Keywords: Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties; Poetry development; Arteries and veins
Jian 'an literature is the initial stage of literature in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and it is also a glorious period in the history of China's medieval literature. Jian 'an literature originated from the rebellion at the end of Han Dynasty. The rapid social changes ended the political unity and ideological unity of Han Dynasty, and heresy appeared, which gave birth to Jian 'an spirit and Jian 'an culture. Jian 'an people faced the political and cultural catastrophe at the end of Han Dynasty in troubled times, cherished culture and cared about current affairs, showing valuable humanistic spirit. Cao Shi, his son and the seven sons of Jian 'an created a large number of works reflecting the reality and people's sufferings, such as Good Li Xing by Cao Cao, Drinking Horses in Great Wall Cave by Chen Lin, and Seven Wounded Poems by RoyceWong, all of which are concrete manifestations of this humanistic spirit. Jian 'an literati pay more attention to society when they re-recognize and think about the value of individual life. Their works are not sentimental about individual life and death, but show anxiety and disorder. They regard meritorious service as a continuation of short life, and express a strong desire for meritorious service, which makes Jian 'an's poems have a strong appeal and forms a poetic style of "tragic and generous".
Adapting to the sad and generous poetic style is the form of Jian 'an poetry. Jian 'an literati inherited and reformed the tradition of folk songs in Han Yuefu, and created a large number of five-character poems, which became the basic form of Jian 'an poems. Jian' an literati may use the theme of the old Yuefu to express national affairs and personal ambitions and ambitions with realistic creative techniques; Or write a new topic in the form of Yuefu, and bring the language rhythm of Ci and Fu into Yuefu poems, so that the five-character poems have both the simplicity of Yuefu poems and the sublimation of literati, and promote the maturity of the five-character poems. In addition, Jian 'an literati also made attempts in the seven-character poems with miscellaneous words, such as Ge Yanxing by Cao Pi, which promoted the creation of seven-character poems with miscellaneous words by Bao Zhao and Yu Xin.
The beginning of literary history includes the whole historical period from the beginning to the beginning of Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, that is, the late Cao Wei and the turn of Wei and Jin Dynasties. At the end of Cao Wei, the struggle for power and profit of the ruling group was extremely sharp. Those who seized power used conspiracy to kill celebrities, dissidents and imperial clan, which resulted in a dark and terrible era in China's history.
In this political situation, many literati and scholars have adopted the attitude of avoiding the world and keeping to themselves. In order to cover up their behavior, Sima Group hypocritically put forward that "Confucianism is famous for teaching" and "ruling the world with filial piety". Faced with the reality of terror and hypocrisy, the mental depression and pain of intellectuals are particularly acute and prominent. In this context, the political ideals of literati have been in crisis and disillusionment, and their beliefs in life have also changed. Metaphysics began to prevail and literary creation also changed. The enthusiasm and self-confidence for pursuing ideal achievements in Jian 'an literature have disappeared, and they have been replaced by depression about whether the individual's life value can be realized and sadness about personal frustration under strong political pressure. The poetic style has also changed from the generosity and tragic of Jian 'an to the profound implication and obscure sustenance. Zhengshi poets began to escape from reality and observe reality rationally with philosophical eyes, which made Zhengshi literature show a strong philosophical color.
Dan Tao, Wang Rong, Xiang Embroidery, Ruan Xian and Liu Ling are the representative writers of Zhengshi Voice, among which Ruan Ji and Ji Kang have the highest literary achievements. Ruan Ji's literary achievements are mainly 82 love poems, the basic theme of which is worrying about life and the world. His influence and experience on life are completely tragic. For example, the third poem of "Poems about Huai" shows the process of trees from prosperity to withering, which symbolizes the political situation in Wei and Jin Dynasties and shows the anxiety that was difficult to protect themselves at that time. The fear of life and the severe pain of life are the reasons for Ruan Ji's thought of seeking immortality in seclusion. Therefore, Poetry on Huai River is often mixed with the content of wandering immortals, showing the yearning and pursuit for the realm of immortals and contempt for reality. Another important content of "cherishing poetry" is to deny and expose the dark reality. He often expresses his feelings subtly and tortuous through metaphor and symbol, creating a hint and hint effect. His simple language and sincere feelings are the inheritance of Jian 'an's poetry tradition. At the same time, the poetry system with five-character poems as the theme shows his temperament, which has a great influence on the later writers' creation.
In 265 AD, Sima Yan, the son of Si Mazhao, was built on behalf of Wei's family. & gt
How did the style of poetry in the Eastern Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties change? You can look at the poems of "San Cao", or learn about the seven sons of Jian 'an and the seven sages of bamboo forest, which basically represented the academic mainstream at that time.
