Introduction to the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms
1. Li Xiong of the Ba Di tribe in Chenghan (304-347)
One of the Sixteen Kingdoms. In 301 AD, Li Te, the leader of the Ba Di tribe, led the northwest refugees to revolt in Shu. In 304, his son Li Xiong proclaimed himself the King of Chengdu in Yizhou (now Chengdu, Sichuan). In 306, he proclaimed himself emperor, named his country Chengdu, and established Chengdu as his capital. During Li Xiong's thirty years in office, the government was lenient and there were few wars. In 338, Li Xiong's nephew Li Shou proclaimed himself emperor and changed the country's name to Han. The area under its control includes parts of present-day Sichuan, Yunnan, and Guizhou. In 347, it was destroyed by Huan Wen of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
2. Han (former Zhao) (304/318-329) Xiongnu Liu Yuan (Liu Yao)
The northern minority regime during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. In 304 AD, Liu Yuan, a Xiongnu nobleman, proclaimed himself King of Han in Zuoguocheng (now Lishi County, Shanxi). In 308, he proclaimed himself emperor and established his capital in Pingyang (now southwest of Linfen County, Shanxi). In 310, Liu Yuan died and Liu Cong came to the throne. He adopted the old systems of Wei, Jin and Xiongnu, implemented the Hu-Han division, and destroyed the Western Jin Dynasty in three years. In 318, Liu Yuan's nephew Liu Yao seized the power of the Han Dynasty and proclaimed himself emperor. In 319, the country's name was changed to Zhao, which was called Qian Zhao in history, and its capital was established in Chang'an. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Hu-Han division was continued. Hundreds of thousands of people from the Di, Qiang and other ethnic groups were relocated to Chang'an, maintaining their tribal organization and restoring Confucianism in areas ruled by the Han. The ruled area includes parts of present-day Hebei, Shanxi, Henan, and Shaanxi. In 329, he was destroyed by Zhao Shile.
3. Later Zhao (319-351) Jieshile
The northern minority regime during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. In 319 AD, Shi Le of the Jie tribe called himself King of Zhao. In 329, the former Zhao Dynasty was destroyed. Two years later, he proclaimed himself emperor and established his capital in Xiangguo (now southwest of Xingtai, Hebei). Later, the capital was moved to Ye (now southwest of Zhangqiu, Hebei Province), which was known as Hou Zhao in history. At its peak, it occupied Shandong, Shaanxi, and parts of Jiangsu, Anhui, Gansu, Hubei, and Liaoning. It was destroyed by Ran Wei in 351.
4. Qianliang (320-376) Han Zhang Gui
After the Yongjia Rebellion, the Han government maintained in the Liangzhou area. After the Rebellion of the Eight Kings, Zhang Gui, the governor of Liangzhou in the Western Jin Dynasty, and his son Zhang guarded the territory, and people from the Central Plains came to avoid the rebellion one after another. The descendants of the Zhang family have stayed in Liangzhou for generations, and the people's life is relatively stable. The Han people taught Confucianism there and preserved some classics and doctrines lost in the Central Plains. Guzang Prefecture (now Wuwei, Gansu Province) was the center of the culture of the Northwest Han Dynasty. Although the Zhang family accepted the title of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, due to the fact that it was thousands of miles away from the Eastern Jin Dynasty, it was actually a separatist regime. Qianliang successively repelled the attacks of Liu Yao and Shi Hu, then crossed Liusha to the west and attacked Qiuci, and all the countries in the Western Regions surrendered one after another. Later, he defeated Zhao Zhen, the captain of Yiwu Xuji School, and established Gaochang County there, controlling the vast area from Longxi to Gaochang. It was 76 years after the founding of the country.
5. Qianyan 337-370 Xianbei Murong clan
Qianyan was built by the Murong clan of the Xianbei ethnic group, who originally lived in the Liaohe River Basin. In 337 AD, Murong proclaimed himself King of Yan and made Longcheng (now Chaoyang, Liaoning) his capital. He recruited Han refugees from the Central Plains and organized farming to reclaim wasteland. As for the land rent ratio, if official oxen were used, the people would get four-tenths of the harvest; if private oxen were used, the official and the people would get an equal share. The society of the former Yan Dynasty was relatively stable. Many working people from the Central Plains area fled here and brought production technology with them, which promoted the socio-economic development of the area.
