The history of China, from the Three Emperors and Five Emperors to Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai-shek in the Republic of China, should be counted as 26 or 27 years, but which period of history is not as well known as Wei, Shu and Wu. When it comes to fighting, countless people have fought more than the Three Kingdoms. Killing people, from ancient times to the present, is more than hundreds of millions? The people who died in the Three Kingdoms are at most a fraction. What history can't be found out if you want to be king and hegemony, loyal to the monarch and have a sense of righteousness, skillful literary talent and heroic beauty? Only the Three Kingdoms has the widest and highest popularity. All this, except the romance of the Three Kingdoms, is because of his existence! He is a well-deserved romantic number one man. In the official history, such as the History of the Three Kingdoms and History as a Mirror, he also has the charm of crossing regions and time and space. The history of historical figures in the Three Kingdoms depends on his history first!
1. He was the greatest strategist and prophet of that era.
26 years old, rookie, three points in the world. In addition to talent, it is inseparable from his diligent study and not reading dead books. A rural youth is good at collecting information, always paying attention to the situation and being good at analyzing and reasoning. At the age of 26, there was such an amazing prediction and decision: Jingzhou was taken first, then Bashu was attacked, and the world scored three points. When the time is right, he will go north to the Central Plains, and then he will have a successful career in the Han Dynasty. Strategic planning, historical trends, yes. In China's 5,000-year history, I'm afraid only the publication of Chairman Mao's On Protracted War can surpass it.
Second, he is an eternal saint who brings peace and stability to the country.
His political talent is rare among thousands of politicians. Shu is the most glorious period in the political history of the Three Kingdoms. He attached importance to agricultural production and water conservancy construction, and strengthened the protection and utilization of the original water conservancy projects to reduce the losses caused by drought and flood disasters. He advised the people to apologize for being rich, so as to achieve the goal of "not extravagant in good years, not frugal in bad years" and "having surplus grain after autumn to make up for the shortage". Only in this way can we achieve the goal of "enriching the country and providing security for the people". Yin was a citizen of Shu under his rule. Even after his death, when Shu was destroyed, there were 400,000 tons of grain in the granary of the imperial court.
Chen Shou said: "Zhuge Liang is also a prime minister, who loves the people, shows etiquette, serves as an official, is subordinate to power and is fair. Although those who are loyal will be rewarded, those who violate the law will be punished, those who lose their feelings will be released, those who talk eloquently will be slaughtered, those who are kind and meticulous will not be rewarded, and those who are evil will be refined, physical and responsible. " Finally, those who are afraid of it and love it in the state, although the administration is harsh and there is no complaint, are trying to persuade them. It can be described as a talented person who knows people well and is good at managing Zhi Ya. "
I'm afraid it's hard to find such a higher praise in history. Throughout the history of China for thousands of years, there are many good things that are good at governing the country peacefully. Even Guan Zhong, Xiao He, Taigong, Yao Chong and Wei Zhi have not received such praise.
Third, he was an unparalleled strategist of that era.
Among the authoritative dictionaries such as Ci Hai and Encyclopedia Britannica, only he and Cao Cao were called strategists among the great "home" in the Three Kingdoms period. In actual combat, as the commander-in-chief of the three armed forces, he fought against the powerful Wei State with the weak Shu State, making Sima Yi stay at home and avoid its sharp edge. He died young because of overwork, which led to "he died before he could conquer" However, the Tang Dynasty, the closest to that period of history, gave him a high evaluation-invited him to the ten philosophers of the Wu Temple.
As a military theorist, his military works were unparalleled at that time: Southern Expedition, Northern Expedition, Military Essentials, Biography, Military Orders (up, middle and down) and so on. In "Gangwon", "the husband wants to be a general, not thirsty for military well painting; Rations are not ripe, not hungry; Arms don't get cold before things happen; Not enough military curtains, not sleepy. "Never fan in summer, never cover in rainy days, and keep company with others" has always been regarded as the motto of military commanders in past dynasties (including people of insight in other industries).