Poetry Style in Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties During the Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, literature gradually got rid of the influence of Confucian classics, gained independent development, and began to enter the conscious era of literature. Poetry, prose, ci fu, parallel prose, novels and other styles have made remarkable achievements.
The position of poetry is still the most important. At the end of the Han Dynasty, under the social background of Wei Chu's "chaos in the world, surging clouds and rising public grievances", literati's poetry creation entered a period of great development of "five words soaring". During this period, with Cao Cao, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi as the core, Ye Ren Xia Group was formed with Kong Rong, RoyceWong, Serina Liu, Chen Lin and other so-called "seven sons of Jian 'an", which created the glory of Jian 'an literature. The works of Jian 'an literati have the same era style as "generosity". Among them, Cao Cao's poems, gloomy and sad, reflect the turbulent social reality and show the poet's ambition to make contributions and unify the world, such as Hao, Xiao and stepping out of Xiamen, which are all relatively successful chapters. Cao Zhi's literary achievements are the highest, and he is called "the outstanding man in Jian 'an". His poem is "high-spirited, and his words are taken from Hua Mao". "White Horse" and "White Horse Wang Biao" are his representative works in his early and later periods. His prose and ci fu also show high ideological and artistic quality, and the famous "Luo Shen Fu" is beautiful. RoyceWong is the most accomplished writer among the "Seven Scholars", and his Seven Wounded Poems and Loutai Fu are masterpieces with realistic spirit in Jian 'an literature.
At the turn of Wei and Jin Dynasties, with the change of social customs, poetry creation showed a different style from that of Jian 'an era. Ruan Ji and Ji Kang's works are either gloomy and difficult, or sharp-edged. They inherited the excellent tradition of Jian 'an literature and further promoted the development of five-character poems. Poetry flourished in the Taikang period of the Western Jin Dynasty, and the poet was known as "three land, two left". But most of the works are in China, and only Zuo Si's poems are vigorous and powerful, inheriting the spirit of Jian 'an literature. His poem "Ode to History" opens up a new way to combine history with nostalgia. Under the influence of metaphysics in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, metaphysical poems with "tasteless rhetoric" once flooded, and Tao Yuanming was the greatest poet who could transcend the secular world. In Tao Yuanming's era, "Zhen Feng died, and the Great Pseudo prospered". He walked out of poverty and witnessed the darkness of officialdom, unwilling to go with the flow. He is determined to resign and retire, keeping his personal spirit. His pastoral poems depict the beauty of natural scenery, praise the tranquility of rural life, and show the joy and hardship of personally participating in agricultural production and labor. It has created an artistic realm that combines emotion, scenery and reason, and is plain and mellow. Drinking in the Garden is his masterpiece of pastoral poetry. The style of Tao's poetry naturally faded into the mainstream, but reading Shan Hai Jing (Jing Wei Fill Micro Wood) and Jing Ke Fu also showed the poet's "King Kong glaring" side. It can be seen that the poet's heart is not peaceful, and he has not forgotten the world. Tao Yuanming's poems have a great influence on later generations, especially the pastoral poetry school in Tang Dynasty. Tao Yuanming's literary achievements are manifold. Although his prose and words are few in number, they are all excellent. His representative works include Peach Blossom Garden, Gui Qu Ci, and Qing Shi Fu.
During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, many literati devoted themselves to literary creation, and the main literary styles used were poetry and parallel prose. The landscape poems of the Southern Dynasties shone brilliantly in the hands of Xie Lingyun, and then Xie Tiao's landscape poems were fresh and mellow, known as "big and small thanks". The poet Bao Zhao was born in poverty, but he was good at expressing his cynical feelings with seven-character ancient poems. His rhyming seven-character songs have contributed to the development of seven-character poems. Wen Yuan in the north is a little lonely, but there are also many famous essays, such as Notes on Water Classics by Li Daoyuan in the Northern Wei Dynasty, Notes on Galand in Luoyang by Yang Xuanzhi, Family Instructions for Yan Family by Yan Zhitui in the Northern Qi Dynasty, etc. The most successful writer is Yu Xin from south to north. His Poem Fu is a masterpiece of North and South literature, which combines the exquisite and mature artistic skills of the South with the vigorous and hearty spirit of the North and becomes the forerunner of the poetic style in the Tang Dynasty. Parallel prose dominated the whole literary world in this period. Bao Zhao's Climbing the Thunder Shore and Sisters' Book, Yu Xin's Wucheng Fu and Jiangnan Fu are all excellent works. Generally speaking, the pursuit of formal temperament by literati in the Southern Dynasties made full preparations for the finalization and maturity of Tang Dynasty literature, especially modern poetry.
In addition, Yuefu folk songs in the Southern and Northern Dynasties can also reflect Yuefu poems in the Han Dynasty. Wu Ge and operas in the Southern Dynasties are lively and graceful, while minority songs in the Northern Dynasties are vigorous and powerful, with different styles, but they are sincere.