After the Murong family destroyed Ran Wei, they moved their capital to Ji (southwest of today's Beijing), and five years later, they moved to Ye. After the capital was moved, the life of the ruling group became increasingly decadent and politics became increasingly dark. Emperor Murong had a harem of more than 4,000 people and more than 40,000 servants. He was extremely extravagant and lustful, spending tens of thousands of dollars every day. Taifu Murong Ping tried his best to plunder the people's property, seize the fields, and seal off the mountains and rivers. The civilians and even the army had to pay for cutting wood and water. The money and silk he plundered were piled up like mountains. In addition, aristocratic bureaucrats also occupied a large number of sheltered households, and the total number exceeded the registered residence controlled by the state, which made it difficult for the state to collect taxes and dispatch corvees, leaving the treasury empty and morale low. In 369 AD, there was another fierce struggle within the former Yan aristocracy, and the noble Murong Chui surrendered to the former Qin Fu Jian. Fu Jian, with Wang Meng as the commander-in-chief and Murong Chui as the vanguard, led 30,000 infantry and cavalry troops to attack Qian Yan and captured Luoyang. The next year, Murong Ping defeated more than 400,000 people with 60,000 people. Later, he captured Yecheng and captured Murong. Qianyan was destroyed.
Sixth Dynasty (338-376) Xianbei Tuoba Shiyijian
The Dynasty was the political power established by the Tuoba clan of Xianbei in the early period of the Sixteen Kingdoms period. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the Tuoba tribe of Xianbei was nomadic in the Yunzhong area (now northeast of Tuoketuo, Inner Mongolia). In the third year of Ganlu in the Cao Wei Dynasty (258), Tuoba Liwei moved to Shengle (now north of Helinger, Inner Mongolia), gathered all the tribes, and established his status as the chief among the tribes. With little strength, all tribes rebelled. In the fifth year of Emperor Kangxi of the Jin Dynasty (295), Liwei Zi was promoted to official and unified ministry, and the people were divided into three tribes: Central, Eastern and Western, and they took charge of the east. In the first year of Yongjia (307), Lu Guan died, and his younger brother Yi Lu led three tribes with more than 400,000 knights. After the Yongjia Rebellion, the Central Plains was in turmoil. Liu Kun, the governor of Bingzhou in Jin Dynasty, asked Yilu to be granted the title of Duke of Dai, and later he was granted the title of King of Dai. Later it was passed down several times to Tuoba Shiyiqian. Shi Yiqian once lived as a hostage in Xiangguo (now Xingtai, Hebei Province), the capital of later Zhao Dynasty, for many years, and was deeply influenced by Han culture. In the fourth year of Xiankang (338), he took the throne, appointed hundreds of officials, established laws, and finally transformed from a tribal alliance into a state. In the third year of the founding of the People's Republic of China (310), the capital was Shengle Palace in Yunzhong. Later, Shengle New City was built in the south of the old city to develop agriculture. In the thirty-ninth year of the founding of the People's Republic of China (376), Fu Jian of the former Qin Dynasty sent troops to attack the Dai Dynasty. Shi Yijian was defeated and fled, but was killed by Zi Shijun. Death.
7. Ran Wei (350-352) Han Ran
Shi Hu, the lord of the later Zhao Dynasty, had an adopted son, Ran Min, a Han nationality. Taking advantage of the opportunity of Shi Hu’s death to compete for the throne among his disciples, he succeeded to the throne in 350 After usurping the power of Zhao Shi's family, the country established was named "Wei" and its capital was Ye, which was called Ran Wei in history. In 352 years ago, Yan killed Ran Min, captured Yedu, and Ran Wei was destroyed.
