Three outstanding figures in the Six Dynasties refer to Gu Kaizhi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and Zhang Sengyou in Lu and Liang Dynasties in the Song Dynasty. Gu Kaizhi is versatile, good at poetry and calligraphy, good at painting, and has the reputation of "three unique skills" (talent, painting and infatuation). His paintings are rich in themes, vigorous in brushwork and profound in attainments. There are paintings all over the world. Lu is best at drawing portraits and historical figures. The painting style with beautiful bones and clear images is the most outstanding achievement. His pen is characterized by "continuous irregularity" and is called "one stroke". Zhang Sengyou created a "boneless" painting method. The landscapes he painted had no outline and were all colored. In the history of painting, it is known as the "Zhang family". These three great painters were rated as "Zhang gets his flesh, Lu gets his bones, and cares about his spirit". Each has its own characteristics, each has its own strengths, so it is collectively referred to as the Three Masters of the Six Dynasties.
Four families in the Five Dynasties
Four Great Artists in the Five Dynasties refer to the four great landscape painters in the Five Dynasties, namely Hao Jing, Guan Tong, Dong Yuan and Ju Ran. Hao Jing and Guan Tong mainly describe the real scene of the Central Plains, so they are called "Northern School". Hao Jing is good at landscape painting and a theorist. He has made unique achievements in the complete landscape painting techniques, and is a great painter who has contributed to the ancient art history of China. Guan Tong is a disciple of Hao Jing. His achievements in painting surpassed those of his teachers, and he created his own unique artistic style, which is called "Guan Jia Shan Shui". His landscape paintings embody Hao Jing's theory and reflect the characteristics of northern landscape. The brushwork is extraordinary and the public power is extremely deep. Dong Yuan and Ju Ran mainly describe the real scene in the south of the Yangtze River, calling it "Southern School". Dong Yuan's landscape painting is the most characteristic of Jiangnan scenery, and it adopts the technique of "the rocks are covered with hemp", which has the style of western European landscape painting. Ju Ran, a student of Dong Yuan, is good at painting lush landscapes in the south of the Yangtze River. The theme is mostly taken from the rivers and lakes scenery in the hilly areas of the south of the Yangtze River, and it inherits the traditional techniques of Dong Yuan, which is original.
Three major families in northern song dynasty
The three great painters in Northern Song Dynasty refer to Dong Yuan, Li Cheng and Fan Kuan. From the Five Dynasties to the Northern Song Dynasty, the development of landscape painting experienced an unprecedented glorious period. Dong Yuan paid special attention to the combination of painting and ink color in the description of landscape painting in the Five Dynasties, which opened the way for the innovation of landscape painting. In the early Northern Song Dynasty, landscape painting became the mainstream of painting at that time, and its artistic achievements were far ahead of others. Representative figures are Li Cheng and Fan Kuan. They mainly describe the scenery in the north and represent the development level of landscape painting. As for their artistic style: Dong Yuan's painting method is simple and naive, simple and quiet, and has the potential to stand out; Characteristics of Li Cheng's painting method; Fan Kuan's painting is magnificent and profound, and his style is magnificent.
Four Great Masters in Southern Song Dynasty
The four masters of the Southern Song Dynasty refer to four painters of the Southern Song Dynasty Painting Academy, namely Li Tang, Liu Songnian, Ma Yuan and Xia Gui, also known as the "Four Masters of the Southern Song Dynasty". In the late Northern Song Dynasty, a gorgeous painting style prevailed in the painting academy. After moving to the south in the Song Dynasty, many painters experienced the painful life of subjugation and had deep feelings for the broken mountains and rivers of the motherland and the ruin of their hometown. In painting creation, it is natural to form a desolate and unrestrained artistic conception that expresses real life. This caused a sudden change in painting style, and painters broke through the convention and deliberately pursued the expression of pen and ink, thus opening up a new situation of "pungent ink painting" painting style. The four masters in the Southern Song Dynasty are the representatives of this important development. They are all famous for being good at painting landscapes and people. Their painting style not only added luster to the landscape painting and figure painting circles at that time, but also had a great influence on Zhejiang School and courtyard landscape painting in Ming Dynasty.