Judging from the formation and development of China's ancient novel genre, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties was an important stage, during which strange novels and anecdote novels appeared. Among them, Gan Bao's Searching for the Gods in Jin Dynasty and Liu Yiqing's Shi Shuo Xin Yu in Southern Dynasties deserve the most attention. Records of Shi Shuo Xin Yu from Han Dynasty to Jin Dynasty ...
What changes have taken place in the style of poetry in the Eastern Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties? The characteristics of literature in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties are as follows: ① Great social changes in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties enriched the connotation of literature; The literature of this period has the characteristics of connecting the preceding with the following; ③ Poetry has completed the transition from four-character poems, five-character poems, Sao-style poems to seven-character poems, and a number of outstanding poets have emerged; 2. Jian 'an Literature ① What poets represented by Cao Cao and his son experienced during the Jian 'an period. History is called "Jian 'an Literature". ② The representative works of Jian 'an Literature include Cao Cao's Journey of Broken Limbs, RoyceWong's Poems of Seven Injuries and Cai Wenji's Poems of Mourning Anger. 3. Tao Yuanming and his pastoral poems. 1. Tao Yuanming, a poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, yearned for rural life, and wrote many pastoral poems with fresh and natural content and simple style in his life. Landscape poetry began to flourish. (2) Xie Lingyun's Climbing the Pool Upstairs is a masterpiece of landscape literature. (3) The representative work of Bao Zhao's contemporaries is It's Hard to Imitate, which has a great influence on later generations. 5. Folk songs of the Southern and Northern Dynasties. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, a new kind of Yuefu poetry, namely folk songs, was popular for a while. (2) The representative works of southern folk songs include "Picking Sang Du" and so on. ③ The most famous northern folk songs are Chile Song and Mulan Ci. 5. vigorous art 1. The Formation and Development of Calligraphy Art ① At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, calligraphy became an art, and the famous scholar Cai Yong was a famous calligrapher at that time. (2) Zhong You of Cao Wei began to change the font from official script to regular script, which is a progress of China's calligraphy. His representative works include Preface to Lanting and Huang Tingjing. Her son, Wang Xianzhi, is also very accomplished in calligraphy, and he is called "Two Kings" with Wang Xizhi. (4) Wei Shuo, a female calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, known as Mrs. Wei, learned her true story from Zhong You. Wang Xizhi studied calligraphy from Mrs. Wei. Wang Xizhi's wife Long Long is also a calligrapher.
⑤ Because the epitaph art of the Northern Wei Dynasty is the most representative, people used to call this calligraphy style "Weibei". Twenty products of Longmen is a masterpiece of calligraphy art in Weibei.
What is the origin of the word angel? The Hebrew word for "angel" is Malak, which means "messenger" and "dispatch". It was used 103 times in the Old Testament. The Greek angelos is used 177 times in the New Testament, meaning "messenger, angel, messenger, sent"; Some refer to "people" and some refer to "messengers of God". Therefore, in a word, "angels" are the messengers of God or supernatural creatures, both good angels and evil angels have extraordinary power. There are thirty-four books in the Bible that mention angels (seventeen in the Old Testament and seventeen in the New Testament). They are all souls who serve the Lord.
Angels are also divided into: senior angels, intermediate angels and lower angels.
Blazing angel, wisdom angel, archangel, archangel, powerful angel, powerful angel, archangel, ordinary angel.
Ps: Personally, I think angels are symbols of beauty, kindness, loveliness and justice.
Poetry Style in Wei and Jin Dynasties During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, literature gradually got rid of the influence of Confucian classics, gained independent development, and began to enter the conscious era of literature. Poetry, prose, ci fu, parallel prose, novels and other styles have made remarkable achievements.
The position of poetry is still the most important. At the end of the Han Dynasty, under the social background of Wei Chu's "chaos in the world, surging clouds and rising public grievances", literati's poetry creation entered a period of great development of "five words soaring". During this period, with Cao Cao, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi as the core, Ye Ren Xia Group was formed with Kong Rong, RoyceWong, Serina Liu, Chen Lin and other so-called "seven sons of Jian 'an", which created the glory of Jian 'an literature. The works of Jian 'an literati have the same style of the times as "generosity". Among them, Cao Cao's poems, such as Hao, Short, Walking Out of Xiamen, which reflect the turbulent social reality and express the poet's ambition to make contributions and unify the world, are all relatively successful chapters. Cao Zhi's literary achievements are the highest, and he is called "the outstanding man in Jian 'an". His poem is "high-spirited, and his words are taken from Hua Mao". "White Horse" and "White Horse Wang Biao" are his representative works in his early and later periods. His prose and ci fu also show high ideological and artistic quality, and the famous "Luo Shen Fu" is beautiful. RoyceWong is the most accomplished writer among the "Seven Scholars", and his Seven Wounded Poems and Loutai Fu are masterpieces with realistic spirit in Jian 'an literature.
