Positive
When Qin Shihuang was in power, he annexed six countries and sent troops to explore the north and south. In history, it is said that "a hundred miles of land bows down" and "a thousand miles north". According to the map of the Warring States Period, the territory is almost twice that controlled by the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period. Moreover, Qin Shihuang "set up a county" and paid attention to the rule and system construction of conquered land, unlike other contemporary conquerors such as Alexander of Macedonia or Rome, which only paid attention to conquest but not to system construction; Thus stabilized the unified land rule and laid the foundation for the present Chinese territory. Later generations thought that "his contribution was greater than Qin Huang's Hanwu". Qin Shihuang is ahead of Han Wudi in martial arts, which is unparalleled in history. Today, the English name for China, China, also evolved from the Roman word Chin, which shows the influence of the Qin Empire from one side.
Since Shang Yang's political reform, Qin attached great importance to the rule of law. Qin Shihuang inherited this tradition and admired Han Fei, a legalist figure. He once lamented that "if you walk with him, you will have no hatred." Reward and punish generals according to law. Although Qin Shihuang was autocratic and thought that "we rule the world", he still ruled the country according to law in the Qin Dynasty. Chen Sheng and the uprising, the reason is that "Qin law is harsh", and its crime is capital crime, so it has to be reversed, but the law forces the people to rebel. Nor is it like the "Zhumen wine stinks and frozen bones" in later generations. Because of serious corruption, officials forced the people to rebel. Later Confucianism advocated the rule of man, but not by law. A word was decided by the monarch, but the wind of rule by man and flattery still exists today.
Qin Shihuang initiated the post station system and built post roads. It laid a technical foundation for the decree access of the huge empire and the resulting county-based imperial power country. "Building a post road and establishing a county" is a necessary condition for China to adopt the advanced county system to replace the western enfeoffment system. At the same time, Rome can't effectively control the occupied areas, and there is only one powerful governor (the governor is in charge of the military and political power of a place, all of whom are nobles, and the grass-roots organizations rely on the original local organizations), which is still similar to the enfeoffment system, which is a very important reason for the later division of the Roman Empire. The county system is a civilian system, and its military and political leaders are appointed by the emperor. According to their political achievements, their military achievements can be raised or lowered and leveled, which leads to the emergence of professional bureaucrats and professional soldiers. Professional bureaucrats and professional soldiers can come from civilians, and county bureaucrats effectively protect the rights of civilians (Brazzaville) to participate in the discussion of state affairs (such as Reese and Meng Ao). It's all cloth, only according to the military). Compared with the feudal aristocratic politics, it is undoubtedly a great historical progress. This is the origin of the civil service system and the military system in modern countries.
The Qin Empire established by Qin Shihuang laid the foundation that China's political system was more advanced than that of the West in recent 1700 years. China, the so-called "Han inherited the Qin system", "Since Qin, its system has not changed" and "Hundreds of generations still follow the Qin law and govern", basically followed the Qin system in the political system for two thousand years in the imperial power era.
Li Bai's "Antique" poem: "Qin Wang sweeps Liuhe, he looks at him!" Sang Hongyang's exposition affirmed Qin Shihuang's achievement in unifying China. Zhang Taiyan of the Qing Dynasty also praised Qin Shihuang in his Qin Zhengji written in 19 13.
Negative; Negative; Negative; negative
Because Qin Shihuang promoted the Legalist theory of "ruling the country according to law", and later the rulers of China promoted the Confucian theory with benevolence and the golden mean as the core. Therefore, Qin Shihuang often appears as a negative example in various essays and historical records. Such as Jia Yi's On Qin and so on.
"Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor" Qin Wang was greedy for money, self-motivated, did not believe in merit, did not kiss the gentry, abolished the royal power, established private rights, prohibited documents from cooling the law, and bullied power before righteousness, which began with tyranny.
Jia Yi's "On Qin": One person is in trouble for seven temples, and his body is dead and his hands are dead. What is the joke of the whole world? Be merciless, and the offensive and defensive trends are different.
Qin Shihuang was regarded as a tyrant by many historians, and he would do anything for power [14].
The Great Wall of Wan Li, Qin Chi Road, Lingqu, Epang Palace and the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor are all huge in scale, and the population of the whole country is under construction. Many documents denounced that many people were killed or injured in the construction process, but on the other hand, it further developed the transportation in various places and made contributions to the future transportation, economy and trade and the integration of various ethnic groups. Therefore, whether Qin Shihuang's achievements are great or too great has always been a point of debate in the history circle.
Mao Zedong commented on Qin Shihuang
(1) Qin Shihuang is an expert in the past and present.
(2) On one occasion, he said to Zhang: You said that the * * * production party was equal to Qin Shihuang, and you were wrong more than a hundred times.
(3) Confucius and Mencius are idealists, Xunzi is materialist and Confucian leftist. Confucius represents slave owners and nobles. Xunzi represents the landlord class. He added: In the history of China, the real doer was Qin Shihuang, and Confucius only talked empty words. For thousands of years, Confucius became a mere formality, but actually acted according to Qin Shihuang. Qin Shihuang used students from Lisi, Legalist and Xunzi.
