Lu "advocates that the universe is my heart and my heart is the universe" and that "the heart is reason". Asserting that justice, humanity and physics are only in my heart. People have one heart, and the heart has the same reason. From ancient times to the present, without exception. ""I think the main method of reading is to' invent the original mind', and it is not necessary to read more books and seek more from the outside. "Learn and know, I note six classics." (For details, please refer to the introduction of Lu Jiuyuan of Xinhua Jiangxi Channel). "Nothing outside the heart" and "Unreasonable outside the heart"
"The heart is the main body, although the eyes look at it, the heart is also; Although the ear listens, the listener has a heart; Although the mouth and limbs move, the heart also moves. "Perception is there, and the heart is there" (under Biography). Heart "means" my spirit ","my spirit is the master of heaven and earth ghosts and gods "and" without my spirit, there would be no heaven and earth ghosts and gods "(ibid.). Sir, when I was playing in Nanzhen, a friend pointed to a flower tree in the rock and asked,' There are unintentional things in the world, so flowers bloom and fall, what does it have to do with my heart?' Mr. A:' When you didn't see this flower, it died with your heart; When you look at this flower, you will soon understand the color of this flower, and you will know that this flower is not outside your heart "(ibid., Wang Wencheng Public Rights Book, Volume 3). "The principle of everything is nothing more than my heart", "A clear heart is the principle of nature." It means pro, that is, pro is one thing; It means that what you hear is a thing, which means that what you hear is a thing. Therefore, some people say that there is no cause outside the heart, and there is nothing outside the heart "(in Biography)," and a father can't go to his father for filial piety; If you are a gentleman, you can't go to the monarch for a loyal reason; Making friends and governing the country cannot seek the truth of trust and kindness from friends and people. All in this heart, the heart is right "(under Biography). "Heart" is not only the supreme master of all things, but also the most universal ethical principle. Youwangmen School refers to the late school of Jiangxi Wangmen in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, and its representative figures are Zou Shouyi, Luo Hongxian, Ren, Liu, Liu Yang, Zou Yuanbiao and other famous Wangmen disciples. Together with Wangmen in Zhejiang, Wangmen in the South, Wangmen in Chu, Wangmen in Fujian and Guangdong, Wangmen in the North and Taizhou School, it is also called "Wang Xue Seven Schools". It was also one of the most influential schools of Wang Xue at that time, enjoying the reputation of "authentic Wang Xue". As far as academic purposes are concerned, Wang Men's post-school, including Taizhou School, takes it as its own responsibility to explain Yangming's theory of mind, especially to give play to the theory of "to conscience", and makes a concrete discussion on the nature, characteristics and ways of "to conscience".
Nie Bao (1487- 1563) was a scholar in Ming dynasty. Wen Wei, named Shuangjiang, was born in Yongfeng, Ji 'an, Jiangxi. Zheng De 12 (15 17) was a scholar, a magistrate in Pingyang, and an official of the Ministry of War. He was one of the famous honest officials in the Ming Dynasty, and his name went down in history. Nie Bao admired Wang Yangming's theory of "to conscience" and took Yangming as his teacher. However, he believes that conscience is not ready-made, and it can only be achieved through self-cultivation efforts of "no mind moving, forgetting inside and outside". Leopard is the author of fourteen volumes of Shuangjiang Anthology, which is juxtaposed with Kunbian Record (the general catalogue of the Military Division Library).
Xu Jie was born in Huating County, Songjiang Prefecture, Ming Dynasty (now Songjiang District, Shanghai). He was good at poetry and calligraphy in his early years. In the second year of Jiajing (1523), it was edited by the Hanlin Academy. Later, due to Zhang Fujing's embarrassment, he was removed from his post as an official of Yanping Prefecture. Because of this setback, he devoted himself to Shangguan. Yanping is a thief. After taking office, he arrested more than 100 drama thieves. He cleared up the backlog, released prisoners, won fame, and was promoted to Tongzhi in Huangzhou. Later, he was appointed as the deputy envoy of Zhejiang Province, in charge of studying politics in Zhejiang and Fujian provinces. The Crown Prince married (studied) and made a toast to imperial academy. Later, he joined the history of the Ministry of Rites and served as a university student in Wenyuange, participating in the confidential affairs of the court. Zeng Mishu exposed Hou Qiuluan's crimes in Xianning, and was good at writing clear words (a style used to communicate with God, and Emperor Jiajing believed in God), which was trusted by Emperor Jiajing. 26 volumes 10 volume Shao. There is also the Yuemiao Collection, a parallel world.
