"The Military System of Past Dynasties" describes the development of Wei: "At the beginning, Cao Gong set up his own barracks in Xiangfu to lead the army. Besides, Emperor Wen added the middle camp, so there were two camps, Wuwei and Zhongli, which led the generals and unified the five factions. " Wu is the closest guard of Cao Wei Group. According to the History of the Three Kingdoms, it was set up in the 13th year of Jian 'an (208). At that time, as soon as Cao Cao became prime minister, he set up his own military camp in the prime minister's office. At that time, there were only a few imperial troops in the Han Dynasty, and under the control of Cao Cao, Wu Weiying was neglected at the beginning of its establishment. "Wuwei, Zhongli No.2 Battalion, Leading General, Five Schools in One" is also incorrect. In fact, Cao Wei successively placed five new battalions, Wuwei, Zhong Lei, Kegan, Xiaoqi and Guerrilla, under the command of Zhong Jun. Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, the five battalions of North Military Vehicle Riding, Infantry, Shooting, Yue Riding and Changshui in the Cao Wei period still existed, but the number of soldiers was pitiful. The status of the fifth school is not as good as that of general tachileik, and it is impossible to command tachileik and other new camps.
The establishment of foreign troops stationed in different places was inconsistent at first, and commanders were often appointed and replaced temporarily by the central government. When I arrived in Wei Wendi, things changed. "Military System of Past Dynasties": "In the third year of the Emperor, he was appointed as the full-time commander of the state army, and added the rank of general of four towns, and appointed the general as the commander of Chinese and foreign armies." The commander-in-chief of Cao Wei's state army is a military chief stationed in various places on behalf of the central government, and leads the central army, which is different from the soldiers in the state and county. The so-called four towns refer to the titles of General Zheng Dong, General Cheung Nam, General Zheng and General Zheng Bei, General Zheng Dong, General Cheung Nam, General Zheng and General Zheng Bei. Except for the title of General Si Ping, these are not fixed military posts, but temporary titles. From these titles, we can also know that the generals who are in charge of the military affairs of each state represent the central government to conquer and suppress. Chinese and foreign armies, that is, the China army and foreign armies, "put the general in charge of the Chinese and foreign armies", and the general commanded the Central Army of the whole country, and became the supreme military commander of Cao Wei. It was the Cao Wei regime that was established, not the Eastern Han Dynasty. At first, Qiu was still the highest military and political chief. After the general was released, Qiu's most important power was divided up, so Chen Fuliang said that the general was "in Qiu's position".
To sum up, Cao Wei's central army system is:
|-Zhong Jun-Lead and protect the army-Battalions will be assigned.
CSKA-General-|
|-foreign troops-troops of counties.
In addition to China's army and foreign troops, Cao Wei also had state and county soldiers as local soldiers. Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty went on strike to recruit soldiers, and the strength of counties and counties was very weak. By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, some prefectures and counties were dominated by separatist regimes, and their armies gradually became stronger, while most of them were eliminated or merged one by one. Cao Cao unified the north, and the separatist regimes, large and small, were either armed, destroyed or incorporated. In northern counties, only the Central Army is often stationed in Tun, and there is no local armed forces. At that time, Sima Lang, the prime minister's chief book, suggested that all counties should establish local armed forces, so as to "prepare four foreigners outside and be unscrupulous inside". "Military System in Past Dynasties": "Since accepting Sima Lang's words, prefectures and counties have been forced to build soldiers, but the power of local governors has been greatly expanded. Therefore, the "Military System of Past Dynasties" holds that "the military power of Cao Wei regime gathered outside the state animal husbandry and belonged to the generals and Qiu". So, later, someone went to Wei Mingdi, demanding that the secretariat and the satrap should be relieved of the right to lead troops in the border counties, and sent generals to guard them, so as to avoid the secretariat and the satrap's "single-minded military, not diligent civil affairs" instead of "fighting alone".