8. Pre-Qin Dynasty 351-394 Di Fujian
One of the Sixteen Kingdoms, it was built by Fu Jian of the Di ethnic group. The capital was Chang'an (today's Xi'an, Shaanxi Province), and the reign of the Six Lords lasted forty-four years. In 333, Shi Hu, the leader of Later Zhao, moved more than 100,000 households from Qin, Yong, Di, and Qiang to Guandong. Fu Hong, the chief of the Di tribe, was appointed as the governor of the refugees, and he led the Di tribe to move to Fangtou (now northeast of Ji County, Henan Province). After Shi Hu died, Fu Hong descended to Jin Dynasty and accepted the title of Eastern Jin Dynasty. In 350, Ran Min executed Hu Jie, and the refugees from Guanlong returned to the west. At this time, Fu Hong had a crowd of more than 100,000. He claimed to be the Great Governor, the Great Chanyu, and the King of the Three Qin Dynasties. He wanted to lead the crowd back to Guanzhong. Fu Hong died. Fu Jian succeeded him and led the crowd. He was called the General of Jin Zhengxi and entered Tongguan from the west of Fangtou. , Di people responded one after another. Fu Jian then captured Chang'an and took control of Long. In 351, he was called the King of Qin and the Great Chanyu. His country was named Daqin, and it was called the Former Qin in history. In 352, he was proclaimed emperor, and his capital was Chang'an. In 354, Huan Wen of the Eastern Jin Dynasty led his army to attack Qin, and Fu Jian strengthened the walls and cleared the country. In 355, Zi Fu was born. In 357, Fu Sheng's cousin Fu Jian killed Fu Sheng and became independent. Within a few years after Fu Jian came to the throne, the country of the former Qin Dynasty was relatively stable, showing a "well-off" atmosphere in the turbulent era of the Sixteen Kingdoms. On this basis, the power of the former Qin Dynasty became stronger. He gathered the armed forces of the Di people and began the campaign to unify the Yellow River Basin. In 370, he destroyed the former Yan, and in 371, he destroyed the Yang family of the Di people in Qiuchi (now northwest of Chengxian County, Gansu Province) in 378. In 382, ??Fu Jian ordered Lu Guang to lead his army to the Western Regions. At this point, the entire north was unified, and a confrontation between the north and the south formed with the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Fu Jian relied on his own strength and continued to launch attacks on the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The war was mainly fought in the Xuzhou area on the eastern front and the Xiangyang area on the western front. 379 After capturing Xiangyang, a strategic town in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Fu Jian decided to redeploy and attack the Eastern Jin Dynasty with all his strength. In 383, at the Battle of Feishui, the former Qin Dynasty was defeated, Fu Jian died of illness, and the former Qin Dynasty gradually collapsed.
9. Murongchui of Houyan (384-409) Xianbei
After the Battle of Feishui, Murongchui was sent to Yecheng by Fu Jian. At that time, Fu Pi, the eldest son of Fu Jiansun, was in charge of Ye. At that time, Zhai Bin of the Dingling tribe raised troops in Hebei, and Fu Pi sent Murong Chui to suppress it. Murong Chui wanted to take advantage of the opportunity to break away from the control of Fu Qin. In the ninth year of Taiyuan of Jin Dynasty (384), he proclaimed himself a general, governor and king of Yan in Laiyang, and then marched to besiege Ye. At this time, the Northern Expeditionary Army of the Eastern Jin Dynasty had penetrated deep into Henan and Shandong, and was beginning to cross the Yellow River north. Fu Pi, who was surrounded, asked the Jin army for help. In the tenth year of Taiyuan of Jin Dynasty (385 years), Jin Longxiang general Liu Laozhi was defeated by Murong Chui. Fu Pi withdrew from Yecheng to Jinyang. After Murong Chui occupied the entire Hebei area, he proclaimed himself emperor in 386 and made his capital Zhongshan (today's Zhongshan). Ding County, Hebei Province), known as Later Yan in history.
