2. Version: the material form of a book with a specific form and content made by a specific process.
3. Textual research of ancient books: the subject of studying the origin and identification of ancient books.
4. The origin of edition: the origin of the evolution of ancient book making methods in a broad sense; In a narrow sense: the evolution of each book version.
5. Literature research method: the ancient book version is studied in a specific historical environment.
6. Comparative research method: Compare versions by comparing similarities and differences.
7. Experimental research method: using modern science and technology (such as physical and chemical experiments) to identify the versions of ancient books.
8. Metrological analysis method: Study the version through metrological analysis.
9. Border: Also called sidebar, it refers to the periphery of printed paper.
10. Unilateral fence: There is only one fence around the fence.
1 1. Left and right sides: the left and right side bars are composed of two lines respectively.
12. Bilateral encircling: All encircling fences are surrounded by two lines, also known as Wu Wen fence.
13. Word column: a column line composed of words.
14. Bamboo strips: lines composed of bamboo patterns.
15. Bo Gu column: a column line composed of various musical instrument patterns.
16. Boundary line: the boundary line and column line between word lines are Zhu Mo color: the red column line is called Zhu Silie; The Black Bar Line is called Wu Si Bar.
17. Plate center: also called center seam, book mouth and plate mouth, refers to a narrow frame in the middle of each page, which is often engraved with the title, volume number, page number, number of words and engraver's name.
18. Fishbone: Fishbone-shaped mark at one quarter of the total length of the slab core.
19. Single-tailed fish: There is only one fish tail in the version.
20. Double-tailed fish: The version has two tails.
2 1. Three-tailed fish: There are three fish tails in the version.
22. Tailfish: The two tails are in opposite directions.
23. Tailfish: Fish with the same tail.
24. According to the virtual and real pattern of fish tail: only the external contour of fish tail is called white fish tail.
The outline of the fishtail is filled with ink, which is called black fishtail.
Fishtail is made up of lines, called line fishtail.
Fishtail is composed of patterns, which is called flower fishtail.
25. Elephant trunk: the line connecting the fishtail and the frame. There are thick ones and thin ones: the thick one is called Big Darkmouth or Wide Darkmouth, and the thin one is called Little Black Mouth.
Line Darkmouth or Fine Darkmouth; What has no trunk is called white mouth; The white mouth engraved with words is called Huakou.
26. Tianmu: also called book eyebrow, refers to the blank space outside the upper column.
27. Foot: the blank space outside the lower column.
28. Book ear: also called ear lattice or ear, it refers to the small square at the upper end of the outer side of the board frame, which is used to write the title of the article and the name of the room.
29. Book cover: Also called book cover, it refers to a piece of paper wrapped in the outermost layer of a book, which is thick and has the function of protecting the book.
30. Bookmark: a rectangular strip of paper or silk attached to the top left of the book cover, which is marked with the title of the book. Bookmarks are usually inscribed by celebrities or teachers.
3 1. Title page: the page with a title after the book cover.
32. Book head: also called book head, refers to the upper end of the book.
33. Book root: the lower part of a book.
34. Header: the right part of the binding line.
35. spine: also called spine, it is the right part of the binding line.
36. Secondary page: Also called cover page and title page, it refers to a blank page sandwiched between the cover and title page. Its function: protect books, prevent moisture and moth.
37. Angle wrapping: The upper and lower corners on one side of the sewing thread wrapped with fine silk are both beautiful and protective.
38. Lining paper: White paper added to the pages of a book when it is being repaired.
39. Gold inlaid with jade: When filling the book, because the book is too small to cut, a piece of white paper longer than the upper and lower ends of the page is lined on the page. Because the old pages of the original book are as yellow as gold and the new village is as white as jade, it is named.
40. bookcase: a coat with books.
4 1. Book cover: a kind of letter, which refers to the coat that protects ancient books.