Si Yuan dajia
The four great painters in Yuan Dynasty refer to four landscape painters in Yuan Dynasty: Huang, Zhenwu, Wang Meng and Ni Zan. The four of them lived in the same era and had similarities in ideology and life experience. They live in seclusion in rivers and lakes, honest and clean, and neither give in to the rulers nor dare to openly resist. Therefore, in the painting, the emotional appeal of Xiao Suo's indifference and Xiao Mu's silence is displayed, giving people a feeling of wildness and innocence. It is from them that poems are engraved on the screen and books are written with clear aspirations. The four of them changed the tools and materials used in painting, using more paper than silk; In terms of expression, it emphasizes the use of ink and wash. Huang's light crimson coloring, Zhenwu's heavy ink coloring, Wang Meng's light ink coloring, his calligraphy rubbings and Ni Zan's calligraphy rubbings all express the shape and beauty of things in a concise and straightforward way, and have made their own unique artistic achievements, leaving a deep impression on later painters.
Four famous monks
The four famous monks, also known as the "Four Great Monks", refer to the painters Shi Tao, Badashanren, Shigu and Hong Ren who were cleared in the late Ming Dynasty. All four of them became monks by tracing silkworms and Zen Buddhism, and they were very close in thought and art. Art historians called them the "four famous monks" in the painting world at that time. They are all good at landscape painting, each with his own strengths and unique styles. In painting creation, they strive to exert their creativity, oppose copying the past, absorb the essence, and seek novelty and difference, thus achieving innovative achievements. Their style features: Shi Tao's paintings are concise, dripping and peculiar, and often win with charm; Shi Heihao's paintings are calm and quaint, and always win with simplicity; Hong Ren's paintings are ethereal, simple and secluded, winning with elegance. Their unique painting style had a great influence on the later "Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou". As for modern painters such as Wu Changshuo and Qi Baishi, they were all influenced by it.
Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou
Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics, also known as "Yangzhou Painting School", refers to a group of innovative painters who were active in Yangzhou painting circles in Jiangsu during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty. "Yangzhou School of Painting" is customarily called "Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou", but there are always different opinions about which eight painters they are. The main painters are: Jin Nong, Huang Shen, Wang, Zheng Xie, Li Dan, Li, Gao Xiang,. Actually, there are more than eight people. They are not all from Yangzhou. They just lived in Yangzhou for a long time and made a living by selling paintings. Their ideological and artistic trends are the same, which is different from the orthodox painting style of the so-called "Four Kings, Wu and Yun" at that time, so they are regarded as "deviant teachers" and "monsters" in the painting world, hence the name "Eight Eccentrics in Yangzhou". Most of these painters of "Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics" were born in cloth clothes, dissatisfied with the gentry and nobles, and cynical. Have close ties with the people, suffering and * * *. Their painting themes are different from those of the orthodox school. I often take plums, orchids, bamboos and chrysanthemums as subjects, and I also like to paint some subjects of citizen life and laborer life despised by the rulers. Such as beggars, stalkers, broken walls, broken pots, ghosts, scallions, fish and shrimps, spiders and so on. They generally don't paint landscapes, which is also a manifestation of their aversion to vulgar habits. Zheng Xie likes to paint bamboo stones, which has profound implications. Wang He and Gao Xiang painted leafy or leafy plums. Jin Nong's plum blossom painting is not sparse or complicated. At that time, the royal family loved horses, and Huang Shen preferred painting donkeys; Huang Shen, a painter in the Academy of Painting, insisted on painting beggars, refugees and the blind. They all strive for "four skills", that is, they can write poems, draw pictures, write calligraphy, manage printing and innovate in everything. Their pen and ink have a school of * * * and their own personality. Huang Shen's paintings are simple and complicated, and the essence is seen in the rough; If you are bald, you should be cautious in the long run. Both Li and Li Dan stand out from the crowd with their boldness of vision and pen power. Zheng Xie's calligraphy and painting, embellished with ink and wash, are full of realism and density, and full of natural interest. In a word, "Yangzhou Painting School" is unique in the history of painting art development in China, pushing traditional freehand brushwork to a new peak. The masters of modern Chinese painting in China have inherited the tradition and made new artistic achievements with their own creations. Their achievements have had a great influence on flower-and-bird painting in the past hundred years and opened up a broad road for the development of painting art.