10. Western Yan (384-394) Murong Hong of Xianbei
Fu Jian of the former Qin Dynasty destroyed the former Yan and the latter, and moved all of them to Xianbei into Guanzhong. After the defeat of Fu Jian and Feishui, the regime collapsed. In the ninth year of Taiyuan of the Jin Dynasty (384), Murong Hong, the younger brother of the former Yan Emperor Murong Wei, rebelled against the Qin Dynasty and called himself the King of Jibei, which was known as Xiyan in history. His younger brother Murong Chong also rebelled against Qin, and after his defeat he returned to Murong Hong. Murong Hong's army was greatly strengthened, with 100,000 troops. Later advisers Gao Gai and others killed Murong Hong because of Murong Hong's harsh law enforcement, and appointed Murong Chong as the emperor's younger brother. The following year (385), Murong Chong proclaimed himself emperor and led his army into Chang'an (now northwest of Xi'an, Shaanxi Province), where he plundered and plundered. The Xianbei nobles all wanted to return eastward and did not want to stay in Guanzhong, so they killed Murong Chong in the eleventh year of Taiyuan (386). After that, several former Yan nobles and generals were elected as monarchs. Finally, Murong Xin's grandson Murong Yong was established as the king of Hedong. He led his troops back east, defeated the former Qin Fu Pi, took possession of his eldest son (today's eldest son Xi in Shanxi), and proclaimed himself emperor. In the ninth year of the Zhongxing of Xiyan (394), Houyan sent troops to capture his eldest son and killed Murong Yong, and Xiyan died.
11. Later Qin 351-417 Qiang Yao Chang
The northern minority regime during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. After Fu Jian of the former Qin Dynasty was defeated in the Battle of Feishui, Yao Chang, a Qiang nobleman, proclaimed himself King of Qin in Beidi (now Fuping County, Shaanxi Province) in 384 AD. In 385, he killed Fu Jian and captured Chang'an. In 386, he was proclaimed emperor, the country was named Da Qin, and the history was called Later Qin. His capital was Chang'an (today's Xi'an, Shaanxi Province). The ruling areas include today's Shaanxi, Gansu, Henan and other places. In 417, he was destroyed by Liu Yu of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
Twelve, Western Qin (385-431) Xianbei people (some say Yulu) begged Guoren
Duyuanchuan (now northeast of Yuzhong, Gansu). At its peak, it controlled parts of present-day southwestern Gansu and Qinghai.
During the Han and Wei dynasties, the Qifu clan of Xianbei had left the Dayin Mountains from Mobei to the south, moved to Longxi, and settled here. When Fu Jian, the former lord of the Qin Dynasty, was in power, Qifu Sifan, the chief of Qifu Xianbei and the benevolent father of the country, was appointed as the general who suppressed the west and suppressed Yingshichuan (now Yuzhong, Gansu). After Si Fan died, Guoren took over the town. In the Battle of Feishui, Fu Jian was defeated and Guoren gathered more than 100,000 people. In 385 AD, Guoren proclaimed himself a great general and a great chanyu, and led the two prefectures of Qinhe as pastoralists. He built Warrior City as his capital, and it was called Western Qin in history. When Guoren died in 388, his younger brother Qi Fuguan returned to the throne and became king of Henan. He moved the capital to Jincheng (today's Lanzhou, Gansu). 394 years ago, the Qin lord Fu Deng was defeated and died. He returned to Longxi and was renamed King of Qin. In 400, the capital was moved to Yuanchuan. In the same year, he was defeated by Yao Xing, so he surrendered to Later Qin and became its vassal state. Qian Gui died in 412, and Zi Qifu Chipan succeeded to the throne. He was called the King of Henan and moved the capital to Paohan (today's Linxia, ??Gansu Province). In 414, he conquered Nanliang and was renamed King of Qin. Chipan died in 428, and Zi Qifu succeeded to the throne at the end of the year. The political punishment was brutal, and many people rebelled. In 430, the end of the year wanted to go eastward (today's Tianshui, Gansu) and submitted to the Northern Wei Dynasty, but was blocked by Helianding, the lord of Xia, on the way. , so he withdrew to Nan'an (now southeast of Longxi, Gansu). In 431, the Xia army besieged Nan'an, surrendered at the end of the night, and the Western Qin Dynasty fell.
13. Lu Guang of the Di tribe in Houliang (386-403)
Before the Battle of Feishui, Fu Jian sent Taiwei Lu Polouzi Lu Guang to lead his troops to manage the Western Regions , Lu Guang conquered thirty-six kingdoms including Yanqi and Qiuci, and captured a large number of treasures and horses. After the Battle of Feishui, Lu Guang returned to Guzang (now Wuwei, Gansu). After Fu Jian was killed, Lu Guang settled in Liangzhou in 386 and established Houliang.
