Main achievements:
1. Assisted Liu Bei in establishing and stabilizing the Shu Han Dynasty;
2. Developed internal affairs and promoted the economic and social development of Sichuan;
3. Conquer the southwestern barbarians and formulate the first successful minority policy in Chinese history.
The following is a detailed introduction.
1. Calligraphy:
Zhuge Liang lived in an era when Chinese calligraphy art was becoming mature. Four years before his birth, in the sixth year of Xiping (AD 177), Emperor Ling of the Han Dynasty, he first called calligraphy "calligraphy". This marks the official distance between "writing" as a communication tool and "calligraphy" as a unity of aesthetic appreciation and practicality, and enables the latter to gradually develop into a unique art - the art of calligraphy. At this time, Han Li has become the leading font with a unique style. At the same time, cursive script, running script and regular script were created, so that the five styles of seal script, official script, cursive script, running script and regular script were basically complete.
Zhuge Liang loved calligraphy; he trained hard in his youth and was able to write in a variety of fonts, including seal script, eight-point script, and cursive script. Liang Tao Hongjing of the Southern Dynasties was a great calligrapher. His "Swords and Swords Record" records: "In Xinchou, the first year of Zhangwu in Shu (AD 221), he quarried iron from Jinniu Mountain and cast eight iron swords, each three feet and six inches long... It is also the cornerstone of Kong Mingshu’s style.” Yu Li's "Ancient Ding Lu" records: "Zhuge Liang killed Wang Shuang, returned Dingjun Mountain, cast a tripod, and buried it in Hanchuan, with the inscription: Dingjun Ding. He also made eight formation tripods, which were sunk in Yong'an water, all with large seal scripts. " "In the second year of the reign of Emperor Zhangwu (AD 222), he cast a tripod in Hanchuan, named Kehan ??tripod, and placed it in Bing cave, with eight points of book... He also cast a tripod in Wudan Mountain, Chengdu, named Shouchan tripod. He also cast a tripod at the entrance of Jianshan Mountain, which was named Jianshan tripod. Both the seal script and the seal script were traced by Marquis Wu. "In the third year of Zhangwu (AD 223), he made two tripods, one for King Lu, and the text says: 'Wealth and prosperity. , King Yihou. , One with the King of Liang, the text said: "Great luck, King Yigong" and the ancient official script, three feet high, are all recorded in "Gujin Fa Shu Yuan" written by Zhou Yue in the Northern Song Dynasty. : "The First Lord of Shu tried to make three tripods, all of which were made in eight parts of the seal script of Marquis Wu, and they were extremely exquisite."
The above records are credible, especially those of Tao Hongjing of the Southern Dynasties, who lived only more than 200 years after Zhuge Liang. His experiences and accounts should be based on facts. Volume 13 of "Xuanhe Shupu" written by Xuanhe Neifu of Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty records that Zhuge Liang "is good at painting and also likes to write cursive calligraphy. Although he is not known as a book, if he finds his relics in the future, he will treasure them." It is also said: "The first cursive script in the imperial palace collection today is: "Yuan She Tie"." This shows that by the end of the Northern Song Dynasty (1119-1125 AD), Zhuge Liang's calligraphy works were still collected in the imperial palace. Chen Si's "Shu Xiaoshi" of the Southern Song Dynasty records: Zhuge Liang "is good at the eight parts of seal script and official script. Today's calligraphy has the words "Xuan Mo Tai Chi, mixed yin and yang", etc., which is a special skill."
Starting from the Song Dynasty, the famous calligraphy of predecessors was copied and rubbed for the purpose of dissemination, which was called "fa calligraphy". This record shows that in the Song Dynasty, Zhuge Liang's calligraphy works were popular in the world as "fa calligraphy" with exemplary significance. Zhuge Liang never forgot calligraphy amidst his busy government affairs and military activities. "Changde Prefecture Chronicle" records: "Wolong Ink Pool is located in Wolong Temple, thirty miles west of Yuanjiang County. It is said that Zhuge Wuhou of the Han Dynasty used ink in this temple because of its name." We know that the time when Zhuge Liang was active in Changde was during the Battle of Chibi. After that, the war was very tense and frequent, but he still did not forget to use his brushes near the pond.
