"crouching"-the spirit of breaking through the sky
The "husband" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions vividly shows a gentleman's image. Start with "big" and add a horizontal line to the word "big". "Fu" means an adult, and the horizontal one is a hairpin. In ancient times, boys, that is, underage men's hair was covered with hair. After adulthood, that is, after the age of 20, men hold a coronation ceremony, tie their hair in a bun and tie it on the top of their heads with hairpins. After the hair is crowned, it means that the man has become a "husband", that is, a big man. It can be seen that the original meaning of "husband" is adult man. In fact, "husband" is this man who has matured and grown up. For example, Han Jiayi's "On Accumulation": "The husband does not plow, or suffers from hunger." It means that if an adult man doesn't farm, some people will starve to death.
In ancient times, a man ten feet tall was called "husband", which means big man. However, we should not think that the ancients were taller than modern people, because the ancient system of 1 foot is about 0.6 feet today, which means that the ancient gentleman, even the tallest man, was only 2 meters. Men will engage in all kinds of manual labor when they are adults, so "husband" is extended to people who engage in different manual labor. Like Zuo Zhuan? Yin gongyuan: "for the country, see evil as agriculture." This means that when governors and doctors want to manage their fiefs well, when they see those evil things, they must eradicate them like a farmer sees the evil grass in the field. One of the farmers is a man engaged in agricultural production. There are also fishermen, boatmen and drivers.
Some scholars have put forward different views on the word "husband": "husband" refers to a person who has passed a certain height. Among them, "big" is a positive human image. Add a picture on "big" to show that people who reach this height can be called "husbands". "Zhou Li? According to Village Doctors, the ancient conscription system stipulated that men over seven feet in the countryside (capital city) and men over six feet in the wild (equivalent to today's countryside) could serve, that is, they were within the scope of conscription. From this point of view, the conditions for conscription at that time only looked at height, regardless of age. This is why there are two Mao soldiers in Zuo Zhuan.
The shape of the word "husband" not only represents ordinary men, but also shows people the elegance of people with lofty ideals. Therefore, some scholars believe that the word "fu" is constructed like this: the word "person" in the word "fu" is an pictographic character, that is, the image of "person". When people open their hands, they become "big", that is, "adults". But in people's eyes, no matter how big things are, they are no bigger than "Tian", so the word maker added a horizontal line to the word "Da" and became the word "Tian". However, people are always unwilling to be slaves of "heaven" and crawl at God's feet. They have the courage to break through the sky, so the word "heaven" stands out and becomes the word "husband" of a gentleman.
My wife was robbed.
The wife was robbed in ancient times. Some people think that the word "wife" does not exist in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, but Mr. Chen Weizhan thinks that the word "wife" already exists in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and the meaning of the spouse of "wife" is also obvious. Both Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jin Wen can see at a glance that there is a enslaved female image in the ancient word "wife". This woman's hair is obviously floating, and she has an evil hand. This hand is reaching out to the woman's head and grabbing her hair. It can be seen that "wife" is a knowing word, which means: grab a woman's hair with your hand. The word "wife" in ancient Chinese vividly describes the custom of robbing other people's women as spouses in ancient society.
It was a common phenomenon in ancient times to rob other people's women of their wives. In ancient times, there were many ways to rob a wife, some were openly seized through war, and some were robbed of women as spouses from defeated tribes. Also have a plenty of dark rob, or at night to rob another tribe's woman as his wife.
With the progress of society, this custom of robbing marriage will of course withdraw from the historical stage, but in people's marriages, there are still cases of fake robbing marriage. The so-called fake robbery means that this marriage is a "robbery" agreed by the woman and her parents. Nowadays, the popular custom of getting married before dawn or after dark in many places has left traces of the ancient custom of stealing wives.
Shuo Wen Jie Zi? Women's clothing department: "A wife is also a husband, from a woman, from a woman, from a woman. Also, take things, and so does the wife. "Xu Shen's explanation tells us that' wife' and' qi' are two words with similar pronunciations." "Living in harmony with husband" means that among wives and concubines, only the wife and husband enjoy the same status. Look from the glyph, "wife" comes from "you", and "you" is a hand, so it can mean "defending the wife's duties". The reason why the ancient man-made word "wife" tries every means to show its higher status and master status is, of course, because there are concubines in the family who are inferior to and dominated by their wives. However, in ancient families, the wife was always in a dominant position for the husband, which meant that the "wife" could not be "neat" with the husband and could not enjoy equal status.
"Wife" is extended from "spouse" to a verb, which refers to a woman who marries a woman or someone else. Like the Analects of Confucius? Gongye Chang: "My son's name is Gongye Chang,' but being a wife is urgent. "With his son and wife." Confucius said that Gongye Chang was a (good) person who could marry his daughter. Although he is in prison, it is not because he is guilty. So (Confucius) married his daughter to him.