The main idea of Yangming's Mind Theory comes from Wang Shouren's famous "Dragon Field Realizing Tao" in history. A school of Wang Shouren people widely distributed in the "South". The representatives are Qi Xian, Zhu Dezhi, Xue, and the main scholars are Cha Duo, Xu Jie.
Qi Xian, the word Xiufu, was born in Quanjiao (now Quanjiao County, Anhui Province) north of the Yangtze River. He was a scholar in Jiajing period, and he was promoted to the Ministry of Punishment, where he worshipped Wang Shouren as his teacher. Adhere to the theory of conscience and reject Buddha.
Zhu Dezhi was born in Jingjiang, Zhili (now Jingjiang County, Jiangsu Province), studied under Wang Shouren, and served as a new town in Jiangxi. Xue, named Fangshan, was born in Wujin, Changzhou (now Wujin County, Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province). He studied under OuYangDe in Baijiangyou School. During the Jiajing period, he learned about the situation in Cixi County, transferred to the south to take the exam, and was promoted to assistant minister of Zhejiang. In order to learn from Wang Qi, Wang Neng was chosen as an example. At that time, many scholars thought he was a disciple of Wangmen because he flattered Xia Guixi. But his disciple Gu Xiancheng founded the Lindong School, so Huang Zongxi thought Lindong was different.
Xue Jia was born in Jiangyin (now Jiangyin County, Jiangsu Province). He was a scholar in Jiajing period and was awarded an official position and a military post. Official to Sichuan, Ganzhou, Deputy Special Envoy for Gold Affairs. Believe in the learning of Xiangshan Yangming.
Chad, a police officer, was born in Zhaiyi, Jingxian County, Ningguo (now Nie County, Anhui Province). During Jiajing's reign, he was a scholar, promoted to De 'an House, and later served as a minister of punishments and an official to Guangxi. Worship Wang Ji and Qian Dehong as teachers and stick to the theory of "to conscience".
This school thinks that "mind" or "conscience" is the noumenon of the world. Say: "Everything is in my heart" (Xue Fangshan Ji Shu). He also said: "There are many things in the world, and my heart is bad." "Nothing outside the heart, nothing outside the heart. The so-called heart is not a mass of flesh and blood, but its supreme spirit, knowing something. This so-called conscience is also "(quotations from Zhu Dezhi). "Conscience is different from knowledge. Conscience is the essence of fate, and it is best. Knowledge is the use of conscience, and there are good and evil people. "
I also believe that the nature of fate can breed everything. The nature of destiny is incomparable, so it is called "independence", that is, "the spirit of the heart". "The spirit of this heart, which is based on human desires, can't be hidden at all, that is, it is called unique knowledge." Others believe that following the "natural principles" and getting rid of "being covered by habits" is "leading to conscience". Say: "Prudence and independence are conscience". Always follow the "natural principle" and achieve "thinking, knowing, seeing, listening, speaking and moving" and "not being covered by habit is the result of conscience". This school believes that "feeling things is like this". He said, "Everything in the grid is emotional and clear." "If the husband can't feel anything, he must know if there is anything."
The main work of this school is Meade's Quotations; Xue Fangshan's Notes; Selected Works of Xue Jia and the Origin of Mind. The representatives are Fang Xianfu and Xue Kan, and the main scholars are Yang Ji and Zhou Tan.
Fang Xianfu, whose real name is Shu Shi, whose name is Xiqiao, is a scholar among teenagers, and his official position is in the official department, so he moved to Yuan Wailang. Worship Wang Shouren as a teacher and be the first disciple of Wangmen Lingnan. He also went to the official Ministry of Rites, added the Prince Taibao, and led the disease back to Li. Later, he became a college student in Wuyingdian.