14. Nanliang (397-414) Xianbei-Tufawugu
Du Ledu (now part of Qinghai), at its peak controlled the western part of Gansu and Ningxia area.
Baofa is a variant translation of "Tuoba". It is a branch of the Tuoba clan and is called Hexi Xianbei. During the Tufa Wugu period, with Lianchuan Fort (now Minhe, Qinghai) as the center, its power continued to develop. At first, he was attached to Lu Guang of Houliang, but after breaking with Houliang in 397, Wugu claimed to be the general, the great chanyu, and the king of Pingxi. It was called Nanliang in history. In 399, the capital was moved to Ledu. Hou Wugu died, and his younger brother Tufa Lilugu succeeded to the throne. The capital moved to Xiping (now Xining, Qinghai). In 401, Bald Li Lugu was renamed King of Hexi. He died the next year and was succeeded by his younger brother. He was renamed King of Liang and moved back to Ledu. Since 404, Nanliang has been fighting with neighboring countries for years to compete for the Hexi Corridor. As a result, agricultural and animal husbandry production cannot be carried out normally. The harvest has not been harvested for years, and the national power has gradually declined. In 414, the Western Qin took advantage of Nanliang to attack the Yifu tribe of Tuyuhun, and took the opportunity to attack Ledu. Later, Nanliang surrendered to the Western Qin, and Nanliang perished.
15. Northern Liang (401-439) Lu Shuihu (or the Xiongnu tribe) Juqu Mengxun
The capital is Zhangye (now part of Gansu). During its heyday, it included one each in western Gansu, Ningxia, Xinjiang, and Qinghai. In 397, when Hou Liang failed to attack the Western Qin Dynasty, Lu Guang killed his subordinates Juqu Luo Chou and Luo Chou. Luo Chou's nephew Mengxun formed an alliance with other tribes to rebel against Lu Guang in the name of burial. His career was Liangzhou animal husbandry and Jiankang Gong. In 399, Duan Ye settled in Zhangye and called himself King of Liang.
In 401, Duan Ye killed a man. Mengxun used this to raise an army, conquered Zhangye, and killed Duan Ye. He called himself the Governor, the General, the Mu of Liangzhou, and the Duke of Zhangye, and the founding name was Beiliang. In 412, Mengxun moved the capital to Guzang and became King of Hexi. In 421, he destroyed Xiliang. Mengxun died in 433 and was succeeded by Zi Muqian. In 439, the Northern Wei army besieged Guzang, Mu Jian surrendered, and Beiliang perished. Mengxun's younger brother Wuhu and others led the remaining forces to the west and founded the country in Gaochang, which was destroyed by Rouran in 460.
Sixteenth, Nanyan (398-410) Murongde of Xianbei tribe
established the capital in Guanggu, and at its peak controlled parts of present-day Henan and Shandong. When Murong Bao was Emperor of Later Yan, he guarded Yecheng with his uncle Murong De. In 397 AD, the Northern Wei Dynasty attacked Zhongshan, the capital of Later Yan, and Baobei fled to Longcheng. The Later Northern Wei Dynasty defeated Zhongshan, and Later Yan was divided into two parts. Under the pressure of the Wei army, Murong De abandoned Ye and went south. In 398 (the first year of Wei Tianxing), he led 40,000 households to move to Huatai, calling himself King of Yan, and was known as Nan Yan in history. The following year, the Northern Wei Dynasty captured Huatai, and De Sui led his troops to move to Guanggu (now northwest of Yidu, Shandong) and was renamed emperor. After the founding of Nanyan, it occupied the Qing and Yan areas, and its economy developed rapidly. However, due to the competition between the Hu and Han clans to shelter their tenants and tribes, the formation of "either a hundred families and a household, or a thousand people with a single family" ("Book of Jin·Murong") The situation of "De Zai Ji") seriously affected the country's collection of taxes and levies. In 405, Murong De died, and his brother Murong Chao succeeded to the throne. However, he loved to play, favored the government, and killed heroes. The taxes and servitude were heavy, and the people were in poverty. In 409 AD, Liu Yu of the Eastern Jin Dynasty led the Northern Expedition. The following year, he captured Guanggu, Chao was captured and beheaded, and Nan Yan was destroyed.