Li Hongzhang was a famous minister in the late Qing Dynasty. Once, he had a distant relative to take an exam. This man is so ignorant that he doesn't know how to answer a question when he receives the test paper. At this time, he had a brainwave and suddenly thought that he was a relative of nave adult Li Hongzhang, so he wrote on the test paper: "I am the wife of nave adult Li Hongzhang." This ignorant relative actually wrote "Qi" as "wife". The examiner smiled, so he approved on the test paper: "As nave's own wife, I dare not marry." Therefore, this relative is still at the end.
"Orchid"-the fragrance of kings
Neither Oracle Bone Inscriptions nor he saw the word "Lan". Shuo Wen Jie Zi? Grass department: "orchid, vanilla also." "From the grass, the sound is very loud." The original meaning of the pictophonetic word "LAN" is bluegrass. Such as "Is it easy? On the copula: "A word of one heart stinks like blue. "The' smelly' here is the smell, and' orchid' obviously refers to vanilla. It means that * * * from the bottom of my heart is the same language, as fragrant as orchids. The word "Lan" has a special usage in ancient Chinese, that is, it is an elegant name, also known as a good name, between scholars and scholars. For example, "Lanfang" refers to the housing of literati; "You Lan" and "Lan Jiao" refer to the friends made by the literati. "Lan Yan" refers to both the words with the same mind and the words or letters of the literati. Another example is "Lin Yuling" by Liu Yong, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty: "There is no mood in the Doumen account, and there is nostalgia, and Lanzhou urges it. "It means: I was in a bad mood when I set up a tent and gave a banquet on the outskirts of Beijing (Bianjing). When I was reluctant to go, the people on board urged me to start quickly. " Lanzhou "Some people say that it may not be appropriate to take a boat made in Mu Lan." Lanzhou means "boat". The word "LAN" has been blurred, but it doesn't mean anything.
In addition, there is the so-called "Blue Dream" or "Zhao Lan", which is even more legendary. According to Zuo Zhuan, many concubines in Zheng Wen longed for their children, but no one gave him a son. There is a concubine named Yan Gu. One day, she dreamed that an angel gave her a bunch of orchids. Soon, she became pregnant and gave birth to a boy. Wen Gong was overjoyed and named the child Lan, which was later Mu Gong. It can be seen that "blue dream" is a beautiful dream, also known as "blue omen", which is a good omen for pregnancy and childbirth. "Lan" is graceful and fragrant. The ancients called it "Xiangzu", "the first fragrance in the world" or "the fragrance of kings". "Lan" is called the king's fragrance and has a touching story. According to Confucius' family story, Confucius traveled around the world and returned to Shandong from Weiguo. When he saw the "Landuxiang" in the valley, he said with emotion, "Landang is king." Therefore, later generations called "Lan" "Xiang Wang".
China has a long history of planting orchids. After being defeated by Fu Cha, the King of Wu, Gou Jian, the King of Yue in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, retired to Huiji Mountain to practice his internal skills and planted many bluegrass on the mountain to confuse the enemy. This is the earliest record of planting bluegrass in Chinese history.
Zheng Sixiao, a poet and painter in the Southern Song Dynasty, is good at painting flowers and birds, especially orchids. But it is such a master who paints orchids. When he lived in seclusion in Suzhou after the fall of the Southern Song Dynasty, the orchids he wrote were uncharacteristic: the flowers and leaves were scattered and there was no soil and no roots. One day, a good friend of his looked at the orchid he painted and suggested, "How can this orchid live without soil and roots?" Let's draw a root! Unexpectedly, after listening to his friend's advice, Zheng Sixiao was filled with grief and indignation. He threw down his brush and sighed, "The land has been taken away by outsiders. Where can my orchid grow? "It turned out that he painted Rootless Orchids to express his patriotic feelings and the pain of national subjugation.
Orchid people also call it "the beauty of the empty valley". Besides its beauty, it also has its temperament and character of "being neither arrogant nor impetuous" and "being firm and embracing oneself", which is more praised by the world. Therefore, some people put orchids on the pines, bamboos and plums of the "Three Friends in the Cold Year", saying that "Three Friends in the Cold Year, bamboos have knots without flowers, plums have flowers without leaves, pines have leaves without fragrance, and orchids are unique." Because of this, orchids have won people's wide love.
