What are the endangered folk handicrafts in China?

Long Congfa: The exquisite treasure ship Long Congfa is 69 years old, full of white hair and hale and hearty. He studied art with his father at the age of 12. Under the influence and guidance of his father, he gradually embarked on the road of exploring the art of woodcut boat. Deaf fathers teach unique skills. When it comes to woodcarving, we can't help but mention Long Yunhua, the father of dragons and an old deaf-mute artist in Wuhan Craft Carving Factory. Long Yunhua died on 1965. His ancestral home is Yichang, Hubei, and he grew up on the Yangtze River for generations. Before his death, he had been making ship models to support his family. Long Lao said that although the old father is disabled, he is ingenious and has strong hands-on ability. More than 60 different styles of boats have been carved successively, such as Hubei straddle boat, Xiaoxianghe boat, Ningbo sailing boat, Hunan flat-topped boat, Longfeng boat, Guizhou passenger boat, Governor's official boat and Chuanjiang sparrow tail boat. Liang Hongyu, the heroine of Southern Song Dynasty, resisted gold, and her novel Warship of Liang Hongyu deliberately rendered the fighting atmosphere on board and Liang Hongyu's dashing bow, which has a strong artistic appeal. His other masterpiece is Dragon Boat Festival, which he spent more than a year with his son Long Congfa and many other artists. The dragon boat, about 1.2 meters long, is carved from white wood, and the boat is carved with paddles, drums and steering. It is lifelike, with as many as 72 characters. It is still a precious exhibit in Hubei Hall of the Great Hall of the People in Beijing. As a descendant of the woodcut boat, the dragon studied with his father at the age of 12, and began to study at the age of 19. 1959 12. Long Congfa moved to Wuhan with his father's family and began to make ornaments for the Hubei Hall of the Great Hall of the People in Beijing. With the appearance of the wooden boat "Dragon Boat Festival" in the auditorium, the position of Long Congfa and his son in the domestic arts and crafts circles was established in one fell swoop. Exquisite skills have attracted international friends. Since 1970s, Long Congfa's woodcut boat art has ushered in a fruitful harvest season. His masterpieces, Treasure Boat of Zheng He, Five-toothed Warship of Sui Dynasty and Dragon Boat, have amazed many international friends with their exquisite skills. 1985, his Treasure Boat of Zheng He was exhibited at the China Small Commodities Fair in autumn, which was welcomed by the participants. Later it was collected by a Dutch collector. At the invitation of Beijing Military Museum, the "Sui Dynasty Five-Toothed Warship" was specially made for the War Hall of the museum. This warship was designed by another ship design expert, Xi Longfei, and is still on display in the museum. Dragon Boat is a masterpiece of Long Congfa, which is now on display in the National Museum. The captain is about 1 m, 0.36 m wide and 0.6 m high. It is a luxurious and exquisite ornament. The ship is six stories high, with twin towers at the head and tail, which has the charm of the Yellow Crane Tower. The upper part of the ship is completely hollowed out, with pavilions and archways, and many colonnades are only the thickness of hair. According to Long Lao, the hull of this woodcut ship is made of boxwood growing in the deep mountains of Enshi Prefecture. The age of the tree is between 100-200 years, and the bust is about 15 cm. The base is made of basswood, which grows in Changbai Mountain in the northeast of China. It is young, smooth and delicate in texture and pure white in color, which complements the yellowish color of the hull. According to Long Lao, all tools are made by hand from blanking to production completion, and there are more than 100 knives for cutting and carving. Because there are many special requirements, these knives are forged by themselves. The inheritance of stunts is urgently needed. Because wooden boats are hard and tired to do, there is no long-term stable order, and the benefits are not good. Dragon's wooden boat is now facing embarrassment-his four children are unwilling to learn from him. "My father used to be an exhibit for the Hubei Hall of the Great Hall of the People, and my works have been exhibited abroad many times, but now even my children are unwilling to learn. What is there to talk about?" Long Congfa told reporters a little lonely. According to the introduction of the Provincial Arts and Crafts Association, Wuhan folk culture has a long history and its handicraft industry is quite developed. However, by the end of 1980s and the beginning of 1990s, the economic benefits of these once prosperous arts and crafts enterprises were declining, and the living environment for the inheritance and development of local folk culture was deteriorating. Many outstanding folk stunts are on the verge of extinction, and the stunts that amaze the audience can only make ends meet, which makes local artists feel helpless. Fang Dunji, deputy secretary-general of the Provincial Arts and Crafts Association, said that in order to protect and develop the local arts and crafts industry, with the support of relevant provincial leaders and industries, four national "masters" in Hubei Province, including Long Lao, will set up their own studios, and their disciples are also expected to receive economic subsidies and carry forward their unique skills. Lv Guangrong: Weave the Jade Qionglou with shells. If you sit and chat with Lu Guangrong, it is estimated that no one will know that he is a "craftsman". Between his speeches, a punch line is always related to aesthetics and literature. Lu Guangrong, 59, was awarded the title of Master of Arts and Crafts in China. He said he didn't expect it at first. Shells are his natural canvas 1947. Lu Guangrong was born in a poor peasant family in Husha Town, Xiantao City, Hubei Province. He was very talented in the field of fine arts since he was a child. He not only painted and carved, but also made shadow play and paper-cutting. He gave full play to his artistic talent since he was a child. 1966, Lu Guangrong fell in love with painting posters of great men. As long as he can find the opportunity and time, he will find the badges of one or two great men, carefully ponder and describe the shells that can be seen everywhere in Jianghan Plain, which has become his natural "canvas". 