Cao Wei's military system and soldiers who cultivated land are worth mentioning. Cao Wei's farming is divided into civilian and military, which is an extension of the official land lease law and the border county farming law in Han Dynasty. The management mode of folk villages is as follows: the old farmer is in charge of the folk villages in the whole country, the commander of Dian Nong is in charge of the folk villages in a county, the captain of Dian Nong is in charge of the folk villages in a county-level unit, and the chariot Sima is in charge of a production unit-Yitun. There are 50 settlers in each village. The task of Mintun is to plant rice, millet, mulberry and hemp, and 50-60% of the harvest will be turned over to the government. Soldiers in the field should not accept military service, but should implement the management of military law departments into the study of military system. The purpose of land reclamation in the early years of Jian 'an was to bind the refugees to the land, provide a lot of rent for the government and meet the needs of the army; At the end of Wei Dynasty and the beginning of Jin Dynasty, for the benefit of aristocratic families, rulers often carved up reclamation and carved up reclamation customers, and the reclamation system was devastated. The military garrison started later than the civilian garrison. Generally, the original military establishment is maintained, and it is set on the border with Wu and Shu, so that soldiers can share the defense. Wu Dong also; There are soldiers roughly similar to Cao Wei. Great Generals: Cao Shi Brothers (Cao Ren, Cao Hong), Xiahou Brothers (Xia Xia), Zhang Liao, Zhang He, Yu Jin and Le Jin. The last five are also called the five great generals of Cao Wei. Shu Han's military system is roughly the same as Wei's, but each has its own characteristics. The Central Army of Shu and Han dynasties said, "There are five armies in Shu. There is one general, one supervisor and one guard, including one division, one supervisor, one guard, one code and one army, one former division, one general, one supervisor, one guard and one supervisor, and then one supervisor, one general and one concurrently. Its learning must be slightly like Korean. " The fifth army is the front, back, left, right and middle army. Zhong Jun, like Cao Wei, is also a garrison; The front, back, left and right armies are slightly equal to Cao Wei's foreign troops. The Central Army of Shuhan has one or two military division generals as the highest military commander in the country. The organizational system of the five armies is not exactly the same. The China Army has a guard, a supervisor, a strategist, a guard, a leader and a standard army. The front and rear armies each have a guard, a supervisor, a strategy, a leader and a standard army; The left and right armies each have a guard, a supervisor and a guard. According to historical records, the commanders of the front, rear, left and right armies were former generals, rear generals, left generals and right generals respectively, and only the commander of China's army was the Guards; According to Wang Ping, Liu Min, Jiang Wei and others, the front, back, left and right armies often take the guard army or the prison army as their respective commanders. Therefore, it remains to be further investigated whether the official titles such as former generals are another name or a new name of the Guards, or whether they are official posts in different periods.
There are many different names for the grass-roots army in Shu and Han dynasties. "Military System of Past Dynasties": "Soldiers are distinguished by sudden generals, invincible, arrogant, young and strong, scattered riding and martial riding, and cannot be completely covered by Shu people." "Liu, there are tens of thousands of three auxiliary streams, and they are regarded as soldiers and named as soldiers of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty." What is mentioned here is not complete. According to the statistics in Wang Xinfu's "Three Kingdoms", Shu Han has the following titles: Chang Qu and Shu Han often have special vanguard teams. Never before, never after, maybe they are an excellent and brave team. The Flying Army is mainly composed of Qingqiang, a branch of Qiang nationality, and is divided into five parts. Tiger step, a brave infantry team. Tiger riding, a brave cavalry team, in addition to scattered riding, martial riding and other cavalry teams. Baibai is decorated with white feathers by ethnic minorities. Miao people are composed of Miao people (ethnic minorities in Hunan and Sichuan). In addition, there are foreign soldiers, composed of ethnic minorities in Jingzhou. As can be seen from these titles, the Shu-Han regime not only made the Han people in Shu a soldier, but also made a large number of foreign troops, forming foreign troops such as Fei Jun, Qing Qiang, Bai Zhi, Youzi and Bing Yi. It can also be seen from the situation of soldiers in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty that Shu Han also organized foreign refugees into an army. Masters: Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Ma Chao, Huang Zhong, Zhao Yun, Wei Yan, Jiang Wei, Liao Hua and Wang Ping. Wu Dong's military system is a mess, basically the same as Wei's. Its military characteristics, such as "Military System of Past Dynasties", say: "Wuduozhou is a teacher, and his learning is slightly different from that of Han." Wu Dong was founded in the south of the Yangtze River, with natural barrier in the north, East China Sea and South China Sea in the southeast, and many lakes and Shui Ze in the mainland. The watery natural conditions, especially the rich products and developed economy, determined that its water army was stronger than Wei and Shu, so that it hit Cao Wei's army several times with the defeat of boatmen. The existing ships are large in size, numerous in number and many in names, such as Dragon, Fighting Ship, Shipbuilding Ship, Gaihai, Chilong, Chang 'an, Dabao, Dalu, Qinglong Battleship and so on. According to Wu Shu, it was a small boat that could carry 80 horses. According to Yang Jinqiu, when the Western Jin Dynasty wiped out Wu, it received more than 5,000 ships, including transport ships and warships. A considerable number of transport ships belong to the water army and are used to transport military supplies. In this way, although we can't know the specific number of Wu Donghai's naval vessels, we can imagine their scale. At that time, Wu Donghai's sailors not only patrolled the Yangtze River at all times, but also swam in the vast sea area. Commander-in-chief of Wu Dong's navy is the commander-in-chief of the navy.