He was a genius military inventor of that era.
After the invasion of Sichuan, because there were many plank roads in Sichuan, it was particularly inconvenient to transport grain, so he invented "Mu Niu Liu Ma" as a means of transportation, and later improved it according to its shortcomings, and "Liu Ma" was born. The profit and loss lotus crossbow is also a highly lethal war weapon designed by him. This equipment can fire several arrows and crossbows at a time, and the combat effectiveness of soldiers is greatly enhanced. "The Three Kingdoms, divided, have been bound by his greatness, and the Eight-sided Fortress is built on his prestige", and the eight-array diagram determined by his deduction has reached the peak of the traditional military array in ancient China. Military inventions added a bright spot to his unique era as a strategist.
He was the most outstanding diplomat of his time.
Among the three countries of Wei Shuwu, Shu is relatively weak in terms of land area, population resources and military strength. The reason why he can form and maintain a tripartite confrontation depends largely on his diplomatic strategy.
After the defeat of Nagoya, Liu Bei Group was almost completely annihilated, and its strength was several levels lower than that of Sun Quan. Why should people cooperate with you against Cao Cao? So there was a wonderful drama of him crossing Jiangdong and arguing with Confucianism. He established the United front of Sun Liu and Cao Cao by superb diplomatic means, and later won the Chibi War. After the defeat of Yiling, he made another major adjustment to Liu Bei's diplomatic line. Decided to give up Jingzhou and rebuild the alliance with Wu with the greatest sincerity in order to seek support and cooperation on the Eastern Front. Because of his pragmatic diplomatic line, he won a valuable external environment for Shu Han, enabling him to devote himself wholeheartedly to the Northern Expedition.
He is a super expert in dealing with ethnic issues.
Meng Huo's well-known seven rescues fully show that he is not generally clever in dealing with ethnic minority issues. The fierce battle of life and death on the battlefield will have a friendly and harmonious result. This is him! At the same time, he also brought advanced agricultural production technology to ethnic minorities. The rear area of Shu is used to promote talks and peace. On the other hand, Cao Wei only knew how to destroy ethnic minorities blindly. Wu Dong also constantly annihilated with troops, which not only distracted a lot of energy, but also caused the troops to retreat and rebel again. Cao Cao was also lucky enough to die at the hands of Ma Chao. Therefore, it is not a simple military issue, but a big issue of how to treat ethnic minorities and whether the rear area is stable or not. It can be said that it is his big hand. It has great reference significance for future generations.
7. He was a unique writer in that era.
He has been a soldier all his life. In the busy and tense political and military struggle, he wrote a lot of articles. According to the statistics of Zhang Shu, a scholar in Qing Dynasty, there are about 199 articles, including countermeasures, imperial edicts, tables, books, religions, military orders, military essentials, inscriptions, notes, generals' offices, etc. Although these works are applied articles, not pure literary works, they are the essence of Zhuge Liang's thoughts and speeches all his life and the main materials for understanding and studying Zhuge Liang's ideological accomplishment and personality. On the other hand, many articles have high literary value because of his outspoken views, simple language and sincere feelings. "Model" is one of his most representative works, which has been highly praised by all previous dynasties. For example, in the Commentary on Selected Works edited by Yu Guanghua in Qing Dynasty, Guo's comments were quoted as saying, "A model of a teacher": "Loyalty is self-flowing, simple and true, and every word is tearful, winning glory with the sun and the moon." Yue Fei, a patriotic star in the Southern Song Dynasty, once visited Wuhou Temple and read the stone carvings on the wall as a model. "I didn't feel like tears, but I couldn't sleep at night and just sat waiting for Dan." It can be seen that this mode has an important position and a high artistic achievement in the history of China literature.