42. Four-in-one set: expose the head and root of the book, and only cover the front, back, left and right covers.
43. Six-in-one cover: all-inclusive book cover.
44. Wooden box: a kind of letter, which refers to the wooden box containing precious books.
45. Splint: Two boards sandwiched between books.
46. Height and width: the length and width of the page.
47. Books: two meanings, 1 refers to the size of books; 2. The degree of old and new books.
48. Foreword: A text that explains the writing process, publication, academic origin and other contents of the article.
49. Postscript: The words written in the process of book circulation about the origin of engraving and circulation.
50. Exception: explanatory text of the compilation style of the whole book.
5 1. prefix: the part that scrolls independently before the text.
52. Trailer: the part that becomes a volume independently after the text.
53. Appendix: The additional part after the positive collection is basically the same as that at the end of the volume.
54. Outer set: the part outside the positive set.
55. At the end of the volume: the first two or three lines of the text of each volume indicate the title, author, surname and version of the school magazine.
56. Minor problems and major problems: minor problems refer to the title of the article, while major problems refer to the title of the book (if the title of an ancient book is written below the title of the article, it is called "minor problems above, major problems below").
57. Brand record: the special logo used by the sculptor to publicize the carving situation.
58. Ink nails: Black squares in text indicate missing text.
59. Ink micro: In order to emphasize keywords such as "note" and "sparse", put ink lines around it.
60. Inscription: The words with concave strokes are mostly used for words such as "note" and "sparse".
6 1. Bai Wen: A book with only the text and no notes.
62. Line payment: the number of lines and words in the layout.
63. Tibetan seal: also called book collection seal, it is the seal of circulating ancient books.
64. Helper: refers to something that can help identify the version, such as Tibetan seal, preface and postscript.
65. Classification of ancient books:
Carving time:
Song dynasty engraving: a book engraved in the song dynasty.
Yuan engraving: A book engraved in the Yuan Dynasty.
Ming dynasty engraving: a book engraved in the Ming dynasty
Clear edition: A book engraved in Qing Dynasty.
Three Dynasties Edition: In the Southern Song Dynasty, imperial academy carved many books. In the Yuan Dynasty, the edition was transported to Hangzhou West Lake Academy, where it was repaired and printed. In the eighth year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1375), the book was transported to imperial academy, Nanjing, where it was reprinted. Because these editions were edited and printed by Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties, they were named.
Manuscript: a book with a damaged version and printed after many repairs.
Old engraving: an early engraving with unknown engraving age.
First edition: the earliest edition among different versions of the same book.
Reprinted edition: the number of books reprinted according to the original book n is not necessarily the same as the original.
Duplicate edition: Also called duplicate edition, it refers to a new edition that is arranged in strict accordance with the content, lines and layout of the original edition.
Plate: A book printed page by page according to the original.
First printed book: a book printed for the first time after engraving.
Post-printing: other versions of the same book except the first printing.
By engraving position:
Zhejiang Edition: Zhejiang Engraving Edition.
Edition: also known as Fujian edition, that is, Fujian engraving
Shu Ben: also known as Chuanben, namely Chuanke.
Jiangxi edition: namely Jiangxi engraving
Pingyangben: Pingyang Engraving, also known as Pingshui, is the northern engraving center of Jinyuan in Linfen, Shanxi.
Korean version: A book engraved with ancient Korean Chinese characters is also called Korean version, because Korea was called Korea in ancient times.
Japanese edition: A book engraved with Chinese characters in ancient Japan, also called Yizuo edition.
Vietnamese book: a book engraved with ancient Vietnamese Chinese characters.
Brahma: Buddhist scriptures written in ancient Indian characters.
In the engraving unit:
Official seal: books engraved by governments at all levels and their affiliated institutions.
Family sculpture: a book carved by a private person.
Block printing: A book carved by a bookseller.
Kyoto: the abbreviation of the official version of Beijing.
Textbook: imperial academy Engraving Edition.
Xingwen Book: a book carved by Xingwen Department in Yuan Dynasty.
Jingchang edition: Jingchang edition in Ming Dynasty.
Classic edition: the engraving of Wuying Hall in Qing Dynasty.
Neifu edition: an engraving of the Ming and Qing court.
Duplicate edition: the carved edition of the Ming dynasty.
Book Edition: Books carved by local official book offices in various provinces in the Qing Dynasty.
Yangzhou Poetry Bureau Edition: A book carved by Yangzhou Poetry Bureau during the Kangxi period of Qing Dynasty.