The Central Army of Soochow is the same as Cao Wei and Shu Han. There are five armies: front, back, left, right and middle. The generals in the army also include the guards, commanders, standard troops and military horses. Once the war breaks out, the commander-in-chief always commands the five armies, and each army has a commander-in-chief. Masters, Zhou Yu, Lu Su, Lu Meng, Lu Xun, Cheng Pu, Han Dang, Zhou Tai, Gan Ning, Taishi Ci. During the Han and Jin Dynasties, great changes took place in academic thought, which was mainly related to the changes of traditional thought and political struggle, of which the former accounted for a large proportion. From friendship, attention to seaweed, and response to responsibility, it is all attributed to Shen Han. Because it is hypocritical and reactionary, it is natural and straightforward, and it belongs to Laozi and Zhuangzi.
Due to political corruption in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the situation was chaotic. Cao Cao and Zhuge Liang adopted the ideas of famous artists or legalists to restore social order. Cao Cao advocated reward and punishment and the rule of law. Put forward the concept of "meritocracy" and break the standard of family tradition or famous education. Zhuge Liang also advocated the concept of rule of law, cultivated the legal system after entering Shu, and enforced justice. Put forward the view that "the key to governing the country is to recommend talents". He also attaches importance to military law. For example, in the Battle of Jieting, Ma Su was beheaded for violating military orders, and he reduced himself to the third class. Wei Chu's thought of name and law at the end of Han Dynasty provided a foundation for the metaphysical trend of thought in Wei and Jin Dynasties, which made celebrities shift their focus from the specific problems of name and law to the abstract speculation of metaphysics based on political darkness.
In the study of Confucian classics, Zheng Xuanzhi's study of Confucian classics at the end of Han Dynasty was highly respected. But in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Wang Su inherited his father's learning and annotated the classics. His views on Confucian classics are different from those of Zheng Xuan, so it is difficult for Zheng and Wang to refute each other. At the end of Cao Wei, Sima Shi usurped Wei as Jin. At that time, politics was dark, intellectuals' thoughts tended to be reactionary, their spirits were depressed, and there was no way out. Those who tend to Cao Shi are mostly people who have lost power and influence. They criticize politics and advocate nature through open talks. It tends to maintain the famous religion and gradually divide the Confucian style. Because Emperor Wu of Jin was the grandson of Wang Su, he established an official school, and for a period of time he denied the patriarch of Shen Zheng and Wang Xuecheng.