Most of his other articles also have the characteristics of clear thinking, strong logic, concise language and simple style. For example, the well-known masterpieces such as Longzhong Dui, Commanding Nephew's Book, Commanding Book and Commanding Book are very concise and pure, but their theoretical analysis is meticulous and rigorous, attractive and convincing. Mr. Bai Yidian said in the article "Comment on Zhuge Liang (Command Book)": "The wisdom of ancient philosophers is summarized in just 86 words; It is the criterion of self-cultivation; The first sound of tutoring; For the foundation of governing the country; There is qi in pregnancy; The way of heaven and earth; It' s really a swan song. "
Eighth, he is a calligrapher admired by even book saints.
According to legend, Yuan Xie Tie was copied by Wang Xizhi to Zhuge Liang. Interpretation: mentoring is far away, and the road is difficult to walk; Self-praise is crooked, but fortunately, everyone is safe. Come back, here, and never come back. Nod. Kongming Neng's calligraphy appeared in Xuanhe Pu Shu in the Northern Song Dynasty, and there was only one calligrapher in the Shu and Han Dynasties.
Because Kong Ming personally criticized Cao Wei's Express Mail, the words "Zhuge Liang, Kill the Shu Thief" appeared at the same time by Yuan Xie Tie and Cao Zhen Canbei, which were related to the tactics of transporting troops by the opposing sides in the same war, and the historical facts of the war of going south and going north just echoed from a distance, so the historical value can be imagined. As a "book saint", the value of calligraphy is self-evident.
Nine, he is an example of honest and upright officials, and he has been praised by people for thousands of years.
He lived in a high position all his life, during which he was the prime minister of Shu for thirteen years, which is a very important minister. However, although he holds an important position, he is honest and self-disciplined and has never used his power to seek any personal gain for himself and his children's relatives. This is really commendable. His family style is very good, education encourages children to be quiet and cultivate themselves, and they are indifferent to their ambitions.
Before he died, he wrote the last letter to his former teacher Liu Chan, which said, "My family has 800 mulberry trees in Chengdu, with fertile land 15 hectares. Is my child well-fed? " Take the initiative to report the property situation to the later master and make a good announcement of the property. The situation at that time was that after the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the reunification of Qin, there were wars for years and the population was sparse. According to this regulation, every adult man must cultivate one hectare of land. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, warlords scuffled, and the population dropped sharply, with fewer people and more people. As a prime minister, Zhuge Liang's land is thin, 15 hectares, not much. Zhuge Liang never ran a commercial entity in his life, and supported his family on his own salary. He is neither greedy nor gluttonous, nor does he want to fatten himself up. He can only maintain the "well-off" level of "no surplus silk inside, no money outside", devote himself to the country and do his duty for the people, and his ideology and morality have been praised by generations.
His honesty and self-discipline of "I am frugal, but the people dare not be extravagant" has played a positive role among officials in central Sichuan. The social atmosphere in central Sichuan advocates frugality, and officials' frugality and clean government level have improved rapidly. Jiang Weijia, a general, not only has many disadvantages, but also is rich in money. He Dong was once the magistrate of Yizhou County (Jinning, Yunnan Province) and is known as the "treasure house". Since the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, he served as the magistrate of Yizhou County, "all rich to ten" and made a fortune. Dong He is also "doing his own work", participating in handling the confidential affairs of the North Korean government, with great power. However, Dong He is always honest and frugal. He was an official for more than 20 years, and "there was no money at home when he died." The general's military expenditure is "if the family does not accumulate wealth, the children will make clothes and vegetables, and they will not go in and out by car, which is no different from ordinary people." Deng Zhi, a general riding a car, has been an official for more than 20 years. "When he died, his wife was inevitably hungry and cold, and there was no money at home." .
He has noble personality charm and his loyalty is immortal.