"Wind"-Endless wind and moon
"Wind" is like the legendary Phoenix in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. This word is actually the original word of Phoenix, pictographic. Wind, an intangible and invisible thing, is difficult to express with a symbol and draw a specific shape, so the word "Feng" is borrowed as "Wind". For example, the "strong wind" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions is "Taihō", "small wind" is "small wind" and "no phoenix" means that it won't be windy today.
In the era of Xiao Zhuan, people returned the word "Feng" to "Feng" and created a word "Feng", which is the traditional Chinese name for "Feng". Shuo Wen Jie Zi? Wind Department: "Wind, eight winds also. ..... Wind-driven worms are born, so eight-day worms turn into worms. From worms, every sound. " "Six books? Animal 4: "The spirit of heaven and earth boasts the life of the agitator, which is called the wind." It can be seen that the original meaning of "wind" refers to the phenomenon of air flow in nature. The ancients thought that "wind" moved and insects were born, so they used "insect" as the signifier of the word "wind" and "fan" as the silent symbol, thus coining the word "wind". Zhuangzi? The theory of everything: "a large piece of gas is called wind." This means that the air from the earth is called wind.
Because of the close relationship between "wind" and "air", the meanings of "ethos" and "custom" have been extended. Such as "Lu Chunqiu? Yin Chu: "You can know its wind by hearing its voice, and your ambition by observing its wind." Gao: "Wind, custom. "It means: Therefore, you can understand the customs of that place by listening to the music there and understand the interests of the people there by studying the customs there. Because "wind" refers to "custom", it is extended to "folk songs". For example, the poems in The Book of Songs can be divided into three categories: style, elegance and ode. From "Nan Zhou" to "The Wind of the Wind", they are collectively called "The Wind of Fifteen Countries", with 60 poems/kloc-0. Biography of Song Zhuxi's Poems? National Wind 1: "Wind is a poem of folk songs." "Wind" refers to folk songs and ballads.
There are many stories about "wind" in history. Fan Zhongyan, a great essayist in the Song Dynasty, built the ancestral temple of Yan Ziling on the hook platform of Fuchun Mountain when he was a local official in Zhejiang. After the ancestral hall was completed, Fan Zhongyan wrote the article "Mr. Yan's Ancestral Hall" for it. The record reads: "Yunshan is gray, the rivers and seas are vast, the gentleman is highly respected, and the mountain is high." After writing the article, I sent it to my friend Li Taibo. After reading it, Li was full of praise. Then he said to Fan Zhongyan, "If you change a word in the poem, it will be more perfect." Fan Zhongyan hurriedly asked. Li Taibo said, "If this poem is about Yunshan, it will be very artistic. If it is followed by the word' de', it feels a little small and too rigid. What do you think of changing the word' Germany' to the word' wind'? " Hearing this, Fan Zhongyan repeatedly said yes, and immediately changed the word "virtue" to the word "wind", honoring Li Taibo as a centralized teacher.
Li, a famous painter in Qing Dynasty, once visited a friend's house. During the dinner, the topic suddenly turned to painting. Some people say: "Everything in the world is easy to draw, but there is one thing that can't be drawn!" " "Another man asked him what was difficult to draw, and that man only answered one word:" Wind! " "
Everyone present was silent after listening to it, and everyone admitted that the wind is really a difficult thing to draw.
Then Li stood up and said, "Yes! The wind can also draw. "
Everyone present was startled. Li painted on the spot, and after a while, he did draw the "wind". This is the wind bamboo map we saw today. After reading Li's Wind Bamboo Map, someone commented: "Li not only painted the wind, but also painted the wind."
The enjoyment of visiting Mount Tai is not only the natural scenery, but also the inscriptions and stone carvings of literati in the past dynasties on their way to Mount Tai. In the late 1950s, several Japanese scholars visited China. One day, they climbed Mount Tai and saw the word "two" engraved on the stone wall on one side of Panshan Road, which aroused the great interest of these Japanese guests, but they didn't understand the meaning. So he asked the accompanying China scholars. Unexpectedly, the accompanying people were stumped by these two strange words, so they had to promise the guests to go back and inquire.
Japanese scholars came back from a mountain tour and questioned the pronunciation and meaning of "two", so their companions rummaged through ancient books and visited many experts and scholars, but failed to solve the mystery.
Soon, the matter spread to Beijing. Someone took these two words to the Chinese Academy of Sciences to consult Guo Moruo. Lao Guo read these two words, thought for a while, and drew two strokes outside the word "two", so it became the word "romantic". Lao Guo said with a smile, "These two strange words mean' infinite romance'. This is just a word game of ancient celebrities. " Later, Xie, a contemporary calligrapher, used the word "two" as the upper couplet and wrote the lower couplet. His bottom line is "time", and a box is added on "year" and "China" to indicate "limited time". This kind of word game is really good.