(4) Confucius has some advantages, but not very good. We should be fair. Qin Shihuang was much greater than Confucius. Confucius is empty talk. Qin Shihuang was the first person to unify China. It not only unified China politically, but also unified China's writing and various systems in China, such as weights and measures, some of which are still in use today. No second feudal monarch in China has surpassed him, but he has been scolded for thousands of years.
(5) I advise you to scold Qin Shihuang less and discuss the reasons for burning the pit. The ancestral dragon's soul is still dead in Qin, and Confucius' scientific name is high. EMI is good at Qin politics and law, but ten batches are not good articles. Be familiar with the feudal theory of the Tang Dynasty, and don't return to King Wen from zihou. Politicians of all ages have made great achievements, and legalists were all in the early feudal society. These people advocate the rule of law and beheading if they break the law. They advocate respecting the present and cherishing the past. Confucianism is full of benevolence and morality, full of thieves and prostitutes, and all advocate respecting the past and cherishing the present.
(6) Qin Shihuang was the first famous emperor in China feudal society, and I was also Qin Shihuang. Lin Biao called me Qin Shihuang, and China has always been divided into two factions, one saying that Qin Shihuang is good and the other saying that Qin Shihuang is bad. I agree with Qin Shihuang, but I disagree with Confucius. Because Qin Shihuang was the first to unify China, unified the writing and built a broad road. He did not use a country within a country, but a centralized system. The central government sent people to various places and changed them every few years. There was no hereditary system.
Emperor Wu of the Second Han Dynasty
On the one hand, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ended the pro-Xiongnu policy since the Battle of Mayi in 133 and began to formally declare war on Xiongnu. Li Guang, Wei Qing and Huo Qubing were sent to conquer, which relieved the threat of Xiongnu, expanded the territory of the western regions, put Xiongnu in a passive position and ensured the economic and cultural development of the north. At the same time, Yelang and Nanyue regimes in the south were eliminated, and seven regimes were established in the southwest. At the same time, he sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions, which opened up the famous Silk Road, further strengthened his rule over the Western Regions and developed economic and cultural exchanges between China and the West. In the northeast, he sent troops to destroy Weishi Korea (now northern Korea) and set up four counties, namely Le Lang, Xuantu, Lintun and Fan Zhen, and the territory of the Han Empire was basically formed.
In the later period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, due to the constant use of troops against Xiongnu and the Western Regions, as well as the profligacy of meditation and worship of gods and immortals, the corvee was aggravated and taxes were increased, which led to the bankruptcy and exile of a large number of farmers. In the second year of Tian Han (the first 99 years), peasant uprisings of different scales broke out in Qi, Chu, Yan, Zhao and Nanyang. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, who knew his destiny, also felt the consequences of his political decision-making mistakes in his later years. At the same time, appease the refugees and award the "crime of wheel platform" on the wheel platform. "Since I acceded to the throne, what I have done is crazy and makes the world sad. I can't regret it. Let those who have harmed the people and ruined the world from today! " Admit a mistake. Therefore, the world is gradually returning to harmony. It laid the foundation for the prosperity of Zhao Xuan Zhongxing.
old age
In 88 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty asked the painter to draw a picture of the Duke of Zhou as a dynasty vassal and give it to Huo Guang, which means that Huo Guang assisted his youngest son Liu Fuling as emperor. In order to prevent the young mother of the Prince from repeating the mistakes of Lv Hou's weighing system, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty executed her under a malicious excuse. In 87 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty died and was buried in Maoling. This temple is called Sejong.
No.3 Yu Xiang
Xiang Yu (232 BC-202 BC) was born in Xia Xiang (now Suqian, Jiangsu). The grandson of Xiang Yan, a famous Chu star, the leader of the peasant uprising in ancient China, a famous strategist and the strongest military commander in history! No, it's overlord Chu. After Chu's death, the Xiang clan was massacred, and he and his younger brother Xiang Zhuang went into exile with their uncle Xiang Liang in Wuzhong (now Suzhou, Jiangsu). When he was young, Xiang Liang asked someone to teach him calligraphy and poetry, but he soon got tired of it. Hou Liang asked someone to teach him martial arts again, but he didn't learn it quickly. Liang is furious! Ji said: "Learning literature can only remember names, and learning martial arts can only be worth one hundred. If you want to learn, learn from ten thousand enemies! " So Liang taught him the art of war. But after studying for a while, he didn't want to learn, so Liang had to let him go. He is eight feet tall and can carry a tripod. When he was young, he was ambitious. When Qin Shihuang visited Zhejiang (now Qiantang River), Xiang Yu saw his horses and chariots in awe and blurted out, "He can replace him (I can replace him)." In the first year of Qin Ershi (2009), Chen Sheng and Guangwu rose up in osawa, and Xiang Yu responded with Xiang Liang's assassination of Yin Tong, the satrap, and sending troops to Wuzhong. In this campaign, Xiang Yu single-handedly killed nearly 100 guards of Yintong, showing his unparalleled martial arts for the first time! Twenty-four-year-old Xiang Yu was thus pushed onto the historical stage by the storm of the people's uprising.