Metaphysics was the most prominent thought in Wei and Jin Dynasties. Its basic teachings are Laozi, Zhuangzi and Zhouyi, collectively known as San Xuan. Metaphysical scholars like to talk about Hyunri, but don't talk about secular things, which is called nonsense and popular in Wei and Jin Dynasties. In the gestation period of 240-248, the representatives were Yan He and Wang Bi. Metaphysics holds that a thing needs to know the "origin" of the principle behind it in order to understand the "end" of what is usually seen, and then advocates the theory of "unity of end and origin" He also regards "essence" as "Tao", analogizes it as "nothingness" without form (reason and potential), regards "end" as "existence" of actual phenomena, and thinks that "everything originates from nothingness". After that, Sima Yan usurped the Jin Jian of Wei. Represented by Ruan Ji, Ji Kang and other seven sages of bamboo forest, they turned their focus from ideological theory to life problems. At that time, the politics was dark, and Sima suppressed the literati and decorated himself by advocating fame and education. Ruan Ji and Ji Kang advocated that Confucian ethics suppressed human nature and hypocrisy, and emphasized the liberation of human nature and the sincerity of nature. They took the lead in realizing this theory and formed an atmosphere of emancipating personality. After the Western Jin Dynasty, the discussion spread to the political arena, and the dignitaries who held power also talked about Hyunri, showing a group of dignitaries who were alive and about to be born. Pei Wei proposed a revision of "nature" and advocated "advocating ontology" to correct "the disadvantages of false birth". Guo Xiang further proved that "famous religion" is "nature", and the development of metaphysics came to an end. Among the three countries, Cao Wei literature is the most prosperous, which can be divided into early Jian 'an literature and late Zhengshi literature. Jian 'an literature opposes the weak poetic style and is called "Jian 'an Style" or "Han Wei Style" by later generations. This is because since Cao Cao and others loved literature, scholars from all over the world have absorbed it. The representative figures of Jian 'an literature are "Three Caos" and "Seven Scholars of Jian 'an". Other writers include Han Danchun, Chae Yeon, Fan Qin, Lu Cui, Yi Ding, Yang Xiu and Xun Wei. Cao Cao has heroic spirit, simple and desolate style, wrote short songs and stepped out of Xiamen to let the counties know his meaning. Cao Pi and Cao Zhi are brilliant. Cao Pi wrote a literary criticism, Dian Lun, which led the conscious development of literature. Cao Zhi has a romantic temperament, and has written articles such as Luo Shen Fu. Seven sons of Jian 'an, Cai Yan, Yang Xiu and others pay attention to reality and face life directly. Their works reflect the social changes and people's sufferings since the end of Han Dynasty, such as Eighteen Beats of Hu Jia by Cai Yan.
At the beginning of the literary period, because the political situation at that time was controlled by the Sima family, the literati were oppressed and it was difficult to face the reality. Contemporary writers include Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest, Yan He, Xia Houxuan and Wang Bi. Most of the first writers knew Laozi and Zhuangzi and had a special liking for metaphysics. They are not as persistent as Jian 'an writers and indifferent to social reality. Ji Kang's prose and Ruan Ji's Poem of Singing for the Huai still inherit the "Jian 'an Style" and dare to face Sima's regime directly, so their literature has distinct characteristics. "Wen Xin Diao Long" mentioned that "Ming Dow is the beginning, and the poem is mixed with immortal heart. The followers of peace are superficial. However, Ji Zhiqing is beautiful, with a far-reaching purpose and can be marked. It can be seen that Ruan Ji and Ji Kang are both representative poets of Zhengshi literature.
Wu Dong writers include Zhang Hong, Xue Zong, Hua and Zhao Wei. Zhang Hong, who has a long history of Sun Quan, made friends with Kong Rong and Chen Lin, the seven sons of Jian 'an. Xue Zong is a famous Confucian in Jiangdong, ranking as the master of Prince Sun Quan. Hua Tuo was a writer in the last years of Sun Wu. Shu and Han writers include Zhuge Liang, Ying Zheng, Chen Shou and so on. As a generation of politicians, Zhuge Liang's works include this example. Although his literary color is not as gorgeous as others, its content is simple, sincere and touching, which shows his determination to explore the north. Fu Qin's five-character poem Travel Far is the only reliable poem handed down from Shu to Han. There are also many scholars who annotate this book in Shu, such as Xu Ci, Meng Guang, Yin Mo and Li Chuan. In the late Shu Han Dynasty, Qiao Zhou and Zheng Zhen were both addicted to literature. Qiao Zhou even wrote On the Country, which discussed the disadvantages of excessive use of military force, and Poetry, which Zheng Zhen expressed through the text. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, scholars who studied fiber drawings and techniques also appeared, such as Ren An and Zhou Shu, followed by Zhou Qun and Du Qiong. This period is the development period of Buddhism and Taoism. Due to the constant natural and man-made disasters, people have sought religion to comfort their souls and make them develop gradually. The primitive religion of Yi people in South China and Central China has a strong witchcraft style. Its nature is myth worship, with the characteristics of polytheism and nature worship. It has a long history in the southwest of China, forming an early primitive religion.