Unfortunately, it is still not possible to see the original calligraphy. We can only rely on archaeological discoveries.
2. Painting:
Zhang Yanyuan of the Tang Dynasty wrote in "Records of Famous Paintings of the Past Dynasties": "Both Zhuge Wuhou and his son were good at painting." Zhang Yanyuan also wrote in his "On Painting" This book records the collection and sales of paintings at that time. He said: "Nowadays, it is divided into three ancient times to determine the high and low. Taking the three kingdoms of Han and Wei as the older ones, Zhao Qi, Liu Yao, Cai Yong, Zhang Heng, Cao Mao, Yang Xiu, Huan Fan, Xu Miao, Cao Buxing, and Zhuge Liang "Liu is also." The painters of the Jin and Song Dynasties are called the middle ancient, the painters of the Qi, Liang, Chen, Later Wei, Later Zhou, and Northern Qi are called the lower ancient, and the painters of the Sui and early Tang are called the modern. The price of works by modern painters is similar to that of works by ancient painters, while the prices of works by ancient painters are the highest.
Zhang Yanyuan described the selling prices of paintings by some modern painters such as Yan Liben, Wu Daozi and others at that time: "A screen is worth 20,000 gold, and a screen is worth 15,000 gold." "A screen is worth 10,000 gold." " He also said that the works of painters from the Han and Wei Dynasties (i.e. ancient times) were "treasures of the state and the family" in the Tang Dynasty and "treasures of the ancient times." Zhang Yanyuan (born in 815 AD) was born in a family of prime ministers, and his family had a rich collection of French calligraphy and famous paintings. His "Records of Famous Paintings of All Dynasties" is known as the "ancestor of painting history". His records and discussions have played an important role in Chinese painting. It has always been a reliable and rare historical material in history. From his description, we can roughly see Zhuge Liang's historical status and artistic achievements in the history of Chinese art. The Eastern Jin Dynasty historian Chang Cu’s "Huayang Guozhi" records: "In South China, the custom is to conquer witches and ghosts. They like to curse alliances and throw rocks and weeds. Officials often use curses to kill alliances. Zhuge Liang made a map for the barbarians. He first painted the sky, earth, sun and moon. In the Changcheng Mansion, he first painted dragons, dragons, and barbarians, as well as cattle, horses, camels, and sheep. Later, he painted the chief officials riding horses and banners, patrolling to comfort the barbarians. "It's very important." He also recorded: "Yongchang County, the ancient Ailao Kingdom... has been divided into small kings from generation to generation, often living in towns and scattered in the valleys. It is a deserted area with deep mountains and rivers. Since the beginning of the people, there has never been a connection with China. , the ancestor of Kunming in Nanzhong, so Zhuge Liang is the one who drew it." From the above two paragraphs, we can see that Zhuge Liang does have extraordinary painting talents. His paintings are based on both real life (such as the life of ethnic minorities in South China) and magical and rich imagination (such as dragons, etc.), with magnificent compositions and broad scenes.
Zhuge Liang can not only draw the sky and the earth, the sun and the moon, but also various buildings, carriages and horses, animals and people. Painters who can master such comprehensive painting techniques are rare in the history of Chinese painting. At the same time, we can also see that Zhuge Liang's painting is never out of personal leisure. His painting art always serves his political and military purposes.
3. Music:
Zhuge Liang is proficient in music, likes to play the piano and sing, and has high musical accomplishment.