17. Xiliang (400-421) Han Li Hao
The capital is Jiuquan. At its peak, it controlled the Jiuquan and Dunhuang areas in western Gansu and reached Congling in Xinjiang in the west. In 400 AD, according to Dunhuang, he claimed to be the Grand Governor, the Grand General, and the Duke of Liang, and set up official titles. He sent troops to capture the cities west of Yumen, controlled the Western Regions, and founded Xiliang. In 401, Juqu Mengxun killed Duan Ye and built Beiliang. From then on, he often fought against Beiliang. In 405, the capital was moved to Jiuquan, and more than 20,000 Hu and Han households were moved to the Jiuquan area. The 10,000 Han households were settled in the two counties of Kuaiji and Guangxia, and the remaining households were divided into the three counties of Wuwei, Wuxing and Zhangye. Beiliang Juqu Mengxun attacked every year, but Xiliang was unable to defeat them, so they made a peace alliance with Beiliang Tong. Later, Beiliang attacked from behind and had to fight. He died of illness in 417, and his son Li Xin succeeded to the throne and continued to fight against Beiliang. In 420, Xin heard that Juqu Mengxun was attacking the Western Qin Dynasty in the south, so he led an army of 30,000 to attack Zhangye, the capital of Northern Liang. He was defeated by Xun on the way. In the same year, Xin's younger brother Li Xun moved to Dunhuang and was proclaimed champion general and governor of Liangzhou. In March 421, Mengxun captured Dunhuang and committed suicide, thus destroying Xiliang.
Eighteen. Western Shu (405-413) Han Qiaozong
Also known as Later Shu, it was a short-lived regime established by Qiaozong during the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Founded the capital in Chengdu and died in the Jin Dynasty
In the 19th and Great Xia (407-431 years), the Xiongnu Helian Bobo
Bobo was a descendant of the Xiongnu Nan Shanyu, and his father Liu Weichen lived in Feishui After the war, he occupied the land of Shuofang. Bobo once served as the heroic cavalry general of Yao Xing in the Later Qin Dynasty. In the first year of Xia Longsheng (407), he left the Later Qin Dynasty and claimed to be the king of Great Xia and the Great Chanyu. After Liu Yu destroyed Later Qin, he returned to the south of the Yangtze River. The garrison left in Chang'an was weak, and internal strife broke out. Helian Bobo took the opportunity to attack Chang'an. In the first year of Xia Changwu (418), Bobo ascended the throne as emperor in Bashang, leaving his son Helian to guard Chang'an, and then returned to Tongwan (today's Nanbaichengzi, Wushen Banner, Inner Mongolia). Helianbobo was the most brutal ruler in the late Sixteen Kingdoms. Not only did he still implement the Hu-Han divide, but he also administered tyrannical policies. He sent hundreds of thousands of Han and Huns to build a capital city, "steamed the earth to build the city, and if they drilled it into the city even an inch, they killed the author and built it together." "He also made weapons of five soldiers... If the armor cannot penetrate, he will kill the bowman; if he penetrates, he will Ye, then he killed the armor craftsman" ("Jin Shu Helian Bobo Zai Ji").
Every time he conquered a land, he often massacred cities and killed prisoners of war. The rule of Daxia was through military conquest, so the political situation was very unstable. By the time of his son Helianchang, he was forced by the Northern Wei Dynasty and went south to the state (today's Tianshui, Gansu). In the first year of Xia Shengguang (428), Wei captured Shangbang and captured Helianchang. Helianding fled to Pingliang (now northwest of Pingliang, Gansu) and called himself Emperor Xia. In the fourth year of Xia Shengguang's reign (431), Helianding was captured by Tuyuhun when he attacked Beiliang from the west, and Xia died.
