However, the explanation of these six aspects should not be rigid, but should be flexibly mastered according to the needs of the article. Time and place don't have to be pointed out directly, but sometimes they can be expressed indirectly by describing the characteristics and changes of natural scenery. For example, "the cock crows" means that it will be dawn soon; "The sun is about to set in the west", which means at night, and so on.
2. Write things thoroughly and specifically, and highlight the key points. In the six aspects of narrative, the cause, process and result are the most important links. If you want to write things clearly, you should write the cause, process and result of things in the narrative, especially the process of things, leaving a complete and profound impression on people.
3. The narrative should be clear. Everything has a process of occurrence, development and result. If described in the order of development, the organization of the article will be clear.
After determining the narrative order, we should also arrange the paragraph level. Proper segmentation can make the article clear. In order to maintain the coherence of the narrative, we must think carefully about what the article should write first, then what to write, and then what to write, and sort out the outline of the narrative. When writing a narrative, we must consider which to write first and which to write later, and arrange the narrative order, otherwise it will be chaotic and disorganized.
So, how to arrange the narrative order to make the article clear?
1, use sequence.
Sequential narration refers to the narration according to the sequence of events. In this way, we can describe the development process from beginning to end, and the ins and outs are very clear. The levels and paragraphs written in chronological order of an article are basically consistent with the process of the occurrence and development of things.
There is a time sequence, a law of development of things, and a spatial transformation. In narratives, most of them are in the order of time and the order of the development law of things.
When narrating in chronological order, we must strictly arrange the order and write the narrative time clearly. In real life, nothing will happen suddenly, it always has a process of occurrence and development. Therefore, the author often narrates according to the development law of the occurrence, development, climax and ending of things, and the level of the article is clear and clear.
Of course, some articles are relatively simple, and there is no need to write about the four levels of the process (occurrence, development, climax and ending).
2. Use flashbacks.
Flashback is to tell the ending of an event or the most prominent fragment in front, and then tell it from the beginning of the event.
It should be pointed out that when using flashback writing, we must pay attention to explaining the starting point and ending point of flashback, and there should be obvious boundaries and necessary text transition between flashback and flashback. If these places are not handled well, the context of the article is unclear and the clues are unclear, which will affect the expression of the content.
3. Use interpolation.
Interpolation refers to the narration of another thing that needs to be interrupted temporarily because of a clue in the process of narrating the central event.
It should be pointed out that the use of interpolation should not disturb the original narrative clues, but should pay attention to the connection with the context. In this way, the structure of the article is not only varied, but also describes things very clearly.
Some students saw other students write some good articles and exclaimed, "I am familiar with these contents, why can't I write them!" " "This question is worth pondering. To put it bluntly, it is because you lack the ability to write profound meanings from small things. In life, there are few earth-shattering events, and most people experience ordinary little things. From ancient times to the present, there are countless good articles, most of which are trivial things. A Dream of Red Mansions is about the official life of a big bureaucrat in feudal society. These trivial things in life can be said to be ordinary in that family, but the ideological significance it reflects is profound and has become a world-recognized masterpiece.
So, how to write a profound meaning from small things?
1, improve the ideological level and exercise a pair of good eyesight.
Cameras can take pictures, and so can human eyes. However, people, after all, are different from cameras, and their eyes choose the lens with emotion. Observers should have a certain level of thinking. Only in this way can we see the inner layer of things and find the profound meaning contained in them.
2. Think deeply, analyze and dig to find out the profound meaning of things.
In daily life, we should pay more attention to everything and think deeply as much as possible, not only pay attention to its appearance, but also dig its essence and find out its ins and outs. Only in this way can you have a sensitive mind and keen eyes to dig and discover the profound meaning contained in things.
3. Write things in a certain background.
Background is the environment of the times, which refers to social changes and political dynamics. A small matter, when viewed alone, is unremarkable. If it is related to the background where it happened, it is unusual.