This aspect is often described in ancient books. Chen Shou's "Three Kingdoms? Biography of Zhuge Liang" records: "Xuanzu, Liang worked hard to cultivate Longmu, so that he could chant for Liang's father." Xi Chizhi's "Old Records of Xiangyang Elders": "There is Kongming's former residence in Xiangyang... The west of the house is facing the mountains. Kong Ming often climbed up to the water, and played "Liang Fu Yin" on the harp, so the mountain was named Leshan. "Of course there is Wolong Yin, which is truly a masterpiece of the ages. "Zhongxing Bibliography" records: "One volume of "Qin Jing" was written by Zhuge Liang. The beginning of Qin making and the sound of the seven strings, the meaning of the thirteen emblems." Xie Xiyi's "Qin Lun" also records: "Zhuge Liang wrote "Liang Fu Yin". "Yu Di Zhi" records: "Dingjun Mountain Wuhou. There is a stone harp in the temple. When you play it, the sound is very clear. It is said that it was left by Marquis Wu." From the above records, it is enough to see that Zhuge Liang had a very comprehensive cultivation and great artistic achievements in music. He is good at vocal music - he can sing; he is also good at instrumental music - he is good at playing the harp; at the same time, he also creates music and lyrics, and can also make musical instruments - making lyres and stone harps. Not only that, he also wrote a monograph on music theory - "Qin Jing".
"The Former Disciple"
The late emperor was not halfway through his business, but the middle road collapsed (cú); today, Yizhou is weak and weak, and this is the time when the survival of the sincerity is in danger. However, the ministers of the bodyguard are tireless at home, and the loyal people forget about themselves outside: this is the special experience of pursuing the late emperor, and I want to repay it to His Majesty. It is sincerely appropriate to open up the Holy Ting to honor the legacy of the late emperor and to magnify the spirit of lofty ideals; it is not appropriate to belittle oneself, to use metaphors that are unjust, and to block the road of loyalty and remonstrance.
The palace and the mansion are all integrated; Zhi (zhì) punishment Zang (zāng) No (pǐ) should not be similar or different; if there is an adulterer and a loyal person, he should be punished and rewarded by an official , to show your majesty's plain principles; it is not appropriate to be partial and use different methods internally and externally.
If a fool thinks that the matters in the palace are no matter how big or small, if he takes them into consideration and then implements them, he will definitely be able to make up for the leaks and benefit a lot.
General Xiang Chong, a well-behaved person, well versed in military affairs, tried to use it in the past, the late emperor called him Neng, so he was promoted to Chong by public opinion as the governor: if he thought about the affairs in the camp, he would consult him carefully. It will definitely make the formations harmonious, and the good and the bad will be gained.
Being close to virtuous ministers and staying away from villains is why the early Han Dynasty prospered; being close to villains and being distant from virtuous ministers is why the Han Dynasty has declined since then. When the late Emperor was here, every time he discussed this matter with his ministers, he would always sigh and hate Huan and Ling! Shi Zhong, Shangshu, Changshi, and the army are all ministers who know that Zhenliang died on the occasion of his death. I hope Your Majesty will love them and trust them. Then the Han Dynasty will be prosperous. You can count the days and wait for it.
I am a commoner, working hard in Nanyang, trying to survive in troubled times, and do not seek to learn and reach the princes. The late emperor did not think that his ministers were despicable, and that he was in vain. He paid three visits to his ministers in the thatched cottage, and consulted them on the affairs of the world. He was so grateful that he allowed the late emperor to drive away. Later, when the army was overturned, he was appointed to the position of being defeated, and he was ordered to be in danger. You have been here for twenty years (yòu) for one year.
The late emperor was cautious in informing his ministers, so he sent them important news before his death. Since receiving the order, I have been lamenting all night long, fearing that the entrustment would not be effective and would harm the late emperor's wisdom. Therefore, I crossed Lu in the fifth month and reached a barren depth. Now that the south has been secured and the troops are sufficient, it is time to lead the three armies to the north to secure the Central Plains. The common people are exhausted and the slaves are dull. The traitors are eliminated by fighting (rǎng), the Han Dynasty is revived, and the old capital is restored: This is why I repay the late emperor for my loyalty to Your Majesty. Position also. As for considering profits and losses, and giving honest advice, then you, yi, and yun are left to their own devices.