Huang Lao's learning in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Taiping Dao founded by Zhang Jiao and Wudou Mi Dao founded by Zhang Daoling are all prototypes of Taoism, which was called Shi Tiandao in the Western Jin Dynasty. Taiping Road in Zhangjiao pays more attention to "keeping one" in Taoism. Taiping Jing is the main classic, also known as Taiping Qing Ling Shu. The content is complex, "his words are home to Yin and Yang and five elements, and there are many strange words". His social thought not only protects the interests of the ruling class, but also calls for fairness and sympathy for the poor. After Zhang Jiao had a large congregation, he led his brothers Sean, Zhang Bao and his subordinate Zhang Mancheng to launch the "Yellow Scarf Uprising" at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, which was finally defeated by the Eastern Han Dynasty court and gradually declined. During the reign of Emperor Shun of Han Dynasty, Zhang Daoling entered Hemingshan, Sichuan Province, created a script, and created a five-bucket rice road. This religion may be a combination of Huang Lao's research and local religion, and most of the runes come from Bashu witchcraft. The teachings of Wudou Mi Dao and Taiping Dao are basically the same, serving the study of Huang Lao. Zhang Lu made the "drinking ceremony" in the hall recite 5,000 pieces of Laozi, and the Tao Te Ching became one of the main classics. Jules, an old Xiangzi, reflects the early Taoist interpretation of Qian Wen, an old Woods. Spread by his son Zhang Heng (Taoism) and grandson Zhang Lu, it is popular in Sichuan and Hanzhong. After Zhang Lu surrendered to Cao Cao, Wudou Midao spread from Pakistan and Han to the south of the Yangtze River. During the Three Kingdoms, there were many celebrities who were good at various arts, and they were called Wu Ba Jue at that time. There are Wu Fan, Ada, Zhao Da, Yanwu, Huang Xiang, Cao Buxing, Song Shou and Yan Zheng. For example, Yanwu is good at playing Weiqi, and no one of his peers can win, so he is called "Chess Saint". As for Cao Buxing, he is good at painting, while the emperor is good at calligraphy.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was chaos in the world, and many paintings were destroyed or lost, causing losses. With the development of Buddhism, paintings with the theme of Buddhism began to appear. Painting in the Three Kingdoms period did not achieve greater success because of political turmoil and social chaos. Before the Three Kingdoms, painting mainly belonged to the technical profession of "Garden of All Works", but it was not yet artistic. During this period, the content of realistic themes began to appear, which was also promoted by ethics. His works include Map of Vimalakīrti and Story Map of Sakyamuni. He once connected 50-foot-long silks to draw a portrait of a person, which was agile and dexterous, and spanned the period of religious propaganda. Painters also moved from the Central Plains of the Yellow River Basin to the Yangtze River Basin. At that time, the famous painters were Cao Buxing, Mrs. Wu Wangzhao, and Huan Fan,, Cao Mao, Zhuge Zhan and others were good at painting. Sun Wu and Cao Buxing, who are good at sketching and painting Buddhist paintings, are known as "Buddhist calligraphy". His works are full of three-dimensional sense, and are praised by the world as "a grass comes out of water" and nicknamed "Cao Jia Xiang". Sun Wu's wife, Mrs. Zhao, the sister of Prime Minister Wu, was good at calligraphy and landscape painting, and was known as the "needle" at that time. She was the first to draw topographic maps of mountains and rivers in various countries for Sun Quan. At the end of the Han Dynasty, Yang Xiu was said to have paintings such as Xijing Map. Cao Fan is good at drawing historical figures of Dan Qing and Cao Mao. Zhuge Zhan of Shu Han also painted.
Calligraphy art rose in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. From the Three Kingdoms to the Western Jin Dynasty, official script was still official script, and most of the inscriptions at that time were written in official script. Cao Wei's inscription is square, solemn and rarely interesting. Sun Wu's famous inscriptions include Tianfa Monument, Zen Mountain Monument and Gulang Monument. Among them, the Tianfa Oracle tablet commands the square in a round shape, which is vast and magnificent. The main calligraphers in this period are Zhang Zhi, Zhang Chang, Dan Wei, Zhong You and Huang Xiang. Zhang Zhi is good at Cao Zhang. He created modern grass. Famous works include "No.1 Scholar's Post" and "I want to reply now". Zhang Zhizhi's younger brother Zhang Chang is good at Cao Zhang and Li Shu. Dan Wei summed up his own experience in calligraphy and wrote "Bi Jing". Among them, "if a husband wants to do a good job, he must first sharpen his tools." This is his famous saying. Zhong You's "Declaration Form", "Recommended Season Table" and other works are all classics in regular script. The emperor was good at seal script and official script, especially Cao Zhang. Popular works include Urgent Chapter, Post of Civil and Military Generals, Monument to the Temple of Heaven and so on.