4. The high notes of "thing" and "meaning" should be correct.
Writing a profound meaning from a trivial matter is easy to make the mistake that the high notes of "thing" and "meaning" are inaccurate, often subjectively (meaning) is "deep" and objectively (thing) appears thin. Therefore, when we write in detail, we should avoid making the mistake of "exaggerating" at will when reminding the meaning of things.
There is an essay entitled "Festival Morning", which describes the happy breakfast of a family. The end result is: after breakfast, I opened the door and saw people wearing beautiful new clothes, rushing to the bustling streets and bright tomorrow in groups of three or five.
At the end of this passage, there is a problem of "exaggerating" the ideological significance of the article. If breakfast is written, it shows that people's living standards are improving step by step under the leadership of the * * * production party, but if it is linked with "a bright * * production tomorrow", the tenon of "thing" and "meaning" is not appropriate.
In short, as long as we improve our ideological level, think deeply about what we hear or see, know its meaning, recognize its value, and write in a specific environment, we can write profound meanings from small things.
Many students either hand in their compositions in their wallets or offer their seats to women with children. Either write to help classmates make up lessons, or write to send lost children home ... in short, they all write "bad" materials. Therefore, Chinese teachers often write similar comments at the back of their compositions: the selection of materials is outdated, and I hope to choose novel and unique materials in the future.
So, how can we choose novel and unique materials?
1, find it from your own life
Many students are not looking for materials in their own lives, but hearsay, or narrative and description from the concept. Remember good deeds and always write "Pick up my wallet", "Give up my seat" and "Make up lessons for others", regardless of whether this matter has been experienced or not. How can such content give people a refreshing feeling?
In fact, each of us lives in a different environment and has different hobbies and experiences. If you can take your unique experience as the content of selecting materials, then the materials you choose must be unique, fresh and vivid.
2. People who want to live.
I often hear some students say that we are students, living in poverty, and we can't see anything new and unique to remember. It is a fact that students' lives are not wide. Expanding the choice of composition requires us to contact life as widely as possible. So is it because our classmates live in a small circle, so there is no fresh and unique material to write? That's not true. As long as you have a conscience in your life, you will have unique materials for you to choose from. I'm afraid everyone who lives in the city has seen old people dancing disco. However, some students turned a blind eye and even let such materials slip away from their noses.
3. Choose a new angle to make ordinary materials shine.
Generally speaking, students' life circle is very small, including family, classroom and playground. Very few people come into contact, including family members, teachers and classmates. When students are writing, what they say is often common. Is there nothing new about ordinary materials? That's not true. As long as we use our brains and change the narrative angle of common materials, we will also shine brilliantly.
4. Open your mind and broaden your horizons.
A considerable number of students are narrow-minded and only pay attention to good people and deeds, and the material of the composition can never be developed. If our classmates project their observation eyes into the whole life, good people and bad people will see it, and the material of the composition will be rich and colorful.
The statue of Balzac, the great writer, is on display at the Paris Museum of Art, France. Strangely, his statue has no hands. Where are his hands? It was cut by artist Rodin with an axe. Why did Rodin cut off the hand of Balzac statue? It turned out that in the middle of the night, Rodin finally finished the statue of Balzac and was very satisfied. He woke up the students all night to admire the statue. His students looked at the statue over and over again. Later, their eyes gradually focused on the hand of the statue: Balzac's hands were folded on his chest, which was very realistic. The students couldn't help saying, "Great, teacher, I've never seen such magical hands!" " "Rodin's smile on his face disappeared. He suddenly went to the corner of the studio, picked up a big axe, went straight to the statue and cut off his "perfect hands".
Rodin's statue is to show Balzac's spirit and temperament, but now the hand (secondary part) is prominent. When people look at the statue, they only appreciate the perfection of their hands and ignore the main content. So Rodin cut off the hands of the statue to highlight its significance.
Sculpture is like this, so is writing. Only by arranging detailed writing and sketching around the center can the narrative focus be highlighted.
Then, in the process of narration, how to properly arrange the writing and sketching of details?