May your Majesty ask your ministers to bring the thieves back to life. If it does not work, then you will punish the ministers for their sins and report the spirit of the late emperor. If there are no words of virtue, then you, Yi, Yun, etc. will be held responsible. He is slow to show his fault (jiù). It is also advisable for Your Majesty to make your own plans, consult Su (zōu) on good ways, listen to elegant words, and follow the late emperor's edicts deeply. I am extremely grateful! Now I should stay away. I am in tears and don’t know what to say.
"The Later Disciple's Biao"
The late emperor was worried that the Han and the thieves would not be at odds with each other, and the king's career would not be peaceful, so he asked his ministers to fight against the thieves. Based on the wisdom of the late emperor, the talents of ministers were measured. Therefore, knowing that ministers are capable of defeating thieves will only weaken the enemy's strength. However, if the thieves are not defeated, the royal industry will also perish. If he just sits there and waits for death, who can attack him? This is why I entrust my ministers with no doubts. On the day when I received the order, I could not sleep well, and my food was not tasty. I was thinking about the northern expedition, so I should go to the south first. Therefore, I crossed Lu in the fifth month, went deep into the barren area, and ate by the sun. ——I don’t regret myself: I don’t care about the king’s career and can’t settle in the capital of Shu, so I can’t fulfill the late emperor’s wishes at the risk of danger. But those who discussed it said it was not a plan. Nowadays, the thieves are tired of being in the west and are busy in the east. The art of war is to "take advantage of the labor": this is the time to advance. I would like to state the story as follows:
Emperor Gao Ming was not as good as the sun and the moon, and his advisers were deep-rooted. However, he was involved in danger and was injured. , Sit down and control the world: This minister has not yet solved one thing. Liu Yao and Wang Lang, each based in the prefectures and counties, discussed the plan of peace and quiet, and attracted the saints. They were full of doubts and troubles. They did not fight this year and did not conquer next year, so that Sun Ce became powerful and merged with Jiangdong. What is the future of this minister? Solution two. Cao Cao's wisdom and plan were second to none. His use of troops was similar to that of Sun and Wu. However, he was trapped in Nanyang, in danger of Wuchao, in danger of Qilian, forced in Liyang, almost defeated Beishan, and almost died in Tongguan, and then pretended to be settled for a while. Er; the situation is that the minister is weak in talent, but he wants to make sure that he is not in danger: this minister has three unsolved problems. Cao Cao failed to attack Changba five times, and failed to cross Chaohu. He appointed Li Fu, but Li Fu tried his best, and appointed Xiahou, but Xiahou was defeated. Every time the late emperor said that Cao Cao was capable, he still failed like this. How can he win with a crossbow? This minister's question is not clear. Four. When I arrived in Hanzhong, I lost Zhao Yun, Yang Qun, Ma Yu, Yan Zhi, Ding Li, Bai Shou, Liu He, Deng Tong, etc., and drove more than 70 generals from Changtun. Cong Sou, Qing Qiang, and more than a thousand scattered cavalry and armed cavalry. Within a few decades, the elites from all four directions were gathered together, which is not owned by one state. If it takes several years, two-thirds will be lost. ——Why should we seek enemies? This minister has five unsolved problems. Nowadays, the people are exhausted and the army is exhausted, but things cannot stop; things cannot stop, so the labor and expenses of living and traveling are equal. It is not as good as the present picture. If you want to use the land of a state to fight against the thieves for a long time: this minister has six unsolved problems.
Those who are difficult to calm down are things. In the past, the first emperor was defeated by Chu. At this time, Cao Cao raised his hand and said that the world was settled. ——Then the late emperor connected Wu and Yue to the east, took Ba and Shu to the west, raised his troops to march north, and was appointed the leader by the Marquis of Xia: This was a miscalculation, and the Han Dynasty was about to succeed. ——Then Wu Geng violated the alliance, Guan Yu was defeated, Zigui fell into disgrace, and Cao Pi became emperor: everything is like this and it is difficult to reverse it.
I have dedicated my life to death; as for success or failure, it cannot be reversed by my wisdom.