Academy books: books carved by various academies.
Minister's treasure: books carved by ministers' treasuries all over the Song Dynasty.
Ji Gu Geben: The book carved by Ji Gu Geben belongs to Jin Mao, a famous calligrapher in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, so it is also called Mao Geben.
Chenzhai Bookstore: A book carved by Nanchenzhai Bookstore, Muqin Square, Fu Peng North Street, Lin 'an, Southern Song Dynasty.
Yu Jian 'an Book: The Book Carved by Yu Family in Jian 'an, Fujian in Song Dynasty.
In the form of binding:
Write a book: a handwritten book
Rubbing: a book in which words and patterns on stone utensils are spread out with paper and bound into a book.
Block printing: A book printed by block printing.
Movable type book: A book printed with movable type.
Overprint: A book that engraves a version of text, annotations and other different contents on the book and then prints them together in different colors at one time.
Print: A book printed directly on paper with a seal.
Shi Yinben: A book printed by writing words on special medicinal paper with medicinal ink, then transferring the words on the medicinal paper to a stone tablet, and then rolling ink.
Photocopy: A book printed by taking pictures of the original book page by page.
Format: This is a printing method of color painting: the picture is divided into several small formats according to color and depth, then painted with color and printed one by one. It is said that there was a five-color cake in ancient times, like a treasure of flowers and animals, packed in a box. The version of Linxi is generally a multi-tone color, which is somewhat similar to Linxi, hence the name.
Arched flower: it is also a printing method of pictures: two convex and concave plates are embedded to make the pictures arched locally, just like the effect of using steel seal.
According to the type of writing:
Writing book: a book circulated in the form of a writing book when writing.
Manuscript: The author's manuscript
Manuscript: A manuscript written by the author himself.
Clear manuscript: refers to the clear manuscript of a work for supplement, revision or printing.
Codex: also known as codex, refers to the codex made according to codex.
Fine manuscript: refers to a manuscript with excellent paper and ink, neat calligraphy and few content errors.
May 4th manuscript: a book copied with ink stick paper.
Bamboo column book: a book made of red column paper.
Photocopy: A book covered with transparent paper and reproduced in the original font and line style.
Mao codex: the codex of the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.
Old codex: An early codex with an unknown date
By type:
Clay movable type book: A book printed with clay movable type.
Wooden movable type book: A book printed with wooden movable type. Emperor Qianlong of Qing Dynasty thought the movable type name was indecent and renamed it "Juzhen Edition"
Copper movable type book: A book printed with copper movable type.
Lead movable type book: A book printed with lead movable type.
Distinguish by font and line type;
Large font book: a book printed in large font. Generally speaking, the number of lines in a large print is less than 10, and half a page contains 20 words.
Small print: A book in small print. The fine print is generally 10 or more lines, with half a page of 20 words.
Soft text: a book engraved with soft text (that is, regular script).
Handwriting of hardware: Books engraved with hardware characters, also called Song Style and Craftsman Style, are often used by sculptors.
X-line book: a book with half a page x lines.
Distinguish by paper: See chapter 12, section 10 for details.
Distinguish by color:
Zhu Mo Shu: A book printed with Zhu Mo.
Zhu Yinben: A book printed in red.
Blue print: a book painted in blue.
Differentiate by format:
Towel books: refer to those books that are small and easy to carry.
Two editions: The printed edition of this book is divided into two columns. Or up and down, or the lower column is the text, and the upper column is comments or comments, mostly folk popular books.
Three-section edition: a printed edition with upper, middle and lower columns.
Patchwork: A complete book is patched together by different versions.
Copy: A collection of many different versions that make up a complete book.
Darkmouth Books: There are books by Darkmouth.
Distinguish by carving quality:
Scribbled book: A book with a vague and extremely scribbled version
Large-faced book: a book with different ink shades and different font sizes, which is printed with a brush.
Book handkerchief: a book engraved by the officialdom in the Ming Dynasty.
Engraving: The last edition of a book carved by a famous hand.
Exquisite carving: a book with correct content and excellent writing style.
Distinguish by content:
Single print: a print that includes only one kind of book.