1, the occurrence and result of things should be briefly described, and the development process of things should be written in detail. When things happen, they often explain the time, place, people and reasons, and the result part of things is often to write the ending or point out the center of things. They are only side details in the whole thing, or in the whole article, so write them briefly. The development process of things is the main part of the whole thing or the whole article, which often embodies the central idea, so it should be written in detail.
2, a little face narrative, "face" written slightly, "point" written in detail. To be more comprehensive, the content on the "surface" is often to render the atmosphere, explain the background and play a comparative role. The content on the "point" is often the focus of the article. It directly reflects the central idea, so it should be written in detail. What needs to be explained here is that in the article, when paying attention to the details, you can't ignore the omitted parts. Although it is only a few strokes, if used well, it can play the role of "green leaves reflect red", highlight key points and express the theme of the article.
An article is like an ordinary machine. The paragraphs in the article are like large and small parts in a machine. These parts not only take care of each other, but also need small parts to connect. The paragraphs in the article also need to take care of each other, and also need some "small parts", that is, transitional paragraphs and transitional sentences, to connect them naturally and closely. Otherwise, the article will appear fragmented. So when writing an article, we must pay attention to the transition and care between paragraphs.
Generally speaking, narrative needs transition in the following situations:
1. It takes a transition to change from one thing to another.
2. Changes in narrative time require transition.
3. When flashback is converted to direct sequence, conversion is required.
4. Transition is needed at the beginning and end of interpolation.
Generally speaking, after the narrative content is written, we should pay attention to the connection with the original narrative clues. There are three kinds of reference situations in narrative:
1, titled Concern. In the narrative process, what we write must be to the point and coordinated with the title of the article.
2. Echo from beginning to end. The beginning and end of the article echo at a distance, which can make the article compact.
3. Care before and after. An article, the front content and the back content should take care of each other.
In a word, transition and care are essential in narration and must not be ignored in writing.
How should I start writing an article? How did it end? No one will ask the police this question, because the police don't teach Chinese, which has little to do with him. However, there is a foreign humor that someone asked the police for tips on reporting crimes, and the police finally told the "doorway".
The full text is extracted as follows:
Someone asked the police about reporting skills. The police said, "When reporting a case, we must first have confidence. The beginning of reporting a case should be as dramatic as catching a prisoner; The middle of the report should be as orderly as interrogating prisoners; The end of the report should be as concise and clear as the judgment. "
After reading this humor, students may laugh. Some people laugh that people who "report to the police" borrow hearing from the deaf or ask the blind for directions. Some laughed at the police: "I don't know how to pretend to understand, it's nonsense." In fact, the tips of foreign police for writing reports are also applicable to writing articles. The so-called beginning should be "dramatic", that is, the beginning should be beautiful; The so-called ending should be "concise and lively", that is, the ending should be crisp and powerful.
● The main ways to achieve a "good start" are:
1, describing the cause of the incident. For example, the composition of "Sideline" begins with the following words: "The cleaning has just ended, and I don't know which' wicked ghost' left a small group of waste paper in the corridor of grade five." At the beginning of the article, it is the cause of the quarrel between the army and Niuniu, which has the power to grab people's attention.
2. Describe the environment and set off the atmosphere. For example, in the composition "The Wind", the author described the fierceness of the wind at the beginning: "Walking on the road, the wind will blow me away." Even "the big poplar trees at the intersection in front are blown to stagger and make a' swish' sound ..." The article begins by explaining the harsh environment on the way to school, precisely to meet the needs of expressing the central idea and to enhance the appeal.
3, exciting and charming. For example, in an interesting nature lesson, the author wrote at the beginning: "As soon as the bell stopped, Mr. Ma came into the classroom with a lot of fur, silk handkerchief, glass rods and rubber rods." What on earth is Teacher Ma going to do? Don't you want to see it?
Cut to the chase and get to the point. For example, in the essay "Lei Feng came to the sports ground", the author wrote at the beginning: "The 13th school track and field meeting is over. At the summary meeting, teachers and classmates praised an unknown' Lei Feng'. " This is straightforward, attracting readers' attention to the central idea at once and playing a leading role in the full text.
