Emperor Kangxi loved calligraphy since childhood, but he really began to practice calligraphy in his twenties. Since the banquet in the tenth year of Kangxi, lecturers Xiong Cilv and Fu Dali have arranged the lecture contents according to the requirements of "Learning of the Emperor", and only paid attention to the meaning of the fourth chapter of the lecture, but did not agree that the emperor should concentrate on learning to write.
In February of the eleventh year, Emperor Kangxi called Fu Dali to the Maoqin Hall and said, "As for the leisure of listening to politics, there is no shortage of cold and heat, only reading and writing." Then I started writing lines for him. Fu Dali said: "The emperor's calligraphy is perfect, but the study of emperors is different from that of Confucian scholars.
Writing has nothing to do with this, for fear of exhausting the Eucharist. "Emperor Kangxi said," Honesty is not here. I don't specialize in calligraphy either, but I like calligraphy in my spare time. Tell me what you know. "
/kloc-in February of 0/6, Emperor Kangxi took the opportunity to pacify the war of San Francisco, and had a new idea of governing the country. While advocating Neo-Confucianism, he openly proposed to "cultivate culture and education" and use literature and calligraphy to shape his "elegance", so he ordered Hanlin officials to submit "poems, rhymes and cursive scripts" from time to time for research.
At that time, Master Zhan's Zhan Shenquan was famous for his excellent calligraphy. Emperor Kangxi often called him to Mao to discuss calligraphy, and asked him to write big characters, small characters, cursive scripts and hundreds of surnames, which were presented for imitation. I was also told: "I know calligraphy very well, so I am good at calligraphy, so I write all kinds of calligraphy in time."
In June+10 of this year, Emperor Kangxi said to the university students Le Dehong and Mingzhu, "I look at the handwriting from time to time, but there are no knowledgeable people in my office, so I can't cope with the lecture. Today I want to choose two people who are knowledgeable and good at writing in Hanlin. I have been serving around and paying attention to literary significance. "
After careful consideration, finally, Zhang Ying and Gao Shiqi were selected to join the South Study Room to practice calligraphy with them. In order to make it easier for him to call from time to time, he was also ordered to live in the imperial city.
These works have obvious political tendencies.
Twenty-one years ago, Emperor Kangxi was basically in the stage of tracing and learning other people's calligraphy. Since then, his calligraphy has gradually matured. For the next 40 years, he insisted on writing and frequently presented poems, inscriptions, plaques, watches and fans. Going to his adjutant or passing place became an important part of Emperor Kangxi's political life.
Most of Kangxi Emperor's calligraphy works have clear political inclination and significance, except for celebrating the New Year and visiting historical sites. First, it clearly reflects the ideological tendency of worshipping Confucianism and attaching importance to education. Emperor Kangxi's admiration for Neo-Confucianism can be seen in calligraphy.
For example, on May 20th of 16, the lecturers Lashali, Ai, received one copy of "Shen" in regular script and one copy of "Wu Ge" in cursive script.
5438+065438+June1October, 2003, Emperor Kangxi inspected the Southern Confucius Temple, placed a plaque on Dacheng Hall, and ordered the scholar and Wang Qian to declare that "the most sacred virtue is the glory of heaven, earth, sun and moon."
I have been studying Confucian classics and thinking about the best way. I want to praise them, but I can't quote them In the book Teachers for All Ages, in the hanging room, Feiyun expounded the sacred religion and showed the future. "
Second, vigorously commend loyal ministers and honest officials. It is the consistent practice of Emperor Kangxi to commend loyal officials and reward honest officials by means of royal inscriptions, plaques and hand scrolls. It is reported that he personally wrote an inscription for Fan and Ma Xiong who were unyielding victims in the "San Francisco" and for Fan's temple book "Loyalty and Soldiers Day" in Fuzhou.
There are also many examples of praising honest officials and honest officials through calligraphy. In 23 years 1 1 month, Emperor Kangxi gave Yu Chenglong a county magistrate.
As early as copying calligraphy, he realized the unique role of calligraphy in communicating the relationship between monarch and minister from the situation that ministers around him attached importance to his calligraphy. This is the main reason why he will continue to write plaques, inscriptions and calligraphy scrolls for ministers in the future, and it has gradually become an important part of his political life.
For example, in August of February1year, university students Du Lide and Feng Pu returned to their hometowns successively, and Emperor Kangxi personally wrote imperial poems and scrolls of Tang poems to show "kindness and care". Emperor Kangxi also presented a large number of calligraphy works accumulated daily to ministers.
For example, in May of April1year, Emperor Kangxi sent more than 40 people, such as university students, Jiuqing, Hanlin, James, Taoist officials, etc.1year, to the Baohe Hall and awarded the title of Imperial Book respectively.
Fourth, it embodies the idea of appeasement to overseas countries. On August 20 1 1, the Qing court sent Wang Ji and others to Ryukyu to reward the monarch. Emperor Kangxi ordered his envoys to be "magnanimous, tolerant of others, and take me as the deputy", and at the same time wrote four big characters "Zhongshan is the best place in the world" as a gift to the Ryukyu King, and educated his countries by radio.
In April of the following year, The Cabinetshi Read Mingtu and others went to Annan for a reward, and Emperor Kangxi awarded Li Wang the four characters of "loyalty, filial piety and righteousness". The Japanese lecturer said: "With this, Annan got it, which made Wan Li desolate and saw the virtue of the holy dynasty." Although the minister's words were exaggerated, they generally revealed the intention of Emperor Kangxi to give books.
The ingenious use of "book" embodies the superb ruling art.
Emperor Kangxi's calligraphy activities are far from mutual appreciation and harmony among ordinary literati, but have rich political connotations, which has become an important means for him to close the relationship between monarch and minister and implement his political intentions and ruling thoughts.
Emperor Kangxi's calligraphy activities, like his "learning officials" and "six trips to the south of the Yangtze River", successfully attracted Han scholars, improved the relationship between Manchu and Han, and won the recognition of the Han people to the emperor himself and Manchu rule to the greatest extent.
Emperor Kangxi's personal administration, especially after the San Francisco Rebellion, deeply realized that besides vigorously promoting the policy of respecting Confucius and teaching, the most important thing is to master and master the culture of the Han people in order to continue the orthodoxy and governance of the Han people.
Solve the contradiction between Manchu and Han fundamentally. Therefore, he was determined to shape his elegance, and the most important measure he took was to devote himself to studying literature and calligraphy.
In the history of China, calligraphy had a far-reaching impact on the literati society. The quality of a person's calligraphy is an important reference for his ideological depth and style. Emperor Kangxi found that his increasing calligraphy level made ministers, especially Han civil servants, admire him, and the awarding of calligraphy works made them even more grateful.
As a result, calligraphy works have become important items for civil servants. Emperor Kangxi and Han Guan also established a harmonious and pleasant relationship between monarch and minister through frequent rewards. Relying on the ancient calligraphy art, Emperor Kangxi found a new connection point and a bridge to communicate feelings with Han literati, and he quickly won the general recognition of Han literati.
Emperor Kangxi once said that he "has a little leisure in politics, which is a good way to write books". A large number of historical data show that his calligraphy activities mainly focus on improving the relationship between Manchu and Han, while his shooting activities mainly focus on maintaining the relationship between Manchu and Mongolia and preserving the martial spirit of his nation forever.
"Book" and "Shooting" are typical representations of his martial arts, and the clever use of "book" just reflects his superb ruling art.