Wu Pai
Wu Pai is a school of landscape painting against Zhejiang School. In the early years of the Ming Dynasty, when the supreme ruler advocated the style of the Southern Song Dynasty college painting, a group of people in Suzhou in the south of the Yangtze River were inheriting the tradition of "Yuan Sijia", but the influence was not great. It was not until painters such as Shen Zhou, Wen Zhiming and Dong Qichang appeared that the "five schools" were clearly established. These painters have great influence and naturally form a general force. Shen Zhou was the first one, Wen Zhiming was his student, and he was an all-rounder in painting. He can draw both cyan and ink. He is good at both meticulous brushwork and freehand brushwork. The painting style is beautiful and meticulous, and Wen Ya is quiet. With these two masters, "Wu Pai" quickly achieved the position of the leader of painting circles in the Ming Dynasty. According to reliable data, there are as many as 876 "Wu Pai" painters. They are different from Zhejiang painters, most of them are literati, good at poetry and painting, and live a life of poetry and painting. However, due to the limitations of their artistic thoughts and the narrowness of their subject matter, they finally entered a dead end of art, so in the painting world, the status of the "five schools" was replaced by Hua Tingpai developed by Dong Qichang and others.
Zhepai
Zhejiang School, one of the landscape painting schools in Ming Dynasty. In the early Ming Dynasty, the supreme ruler disliked the painting style of "",but liked the rigorous and vigorous painting style of the Southern Song Dynasty, and respected the painting styles of Ma, Xia and others. Dai Jin became the core figure of painting at that time. Because he is from Zhejiang, the painters under his influence are called "Zhejiang School". This painting school developed rapidly, followed by Wei Wu, who helped the development of Zhejiang School. Successors include Chen Jingchu, Zhang Lu, Wu Jue, He Shi and others, all of whom belong to the Zhejiang school system. Finally, in Lan Ying, he began to leave the road of Zhejiang School, and his painting style was close to that of Shen Zhou. By the end of Ming Dynasty, Zhejiang School was attacked by Wu Pai and eventually disappeared from the painting world.
Lingnan school
Lingnan painting school, one of the modern painting schools. Represented by painters Gao, Li, Li and Chen in Panyu, Guangdong. In his early years, he used flower-and-bird painting to learn painting cheaply at home, and later came to Japan to learn painting techniques. Most of their works depict the southern scenery of China. On the basis of inheriting the traditional techniques of Chinese painting, they combine Japanese and western painting methods, innovate pen and ink, and color with the class, which is unique. Known as the "Lingnan School". The goal of this painting school is to innovate Chinese painting, face nature, pay attention to sketching, absorb the advantages of western art, and push Lingnan painting school to a new peak. Huang Huanwu, a contemporary painter, used to be a professor at Suzhou Academy of Fine Arts, and is now a director of Shanghai Branch of China Artists Association. He is one of the famous contemporary Lingnan painters in China. Invited to Japan, the United States, Canada, the Philippines and other countries to give lectures and hold solo exhibitions, which enhanced the understanding of Chinese and Western painting and broadened the horizons, so that his painting creation not only maintained and carried forward the painting style of Lingnan School, but also formed his own distinctive painting characteristics. He collected some paintings, Huang Huanwu's paintings. It is of great significance to study the artistic style and techniques of Lingnan School in China.