soon as she was born and has been raised by a wet nurse. Gu Kaizhi was so cute when he was a child that everyone called him "Little Tiger".
One day, the little tiger was so happy that he suddenly heard "Mom". A child shouted and ran to his mother. Mother stepped forward, picked up her son and kissed him everywhere. The little tiger looked at it and thought, "how nice mom is!" Everyone has a mother, but where is my mother? " ? Thought of here, my nose was a little sour, and I pulled up my calf and ran home.
Gu Kaizhi's father was a court official at that time, so he abandoned his official and wrote poems and lyrics at home, becoming both a grandfather and a mother.
At this moment, Little Tiger hurried to my side and said sadly, "Dad, I want my mother, I want my mother ..." Hearing this, his father sadly picked up his son and said, "Little Tiger, your mother has gone to her grandmother's house far away." I lied to him for fear that nothing would be sad. The little tiger got to the bottom of it and asked, "When will mom come home?" Dad had to say vaguely, "about a month."
So the little nothingness counted day by day with his fingers bent, and he looked forward to it for thirty days. On this day, the little tiger climbed out of bed before dawn and kept at the gate. Wait and wait, it's almost noon, and mom hasn't come back yet.
The little tiger was so anxious that he cried, and his crying alarmed my grandfather. He came and picked up the little tiger and said sadly, "Little tiger, I will tell you about your mother, but don't cry." As he spoke, he told him the story of his mother's death after giving birth to him, and the little tiger was heartbroken.
From then on, you didn't want to laugh, just pestering me about my mother's face, figure, appearance ... He asked me day and night and kept asking me. I was moved by my son's homesickness. I always answer questions and never get bored. In order to make my son understand and remember, I made up a jingle. Niang face didn't ask anything, just answer him:
Cherry with small mouth and oval face,
Phoenix has a row of eyes and eyebrows.
Hands knee-high, fingers straight,
Two little feet are like golden lotus.
Not fat or thin, like a sister,
Not too long or too short for my shoulders.
My son will answer whatever grandpa says. When grandpa finished speaking, his son recited it. The son was dissatisfied and blinked and asked, "What clothes does mother like to wear?" Father said again:
I like to wear blue cotton clothes in cold weather.
I like to wear silk robes in hot weather …
After that, the little tiger recited it day by day until he knew it thoroughly. Sometimes in the middle of the night, I still say it in my dreams!
One day, he jumped up to me and said solemnly, "Dad, I want to draw an elephant for my mother." Father shook his head again and again and said, "You haven't seen your mother, and you haven't learned to draw. Don't be childish! " "
All children are discouraged. He painted in front of the sun in the morning and with an oil lamp at night, drawing one picture after another. Half a year passed, and the little tiger showed me a photo. I took a look and said, "It's just that the feet are a bit like them."
After hearing grandpa say that his painting is a bit alike, he is more energetic all over. He still thinks hard as usual and studies painting hard. In a blink of an eye, half a year passed, and Little Tiger showed me another picture. Grandpa looked at it and said, "The hand is like a painting, but the body is a bit like it."
Nothing in my heart is like pouring honey, I work harder. How time flies! Don't think it's six months. Little tiger showed my grandfather his own painting again. His grandfather nodded again and again and said, "Everything is like it except eyes."
Flowers should bear fruit and towers should be capped. Xiaowu tries to make eyes every day. Every day is the crowning touch. Half a year passed, and one day, Little Tiger went to see my grandfather with a photo. I studied it carefully and said, "elephants are all alike, especially the eyes are more divine."
However, nothing should be satisfied with this and continue to practice hard. At the age of twenty, his artistic achievements reached a certain height. That year, a big temple was built in Nanjing, and the monk in charge asked the officials and rich people at that time to donate money. But none of the pledges exceeded100000. Unexpectedly, Gu Kaizhi pledged millions. Some people say that he is bragging, but he doesn't think so. He just devoted himself to painting a statue of goddess on the snow-white wall of the temple, which was just the finishing touch.
On the first day of junior high school, many high-ranking officials and rich people came to him to make the finishing touch. See Gu Kaizhi on the podium, point a little pen, portrait eyes suddenly shine, full of brightness. The rich people all knelt down and kowtowed, scrambling to make a wish. In a short time, millions of dollars have been written on the commitment letter.
Gu Kaizhi was never satisfied, and the older he got, the more serious he became. It is said that he never painted people when he was old. When people asked him, he said, "Where can I make the finishing touch? If you order it, people will come down from the painting without talking! "