Twenty, Northern Yan (409-436) Han Feng Ba
In the first year of the founding of Later Yan (407), with the support of Feng Ba, Murong Bao’s adopted son Gao Yun Obtained the power of Later Yan. In the first year of Taiping in Northern Yan (409), Gao Yun was killed by his subordinates, Hou Yan died, and Feng Ba claimed to be the King of Yan. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Feng Ba "encouraged farming and mulberry farming, worked diligently on political affairs, and even wrote a letter to save corvee and poor taxes." This changed the situation of Murong Xi in the Later Yan Dynasty, where "taxes and labor were heavy and the people were poor." The cultural relics unearthed from the tomb of Northern Yan Prime Minister Feng Sufu in Beipiao, Liaoning, show that the official system, burial system, and public service system are consistent with those in the Central Plains, indicating that the economy and culture of this original Xianbei residential area in the east have rapidly improved to those in the Central Plains level. Later, due to repeated attacks by the Northern Wei Dynasty, in the sixth year of Taixing of Northern Yan (430), King Feng Hong of Yan burned down the Longcheng Palace and fled east to Goguryeo, and Northern Yan perished.
List of countries during the Five Husties Rebellion in China
Country names, capitals, years, founders, last monarchs, and destroyers
Qiuchi Kingdom Qiuchi 296~371 Yang Mao searched Yang Zuan Pre-Qin Empire
Qiu Han Empire Jiangxia 303~304 Qiu Shen Qiu Shen Jin Empire
Cheng Han Empire Chengdu 304~347 Emperor Wu Li Xiong Li Shi Jin Empire
Han Zhao Empire Lishi-Liting-Puzi-Pingyang-Chang'an-Shanggui 304~329 Emperor Guangwen Liu Yuan regent Prince Liu Xihou Zhao Empire
Former Yan Empire Changli-Jicheng-Dragon City - Jicheng - Yecheng 308~370 Emperor Wu Xuan Murong Wei You Emperor Murong Wei Former Qin Empire
Mangdang Han Empire Malan Mountain 309~309 Liu Mangdang Liu Mangdang Jin Empire
Lueyang Duchy Lueyang 310~319 Puhong Puhong Jin Empire
Hu Chu Duchy Jingling 312~319 Hu Kangdu Zeng Jin Empire
Empty Qin Kingdom Longyou 316~320 Empty elimination of the right channel Empty elimination of the right channel Han Zhao Empire
Lingzhi of the Western Liao Duchy 318~338 Duan Mo Yu Duan Liao Qian Yan Empire
Later Zhao Empire Xiangguo-Yecheng 319~351 Emperor Ming Shi Leshi only ran the Wei Empire
Gu Zang of the former Liang Kingdom 320~376 Cheng Wang Zhang Mao Zhang Tianxi Former Qin Empire
Juqu Qin Kingdom’s Secret Secret 320~320 Juqu knows Juqu knows the Han Zhao Empire
Chen Liang Kingdom Shanggui 322~323 Chen An Chen Anhan Zhao Empire
Later Liaodong Principality Pingguo 333~336 Murong Ren Murong Ren Former Yan Empire
Hou Ziguang Empire Du Nanshan 337~337 Hou Ziguang Hou Ziguang Hou Zhao Empire
Fan Bi Empire Chengdu 347~349 Fan Bi Fan Bi Jin Empire
Huang Tao Empire Yu Zhang 348~348 Huang Tao Huang Tao Jin Empire
Ran Wei Empire Yecheng 350~352 Ran Min Ran Zhi Former Yan Empire
Duan Qi Kingdom Guanggu 350~356 Duan Ni Duan Ni Former Yan Empire
Pre Qin Empire Fangtou-Chang'an-Jinyang-Nan'an-Huangzhong 350~394 Huiwu Emperor Fu Hong (Pu Hong) Fu Chong Western Qin Kingdom
Liu Xian Empire Xiang Kingdom 351~352 Liu Xian Liu Xianran Wei Empire
p>Zhang Qin Kingdom Yiqiu 352~352 Zhang Ju Zhang Ju Former Qin Empire
Duan Qin Empire Episode 352~352 Duan Qin Duan Qin Former Yan Empire
An Kingdom Guolu Mouth 352~354 Wang Wu Luhu Former Yan Empire
Su Lin Empire Wuji 352~352 Su Lin Su Lin Former Yan Empire
Liu Jin Kingdom Pingyang 353~353 Liu Kang Liu Kang Former Qin Empire
North Chengdu Kingdom Nanzheng 365~366 Sima Xun Sima Xun Jin Empire
Honghan Kingdom Guanghan 370~370 Li Hong Li Hongjin Empire
Zhang Shu Kingdom Mianzhu 374~374 Zhang Yu Zhang Yu Jin Empire
Later Yan Empire Zhongshan 384~409 Emperor Wucheng Murong Chuigao Yun Bei Yan Empire
North Yan Empire Longcheng 409-431 Feng Bazhao became emperor Feng Hong Northern Wei Empire
Western Yan Empire Huayin-Afang-Chang'an-Wenxi-eldest son 384~394 Murong Hong Murong Yong Hou Yan Empire
Post Qin Empire Northland-Chang'an 384~ 417 Emperor Wuzhao, Yao Chang and Yao Hong, Jin Empire
Xianyu Zhao Kingdom established the Tang Dynasty 385~385 Xianyu Qizhai became the Later Yan Empire
Western Qin Kingdom Warriors Fort-Jincheng-Xicheng-Yuanchuan 385~ 400 King Xuanlie begged to beg for help and King Renmuyuan of the country begged for help and returned.