● The main ways to achieve "strong ending" are:
1, explain the end of the event. For example, an interesting science class ends like this:
When the bell rang and the students reluctantly put down the experiment, they couldn't help complaining: "Why is this class so short!" "
This development follows the plot, ending the full text with the end of the event, neatly, and the article will end as soon as the event is over.
2. The language is implicit and thought-provoking. In the narrative, the author writes profound and implicit conclusions with unique knowledge and understanding, trying to be meaningful and thought-provoking.
The ending echoes the beginning. Taking care of the beginning at the end can make the article well-structured and seamless.
4. Point to the end of the article and highlight the center. Punctuating the topic at the end of the article is like making the finishing point. If this "eye" is well pointed, it will make the whole article shine. The finishing touch can help readers understand the profound meaning of the full text and leave a deep impression on people.
Guiding students to read narratives should grasp the following aspects:
First, various expressions.
(1) narrative. Understanding the elements and clues of narration is the basic requirement, and at the same time, it is necessary to distinguish the order of narration from the characters.
(2) description. Description is a common way of expression in narrative, which is used to express characters, explain the background, render the atmosphere, express feelings and highlight the center; The description in the explanatory text is to make things more accurate, easy to understand and vivid.
(3) description. Make clear the order of explanation, grasp the characteristics and distinguish the explanation methods.
(4) discussion. Distinguish the elements and ways of discussion, and analyze the role of discussion in narrative.
(5) lyric. Lyrics include direct lyric and indirect lyric. To understand the author's feelings correctly, we must feel the author's feelings from the narration and description of people, things and things.
Two. Clues and functions
The arrangement of article clues usually has the following forms:
1, with the theme as the clue. 2. Take people as clues. 3. Take events as clues. 4. Take the central event as a clue. 5. Take "love" as a clue.
Function: It runs through the context of the full text, organically links the characters and events in the text, and makes the article coherent.
Three. Narrative sequence and its function
1, chronological order (in order of development)
Function: The narrative has a beginning and an end, which is clear, clear and impressive to read.
2, flashback (write the results first, then explain what happened before. )
Function: arouse suspense, attract readers, avoid dull narration and enhance the vividness of the article.
3. Interpolation (interrupt the clue and insert another related thing during narration. )
Function: complement and set off the plot, enrich the image and highlight the center.
Fourth, how to analyze the writing characteristics of narrative?
1, analyze the expression of the article. Mainly narrative, comprehensive use of description, lyricism, discussion and other expressions.
2. Analyze the order and structure of the article. The commonly used narrative order is sequence, flashback and interpolation.
3. Analyze the expression of the article. Commonly used narrative techniques include contrast, suppression, symbol, metaphor, scene blending and so on.
4. Analyze the language features of the article. There are two narratives in the use of language, one is unpretentious and the other is beautiful and vivid. When analyzing, we should grasp the characteristics of different types of languages and combine the author's feelings and attitudes.
You can choose from the following statements:
Simple, vivid, fresh and beautiful, concise, accurate and rigorous, incisive and profound, easy to understand, harmonious in rhyme and strong in rhythm. Note: Be sure to analyze it in combination with specific sentences.
5. What is the function of a sentence in the article?
Structure: quote the full text, summarize the above, pave the way for the below, cause the below, connect the preceding with the following, sort out the mess, and take care of the front.
Content: Point out the center and deepen the theme. (Need to combine specific content)
Function of the first paragraph:
Environmental description: point out the location and environment of the story, lead to the following, and pave the way for the development of the following plot.
Others: start with the topic and lay the emotional tone of the full text; Cite the full text or cause the following, paving the way for the development of the following plot.
6. Common expressions: narration, explanation, discussion, description and lyricism.
Seven, how to understand the author's attitude, views and feelings?
We can analyze it from the following aspects: 1, analyze the title of the article, analyze the beginning of the article, analyze the end of the article, analyze the lyric paragraphs of the article, and analyze the writing background and intention.