Fourth place Wu Zetian
Wu Zetian was the first and only female emperor in the history of China. In today's open modern society, it is not easy for a woman to be above ten thousand people, not to mention that thousands of years ago, in a male-centered environment, she was quite successful in office. Surprisingly, she had to be deeply admired. As for unofficial history, there are countless legends about her harem life, which is even more attractive.
Wu Zetian was a gifted scholar in Li Shimin of Emperor Taizong and the queen of Li Zhi of Tang Gaozong. Taizong called it "Mei Niang". She assisted Emperor Gaozong in handling military affairs. After managing state affairs for 30 years, she ascended the throne and claimed to be the emperor of the Holy Spirit. She abolished Tang, changed her name to Zhou, and became the only queen in the history of China. From her participation in the court affairs, claiming to be the emperor, to her illness, moving to Yang Palace, and being in power for nearly half a century, she inherited the "rule of Zhenguan" and opened up the "prosperous era of Kaiyuan", which is known as the "legacy of Zhenguan". As Soong Ching Ling sincerely commented on her, Wu Zetian was "an outstanding female politician in feudal times".
Wu Zetian was born in the early Tang Dynasty, a rich and prominent official family. Her prominent power and luxurious life nourished her infinite desire for power. However, the gentry's family style prevailed in the early Tang Dynasty, and she was born in cloth and humble origins, which made her despised by the secular and unwilling to bury her. This special situation and experience strongly stimulated Wu Zetian when she was young, and cultivated her desire to pursue and seize the highest power arrogantly, to achieve obedience, and to ruthlessly retaliate against all unscrupulous means. This is particularly prominent in a series of political struggles after she entered politics, and even called herself an orphan in the south, which became an uneven achievement in her life. Moral, personality and psychological roots.
Fifth place Zhu Yuanzhang
Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang. Formerly known as Chongba, it was later named Xingzong. Haozhou (now east of Fengyang County, Anhui Province) is a native of Taiping Township. When he was young, he was very poor and once became a monk in Huang Jue Temple. At the age of 25, he joined the Red Scarf Army led by Guo Zixing to resist the tyranny of Mongolian Yuan. After Guo's death, he commanded Guo Department and served as deputy marshal left. Subsequently, he continued to be promoted by virtue of his military exploits. In the seventh year (136 1), Longfeng was named the Duke of Wu, and in the tenth year he called himself the King of Wu. In the 28th year of Yuan Dynasty (1368), after basically defeating the peasant rebels and the remnants of Yuan Dynasty, he proclaimed himself emperor in Nanjing, with the titles Daming and Hongwu, and established a unified feudal regime throughout the country. During his reign, in order to alleviate the sharp and complicated class contradictions, ethnic contradictions and contradictions among various groups within the ruling class, he implemented a series of policies conducive to social progress, such as resisting foreign aggression, innovating politics, developing production and stabilizing people's livelihood, and vigorously strengthened the centralized rule of monarchy in politics, economy, military and ideology. In line with this, in terms of legal thought, I think that "I will kill China" in view of all kinds of disadvantages caused by lax law and discipline at the end of the Yuan Dynasty.
Sixth place Gan Long.
The Qing dynasty ruled China for nearly 300 years, and began to make a fortune in 16 16. The founding country number is Qing 1636, and the entry time is 1646. The Revolution of 1911 195438+0 overthrew the dominant position.
Not to mention Taizong and Taizong, from Shunzhi, Kangxi, Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang, Xianfeng, Tongzhi and Guangxu to Xuan Tong 10, Kangxi was a famous monarch who reigned for 6 1 year, creating a prosperous time for Kanggan. However, people seem to have a misunderstanding about Ganlong. They always thought that he had brought the Qing Empire into a prosperous era, and a generation of famous emperors. Some netizens even listed him as one of the most successful emperors in ancient China, hehe, "unjust case"!
You know, Kangxi created the prosperity of Kanggan, and Yongzheng carried it forward. Qianlong just enjoys success and even squanders it. He went to Jiangnan several times to indulge in womanhood, used military funds to empty the treasury many times, and held birthday banquets for his mother and himself, all of which led to the emptiness of the Qing treasury and its far-reaching harm.
More importantly, corrupt officials and gentry are reused. This is because Na Wei also holds important positions in the imperial court, such as minister of military affairs, head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, minister of official affairs and minister of household affairs. Under one person, there are more than10,000 people, and party members are all over the government. At that time, there was a corrupt and profligate atmosphere all over the country, which made Yong Zhengdi's clean and honest political style gone forever, and the impact was even more serious.
Facing the western emissary, posing as a frog in the well, ignorant and backward, what is smart, smart! Messing with calligraphy and painting, collecting treasures, doing nothing.
Qianlong abdicated, took control of state affairs as the emperor's father, and continued to be the umbrella of corrupt officials until his death. As the saying goes, "When the gentry falls, Jiaqing is full", it can be seen that a corrupt official's family is richer than the national treasury. Since then, the Qing Dynasty has declined, and China has lagged behind the West for nearly a hundred years.