At the turn of Wei and Jin Dynasties, with the change of social customs, poetry creation showed a different style from that of Jian 'an era. Ruan Ji and Ji Kang's works are either gloomy and difficult, or sharp-edged. They inherited the excellent tradition of Jian 'an literature and further promoted the development of five-character poems. Poetry flourished in the Taikang period of the Western Jin Dynasty, and the poet was known as "three land, two left". But most of the works are in China, and only Zuo Si's poems are vigorous and powerful, inheriting the spirit of Jian 'an literature. His poem "Ode to History" opens up a new way to combine history with nostalgia. Under the influence of metaphysics in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, metaphysical poems with "tasteless rhetoric" once flooded, and Tao Yuanming was the greatest poet who could transcend the secular world. In Tao Yuanming's era, "Zhen Feng died, and the Great Pseudo prospered". He walked out of poverty and witnessed the darkness of officialdom, unwilling to go with the flow. He is determined to resign and retire, keeping his personal spirit. His pastoral poems depict the beauty of natural scenery, praise the tranquility of rural life, and show the joy and hardship of personally participating in agricultural production and labor. It has created an artistic realm that combines emotion, scenery and reason, and is plain and mellow. Drinking in the Garden is his masterpiece of pastoral poetry. The style of Tao's poetry naturally faded into the mainstream, but reading Shan Hai Jing (Jing Wei Fill Micro Wood) and Jing Ke Fu also showed the poet's "King Kong glaring" side. It can be seen that the poet's heart is not peaceful, and he has not forgotten the world. Tao Yuanming's poems have a great influence on later generations, especially the pastoral poetry school in Tang Dynasty. Tao Yuanming's literary achievements are manifold. Although his prose and words are few in number, they are all excellent. His representative works include Peach Blossom Garden, Gui Qu Ci, and Qing Shi Fu.
During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, many literati devoted themselves to literary creation, and the main literary styles used were poetry and parallel prose. The landscape poems of the Southern Dynasties shone brilliantly in the hands of Xie Lingyun, and then Xie Tiao's landscape poems were fresh and mellow, known as "big and small thanks". The poet Bao Zhao was born in poverty, but he was good at expressing his cynical feelings with seven-character ancient poems. His rhyming seven-character songs have contributed to the development of seven-character poems. Wen Yuan in the north is a little lonely, but there are also many famous essays, such as Notes on Water Classics by Li Daoyuan in the Northern Wei Dynasty, Notes on Galand in Luoyang by Yang Xuanzhi, Family Instructions for Yan Family by Yan Zhitui in the Northern Qi Dynasty, etc. The most successful writer is Yu Xin from south to north. His Poem Fu is a masterpiece of North and South literature, which combines the exquisite and mature artistic skills of the South with the vigorous and hearty spirit of the North and becomes the forerunner of the poetic style in the Tang Dynasty. Parallel prose dominated the whole literary world in this period. Bao Zhao's Climbing the Thunder Shore and Sisters' Book, Yu Xin's Wucheng Fu and Jiangnan Fu are all excellent works. Generally speaking, the pursuit of formal temperament by literati in the Southern Dynasties made full preparations for the finalization and maturity of Tang Dynasty literature, especially modern poetry.
In addition, Yuefu folk songs in the Southern and Northern Dynasties can also reflect Yuefu poems in the Han Dynasty. Wu Ge and operas in the Southern Dynasties are lively and graceful, while minority songs in the Northern Dynasties are vigorous and powerful, with different styles, but they are sincere.
Judging from the formation and development of China's ancient novel genre, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties was an important stage, during which strange novels and anecdote novels appeared. Among them, Gan Bao's Searching for the Gods in Jin Dynasty and Liu Yiqing's Shi Shuo Xin Yu in Southern Dynasties deserve the most attention. Shi Shuo Chu Yu recorded many elite figures from Han Dynasty to Jin Dynasty ...
How to evaluate the poems of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties The Sui Dynasty began in 206 BC and ended in 6 18 AD, which lasted more than 800 years. Poetry in this period is an important period in the history of China's poetry development, which inherits the Book of Songs and Chu Ci, and opens up the Tang Poetry and Song Ci.
One of the important achievements of poetry in this period is the appearance of five-character poems and seven-character poems, which laid the foundation for the formation of modern poetry in Tang Dynasty. From the Han Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, the five-seven-character ancient poems and modern poems are the poems with the longest history, the most writers' works and the most outstanding achievements in China's poetry history.
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