He warned his son in the Commandment: "A gentleman's journey is quiet and self-cultivation, and frugality is self-cultivation. If he does not live, he will have no ambition, and if he is quiet, he will have no distance." Husbands must learn to be quiet; You must study. If you don't learn, you can't be versatile, and if you don't want to learn, you can't succeed. Promiscuity can't be energetic, and danger can't be cured. Time keeps pace with the times, meaning keeps pace with the day, and then it becomes withered, which is not enough to meet the world. It will be very sad to stay in poverty! "The book of commandments is also 86 words, which puts forward the fundamental principle of being a man and governing the country, and the principle of self-cultivation. The character of a person with both ability and political integrity is to settle down and come to Xiu De, scrimp and save, come to Xiu De, cultivate good relationships, read more books, see the world, not deliberately pursue fame and fortune, and not go with the flow. Zhuge Liang is a model of practicing this requirement. Zhuge Liang was loyal to his career, devoted himself to serving the country and displaying his talents, but he never coveted power and fame.
Liu Bei trusts Zhuge Liang very much. "Your talent is only ten times that of xelloss, and you will be able to secure the world and eventually achieve great things. If you adopt a son, you can make it up. " If he is incompetent, you can bear it yourself. "Zhuge Liang said that he would" exhaust his strength, serve the loyalty festival, and then die! "Later, Zhuge Liang assisted the weak leader Liu Chan, tried his best to maintain the official road, tried his best to support the corner of Shu Han, and led six armies out of Qishan Northern Expedition, hoping to complete Liu Bei's last wish to restore the Han Dynasty and unify the whole country. The late master Liu Chan has limited ability, but Zhuge Liang is never proud. " Zhuge Jiliang includes Li Yan and Zhuge Liang Shu. Li Yan advised Zhuge Liang to accept Jiu Xi's record and be crowned king. Zhuge Liang criticized Li Yan in turn and said: You should know me. I won't do anything inhuman. I just want the country to win and enjoy the glory with everyone. Zhuge Liang can serve the country with courtesy and loyalty, and shake the power of the country. How open-minded he is to devote himself wholeheartedly to the cause of the country, regardless of his personal fame and wealth!
In history, he has always appeared in people's hearts with the image of loyalty and wisdom. He was born in troubled times and spent his childhood in turmoil. Later, I moved to Longzhong and kept an eye on the current situation. He visited the thatched cottage, took countermeasures in Longzhong, and even ruled Cao by force, and was ordered to leave Qishan six times. Finally, he died in Wuzhangyuan, and devoted his life to helping the Han family.
His background doomed his failure, but he didn't give up or go with the flow. From the sentence of "devote one's life to death", it is implied that he knows that he may never realize his ideal in his life, but he can't give up trying to do what he thinks is right, even though he knows it is a failure. So he is destined to be a tragic hero. He chose a difficult road, but he firmly believed that his ideal would eventually come true. "Since ancient times, no one has died in life, so death is not terrible. It is terrible to give up ideal death and worthless death." Because of this, he became a "shining star in the historical sky", and because of him, that history was particularly dazzling. For thousands of years, China has experienced many foreign invasions, and finally recovered its lost territory, all because there are people like him in Qian Qian who have the idealistic spirit of pursuing justice and dying in adversity.
When he was named the first batch of historical celebrities in Sichuan, he was evaluated as: Zhuge Liang's indifferent temperament, unswerving sentiment, honest and pragmatic style, cautious spirit from beginning to end, loyalty to the cause, shining with the brilliance of Chinese traditional virtues, bearing the excellent traditional culture of our nation and having our unique spiritual identity. His moral thought and ability to govern the country and the army are important components of our excellent traditional culture. For more than a thousand years after his death, he was remembered and praised by people from all walks of life. This kind of memory and admiration expresses appreciation for the traditional virtues of the Chinese nation and embodies the historical view, ethics, value orientation and aesthetic taste formed by our nation in thousands of years of struggle. (Text/Chinese)
(Zhuge Liang calligraphy. )
Original works, all forms of reprinting are declined.