There are some common formats for summarizing the narrative center:
This paper narrates (describes) the story (deeds, process, events and scenery) of …, expresses (reflects, praises, criticizes and exposes) the thoughts (personality, spirit and essence) of …, and expresses the author's feelings for ….
Eight, writing skills and role?
(1) anthropomorphic technology
Give things people's character, thoughts, feelings and actions, make things personalized, and thus achieve vivid images.
(2) Metaphorical skills
Describe things vividly and concisely, and explain the truth.
(3) exaggeration
Highlight the characteristics of people or things, reveal the essence, and give readers a clear and strong impression.
(4) Symbolic techniques
Giving specific meanings to the things described expresses the feelings of … and enhances the expressive force of the article.
(5) Contrast technology
Through comparison, highlight the characteristics of things and better express the theme (concrete) of the article.
(6) technology of setting off (side contrast)
Set off the main person or thing with the secondary person or thing, and highlight the characteristics, personality, thoughts and feelings of the main person or thing.
(7) Irony
Use metaphor, exaggeration and other means and methods to expose, criticize and laugh at people or things, strengthen profundity and criticism, and make the language spicy and humorous.
(8) Want to promote first and then inhibit
First belittle and then praise the described object, contrast the context and highlight the written object, which has unexpected touching effect.
(9) Care before and after (echoing from beginning to end)
Make the plot complete, the structure rigorous and the center prominent.
Nine. Rhetoric methods and functions
Metaphor: using rhetorical devices ..., vividly wrote. ...
(2) personification: the rhetorical way of metaphor
(3) Exaggeration: highlight the characteristics, reveal the essence, and give readers a clear and strong impression.
(4) parallelism: enhance the language potential, take a clear-cut stand, think clearly and write vividly. ...
(5) Duality: the form is neat, the phonology is harmonious, and they set off each other and complement each other.
(6) Repetition: emphasizing a certain meaning, strong lyricism and appeal.
(7) Question: attract attention and think, lead to the following, connecting the preceding with the following.
(8) rhetorical question: clear attitude, strengthened tone, giving people irrefutable power.
(9) Citation: Enhance the persuasiveness of language.
Note: Be sure to analyze it in combination with related sentences.
Ten, the three elements of the novel?
1, the story is complete, the characters are vivid, and the specific environment of the characters' activities.
2. The plot can be divided into: (prologue) beginning, development, climax and ending (epilogue).
3. Classification: novels, novellas, short stories and short stories (mini-novels)
4. The function of environmental description is: (1) to explain the time and place of the story and provide a specific background for the characters' activities. (2) Rendering the atmosphere; (3) contrast the psychology or image of the characters; (4) Promote the development of the story (to pave the way for the following)
5. Description types: frontal description, profile description, environment description, scene description, detail description, character description (appearance description, language description, action description, expression description, psychological description).
6. Continue to write the end of the novel: Continue to write according to the law of the development of the novel story, and be concise, implicit and philosophical.
XI。 Expression skills (writing methods)
Emotion is expressed by borrowing scenery, objects are used to express ambition, dynamic and static techniques are combined, there is affection in the scenery, scenes blend, seeing the big from the small, paving the way, setting off, comparing, symbolizing, expressing people, combining reality with reality, first trying to promote (first trying to suppress), ambition of a single soldier, association, imagination, positive description, horizontal description, direct expression, indirect expression, concern and ingenious design.
Twelve, prose common sense
1 How to summarize the center of lyric prose? Main content+thoughts and feelings
(1) Lyric Prose by Borrowing Scenery: Expressed in the format of "Description" ... "
(2) Describe people's prose with things: use the format of "describing … praising …"
(3) Prose expressing ambition by things: adopting the form of "description" ... accepting disciples ... "
2. Artistic expression techniques: borrowing scenery to express emotion, supporting things to express emotion, combining motion and static, expressing emotion in scenery and blending scenes.
3. Prose is commonly used: imagination (out of nothing), association (from one thing to another), symbol (intention in things), foil (the method of foil ontology with other bodies), and comparison.
I hope you can learn a good narrative and adopt it.