1973, the national arts and crafts boom set off, and the export boom swept the country. The famous Lv Guangrong was ordered to organize a shell carving craft factory. After studying design and production in Dalian Shell Sculpture Factory for one month, I began to March into the shell sculpture industry. Soon, Lu Guangrong made his mark in this industry-1974, he designed and produced large-scale shell-carved paintings "Twin Peaks Peony" and "Yellow Crane Tower", and participated in the Canton Fair, winning the first batch of foreign orders. The masterpiece consumed a ton of shells. In Lu Guangrong's works, you can often see the Yellow Crane Tower. In this regard, Lu Guangrong explained that in his mind, the landmark building that can express Jingchu culture is the Yellow Crane Tower. As early as the early 1970s, he collected information about the Yellow Crane Tower everywhere-before the Yellow Crane Tower in Sheshan was built, Lu Guangrong found an old camera and photographed the information he could find. In his early works, the Yellow Crane Tower has always been a three-story building, just like the Yellow Crane Tower during the Tongzhi period. The variety of the Yellow Crane Tower created by Lu Guangrong is due to the collection of information about the Yellow Crane Tower by Lu Guangrong-the building is gradually heightening, and the manifestations of the Yellow Crane Tower are becoming more and more diversified. 1994, Lu Guangrong ushered in the peak of his life-the large-scale three-dimensional shell carving boat "Yellow Crane Yulong Boat" designed and created by him was collected by Hubei Hall of the Great Hall of the People in Beijing. Pay and gain are equal, which is verified by Lu Guangrong. This work of 123cm×96cm×36cm took about 1280 working days. People who have seen this work are amazed at its ingenious design and excellent production. The whole shell material is crystal clear and white, which looks like ivory sculpture at first glance. This work shapes the image of loong-the double dragons fly with their heads held high and the yellow crane stands on it. The whole work adopts techniques such as garden carving, relief carving and through carving, and integrates calligraphy, seal cutting and pattern design, which embodies the distinctive national style and regional cultural characteristics of Jingchu. Lu Guangrong's daughter remembers very clearly that this work consumed a ton of multiple shells. Due to the huge losses, after the work was completed, the remaining scraps piled up like mountains. "There are tens of thousands of small scales on the Yellow Crane Yulong ship, all of which are hand-refined." The daughter's wedding dowry is the honor of having two daughters in Beidiao Road. Like Lu Guangrong when she was a child, the two daughters had a strong interest in art since childhood. When the eldest daughter was in junior high school, she used her father's seal cutting machine to carve the seals of famous artists. However, he decided to let his eldest daughter give up this business. "There is a lot of manual labor, a lot of dust, too tired and too hard; And it is too difficult for a girl to become famous and get married in this industry. " Father's words are right. Lu Guangrong brought too many apprentices in his life, but many people gave up after becoming craftsmen. How difficult is it to carve shells? Lu Guangrong's daughter said very vividly: "The materials of the works are all shells, and there are more than a dozen, but the ships are angular. How can we make a thin and curved shell thick and straight? " It depends on the material, and the shells used in each place are different. From material selection, to block, to collage, combination, decoration and polishing ... it takes more than a dozen processes to make a very straight pole. ""Like a pole on a big ship with a length of 15cm and a diameter of 1cm, it needs to be polished by hand with very fine cloth, which takes at least 3 working days. " Lu Guangrong's daughter said with a smile. Imagine that it is difficult to carve a set of pull rings on a shell, which are interlocking and need to be polished ... Of course, Lv Guangrong also has his own special professional style when he marries his daughter. The most striking dowry is the shell carving boat "Yellow Crane Yulong Boat" designed and manufactured by his father himself. But my sister's talent in this field enabled her to succeed in her father's career, and I am also trying to help my father combine traditional crafts with high technology. "Lu Guangrong's eldest daughter, Ming Lu, went for a spin like this and returned to her father's job. We should study not only his works, but also his life course. How bitter is this industry? How many times has Lu Guangrong shaken? In the face of reporters' questioning, Lu Guangrong laughed it off: "Don't mention those hardships." Related links Paper-cutting master: Jiang Zaipu, a native of Wuhan, Hubei Province, 19 16, engaged in paper-cutting production. The 2nd China Master of Arts and Crafts. He has served as a director of Hubei Federation of Literary and Art Circles, Hubei Artists Association and Arts and Crafts Society. Representative works include "Hundred Flowers Bloom" and "Iris". Jade Carving Master: Yuan was born in July 1954, and was the fourth master of arts and crafts in China. 1975 was recruited into Hubei Arts and Crafts Factory, and was lucky to be assigned to study jade carving art in the factory workshop. 1980, the turquoise sculpture "Blissful Map" was exhibited in Hong Kong, and the auction reserve price was as high as1800,000 yuan. Yuan Jiaqin became famous in the jade carving session. 1998165438+10, the white jade sculpture "Buddha's Light Shines" was completed, causing a sensation. Master of Micro Sculpture: Often, he was born in 1945, and won the third China Arts and Crafts Master in 1993. Master Chang studied jade carving in his early years. After more than 20 years of experience, his jade carving skills are perfect. In the mid-1980s, it was changed to micro-carving, and figures, landscapes, flowers and birds, and calligraphy were carved on ivory pieces the size of rice grains, making it easy to walk around. Especially the calligraphy, figures and portraits carved on the hair are the most amazing. He once carved the 327-word Preface to Lanting on a 4 cm long hair.