Xue Kan, a money merchant, was born in Jieyang, Guangdong Province (now Jieyang City, Guangdong Province). Scholars in the period of Zheng De. Please go back to your parents and study in Jiangxi with Wang Shouren for four years. It has been awarded to pedestrians and directors. In the end, he was falsely dismissed from office by Taichang Pengze and Shaofu Zhang Zijing. Back to the field to give lectures, more than 100 disciples.
Yang Ji, whose real name is Shi De, studied under Zhan Ruoshui and graduated from Wang Shouren.
This school believes that "heart" is the noumenon of the world. As the saying goes, "Heaven is clear from the mind, the earth is viewed from the mind, and things are made from the mind" (Xue Kan's quotations). It is also proposed to know people from the hands of "seeing and hearing". He said: "I don't know what I am learning. Scholars will only look for knowledge on the basis of seeing, hearing, thinking and promising. If they give up, they will be confused and have no strength." "There is nothing strange about eating home-cooked food." "The world is strange, the near is far, the easy is hard to give up, and the gentleman's way is fresh." In the aspect of social ethics, it advocates giving one's life for righteousness. There is a saying: "To sacrifice one's life for righteousness is to forget one's life and seek the Tao" (Xue Kan's quotations), "Rebirth is to support one's mouth and health, and benevolence is to support righteousness." Confucianism's "giving up life without desire" is different from Buddhism and Lao. Buddha Lao "the embarrassment of the two families is left behind." In other words, Confucianism is willing to fulfill its social obligations at the greatest cost, while the emptiness of Buddhism and Taoism is to avoid social responsibilities.
The main work of this school is Quotations from Xue Kan; Xue Kan's master is "Yan". The master school of Hunan, represented by Xinjiang and Ji.
Xin Jiang, a native of Changde (now Changde City, Hunan Province) in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, was a scholar during Jiajing period. From the official to the head of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, he was transferred to the Ministry of War as a judge and a doctor, and was also responsible for Sichuan affairs, promoting the benefits and eliminating the evils, and prohibiting Taoist witchcraft; He was promoted to Guizhou Deputy Ambassador and founded Zheng Xue Academy and Kaihua Academy. Later, he returned to his hometown and built a school in Taohuagang, where apprentices gathered. He used to learn from Wang Shouren and Zhan Ruoshui, and gained more academic benefits from Zhan Ruoshui.
This school holds that the heart is the noumenon of the world, and the heart produces qi, that is, harmony, and qi can produce everything in the world. (Huang Zongxi: Ming Confucianism case and Chu Wangmen case, the same below)
I believe that besides flesh and blood, only this elf is called heart. Life is called heart, which means domination, and the liveliness of heart is sex. The universe is a gas, also known as Taihe, which originates from wood, that is, silence, life, Taoism, sincerity and Tai Chi. Wood, edge, Tao, sincerity and Tai Chi are synonyms. In short, this is a sacred principle. From the point of view of the heart, we can see that the heart is angry, and the lively nature of the heart is the fate of nature. Things come from the same Taihe, so they are all kinds, because qi is different.
He also believes that the interpretation of learning is empty, Confucianism is empty, and reality can be seen. To sum up, the sacred learning is different from the learning of teachers and far-reaching. Teachers only need to see the empty space, while saints see everything in the empty space. There is an example of self and everything, so this heart is pervasive and is used for daily use. Where can I increase or decrease?
The main work of this school is the Taogang Daily Record written by Rulu. Representative figures are Fu Dehong and Wang Ji.
Qian Dehong was born in Yuyao (now Yuyao County, Zhejiang Province) in the middle and late Ming Dynasty. Wang Shouren returned to his hometown after pacifying the "earthquake source chaos". Qian Dehong and dozens of people from Yi Tong, such as Fan Yinnian, Guan Zhou, Zheng Zai, Chai Feng, Xu Shan and Wu Ren, worshipped him as a teacher. As more and more people joined Yuyao as teachers, Qian Dehong and Wang Ji acted as teachers to clean up the sense of academic justice and were called professors for a time. During the Jiajing period, Qian and Wang were in charge of the academy. Then, Qian Dehong became a professor of Soviet studies.