Later Qin Empire
Duzhishan-Wuhan-Nan'an 400~431 King Wuyuan begged for help and returned to beg for help at the end of the Hu-Xia Empire
Houliang Empire Guzang 386~403 Emperor Yiwu, Lu Guang and Lu Long, the Later Qin Empire
The Later Xiongnu Kingdom Xiping 387~? Kangning
Zhai Wei Empire Liyang-Huatai 388~392 Zhai Liao and Zhai Zhao Later Yan Empire
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Liu Li Empire Imperial Hill 389~389 Liu Li Liu Li Jin Empire
Wei Jiefei Kingdom Xingcheng Suburb 389~389 Chongtian King Wei Jiefei Chongtian King Wei Jiefei Later Qin Empire
Fachang Empire White Wolf City 390~390 Dharma Chief Fachang Houyan Empire
Dou Qin Kingdom Savage Castle 393~393 Dou Chong Dou Chong Hou Qin Empire
Nanliang Kingdom Lianchuan-Jincheng-Ledu-Xiping-Guzang 397~414 King Wu is bald and Wugujing is bald and spreads the Western Qin Kingdom
Northern Liang Kingdom Zhangye-Guzang 397~439 Duan Yeju Qu Mu Qian Northern Wei Empire
Nan Yan Empire Slide - Guanggu 398~410 Xianwu Emperor Murong De Murong Chao Jin Empire
Nan Wuhuan Kingdom Nanpi 398~399 Zhang Chaozhang Super Northern Wei Empire
Guangqin Kingdom Qihuobao 399~399 Fu Guangfu Guangnan Yan Empire
Xiliang Kingdom Jiuquan-Dunhuang 400~421 Wuxuan King Li Hao Li Xun Beiliang Kingdom
The Kingdom of Zhang Qiao traveled to Tang Dynasty 402~402 Zhang Qiao Zhang Qiao Northern Wei Empire
Wang Shi’s Empire Taishan 403~403 Wang Shi Wang Shi Nan Yan Empire
The Huan Chu Empire was established Kang-Jiangling-Zhuan County 403~405 Wu Dao Emperor Huan Xuanhuan Zhenjin Empire
Qiao Shu Kingdom Chengdu 405~413 Qiao Zong Qiao Zong Jin Empire
The Huxia Empire unified all the people -Shanggui-Pingliang 407~431 Emperor Liewu Helianbobo Helianding Tuyuhun Khanate
Caolong Khanate Puzi 413~413 Caolong Caolong Northern Wei Empire
Northern Jin Dynasty Kingdom Hexi 414~414 Sima Shunzai Sima Shunzai Northern Wei Empire
Lead Shan Kingdom Shangdang-Hanoi 415~416 Bai Yali Si Liu Hu Northern Wei Empire
Cao Hong Khanate Pingyang 416~416 Cao Hong Cao Hong and the Later Qin Empire
Taoyang Principality Taoyang 417~419 Pengli and Pengli and the Northern Liang Kingdom
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