Wang Ji, whose name is Longxi (now Shaoxing County, Zhejiang Province), took Wang Shouren as his teacher. Will try in, but not in court, returned to Wang Shouren gate. For forty years, there has been no lecture every day. From Beijing, Nanjing, Wu, Chu, Fujian, Vietnam and other places, there are lecture halls everywhere, which are respected as Confucianism.
This school believes that the theory of "conscience" is the essence of contemporary scholarship. It is believed that Confucius put forward "benevolence" in the Spring and Autumn Period to awaken people's hearts, and seeking "benevolence" is the essence of Confucius' theory; During the Warring States period, Mencius put forward "righteousness" again. Without it, "benevolence" cannot be realized, and "righteousness" is the essence of Mencius' theory. Since Jinliang, Buddhism and Taoism have been rampant, and Song Confucianism has sent ancient gifts and held "ceremony" as the essence of Song Confucianism. Wang Shouren put forward "conscience" to enlighten the world with "conscience", so that knowing physics is nothing more than my heart, and "knowledge" is the essence of today's scholarship. (Huang Zongxi: The Confucianism Case in Ming Dynasty and the Wangmen Case in Central Zhejiang, the same below) Academic essence is based on the times.
The faction insisted on what the teacher said. Adhere to the innate system. Advocating "harmony without advocating", he said: "We should not start a new stove in our study, but only know harmony without advocating, and we should move according to the times. Therefore, it is said that' seeing the light of day, there are fierce and strange things, all of which begin with advocacy'. It is believed that "the right heart is the innate learning, and the sincerity is the acquired learning", and "heart" is the "conscience", which is the law or standard that frames everything in the world. In a word, it is "nature is acquired". He also said: "Being cautious is a conscience", "Conscience can be learned without consideration, and naturally it has its own knowledge".
The works of this school include Wang Ji's Lun Xue Shu, Quotations and Zhi Zhi Yi Bian. Qian Dehong's Hui Yu and Lun Xue Shu. Taizhou School was founded by Wang Gen, a scholar of Ming Dynasty in China. It belongs to a branch of Yangming School and is called "Left-wing Wang Xue". Its theoretical characteristics are simple, easy to inspire ordinary people, vendors and pawns, and it has a very civilian color, so it has spread far.
In the fifth year of Jiajing (1526), Wang Gen was invited by Wang Yaohu, the magistrate of Taizhou, to give a lecture at Anding College, and publicized that "Shu Ren should learn from daily life", thus starting the establishment of Taizhou School. Most students are from the lower classes, such as farmers, woodcutters, potters and furnace workers. Taizhou School takes "Shu Ren knows the way of daily use" as the standard, and expounds such viewpoints as "All the streets are filled with saints", "Everyone is a gentleman", "Yao and Shun are one with passers-by, saints and mortals are one", "No saints are high, no people are low" and "Shu Ren is not humble, and princes are not high". Although denounced as heresy, it speaks the voice of ordinary citizens. There are Zhu Shu, Yan Jun, Luo Rufang, He, Li Zhi, Zhou Rudeng and others.
However, due to the madness of Zen Buddhism, Sikuquanshu did not accept the works of Li Zhi, Luo Rufang, Yan Jun, He, Zhou Rudeng and others. Huang Zongxi's Confucianism Case in Ming Dynasty: "After Taizhou, many of its people were able to beat dragons and snakes with their bare hands and spread them to Yan and He, which was beyond the reach of famous religions." Wang Gen's master has 6 volumes of Complete Works of Xinzhai.
He is one of the outstanding representatives of Taizhou School. He opposed "no desire" and advocated "small desire" to share the desire with the people. He lashed out at feudal absolutism and put forward the view that "no father, no king, no father, no king". Among the five ethics, he attaches great importance to friends, and his thoughts reflect some characteristics of budding capitalism. There are many scattered works. Today, Zhonghua Book Company published He Ji.