Bound book: A book in which two or more works are combined.
Printed book: A book printed from a book (set).
Series: A book composed of various works.
Appendix: A new book with updated original contents.
Abridged edition: A book whose original content has been abridged.
Complete book: A book with complete volumes.
Incomplete book: A book with incomplete volumes
School-based: a well-organized book
Notebook: A book with notes.
Batch of books: books with eyebrows and dots.
Authentic: Also called original, the original with correct content.
Fake book: a book forged by various means.
Preface and postscript book: A book with one's preface and postscript. When comparing different versions of the same book, it is often called a preface and postscript to show the difference.
Insert: A book with illustrations
Overrecorded book: a book copied and recorded by a famous writer.
X-volume book: A book whose text contains X volumes.
Distinguish by purpose:
Submission: a book submitted to the court.
Copy: a book that is the main basis for forgery collation or a book edited and printed according to it.
Sample: Books that need to be checked, revised and viewed.
Distinguish by circulation and value
Popular books: books that are widely distributed and easily available.
Unique book: a unique book.
Secret book: A secret book.
Rare books: books with high cultural value, artistic value or academic value.
Jiao Wei Ben: A book that survived the fire.
Xx Collection: Books collected by XXX collectors.
66. Version directory: the directory where versions are recorded.
Different versions of the same book.
68. Original edition: the earliest copy of different versions of the same book.
69. Popular books: books that are widely circulated.
70. Online edition: a book written according to a draft.
7 1. Version: A book written with wooden boards.
72. Simple strategy: Words are on bamboo and wood.
73. Silk script: Words are written on silk.
74. Imperial edict: a document issued by the emperor of the Han Dynasty on conscription and conviction.
75. Inactivation: It means drying bamboo slips to prevent insects from eating and rotting.
76. Redundant Jane: Two wordless Jane are often added at the beginning of the concise strategy to protect the text and the title and quantity of the article written.
77. Quiet voice: Quiet voice is also called calligrapher, regular script, servant's book, renter's book, bookkeeper, etc. It is a social occupation that specializes in copying books for a living.
Imperial academy: imperial academy is the highest learning and education institution in China.
79. Minister's Library: It is an institution dedicated to serving the Minister's kitchen (the general name for food, clothing, housing and transportation). The minister's library should not only provide convenience for the minister's business trip, but also bear all the expenses.
80. Jing Chang: It is often a specialized organization of the ceremony supervisor (in charge of the ceremony department, the punishment department, internal and external chapters, books, famous paintings, etc.). ) responsible for engraving books.
8 1. Nanjian: Also known as Nanyong, imperial academy of Nanjing in Ming Dynasty. Since Emperor Chengzu moved to Beijing in the Ming Dynasty and the capital was established in imperial academy, there has been a situation in which the north and south prisons coexist. Another North Supervisor is imperial academy.
82. Inscription of the Fanzhen Prefecture: In the early years of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming Emperor, made his descendants a vassal state to assist the foreign aggression of the central region and supervise local officials. Carving a book in a vassal town refers to the local carving of a book by a vassal king, which is a kind of official carving in the Ming Dynasty.
83. Book handkerchief: Book handkerchief is a kind of ancient book version, which belongs to official engraving. Ming dynasty officials took office or were ordered to return to Beijing. Take a handkerchief as an example. There are two ways to publish books: first, officials go to Beijing for pilgrimage, and local officials give generously to please their superiors and send them away with books published at public expense; Second, the official pilgrimage to Beijing, the time is tight, there is no time to engrave a new book, so he took the old version of the official engraving and made it up with the old one. Generally speaking, a book handkerchief is a kind of carved book, which is used to give books as gifts to others.
84. Jin Mao: Jin Mao was a famous bibliophile and publisher in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, and made important contributions to the spread of ancient culture. Among many room names, Ji Gu Pavilion and Lv Jun Pavilion are famous.
85. Wuyingdian lettering: Wuyingdian lettering began in the 19th year of Kangxi. At that time, Wu Yingtang's office was established together with the Qing Dynasty's internal affairs office to make stationery and stationery needed by the imperial court.
86. Official Bookstore: Official Bookstore is an important representative of local official engravings in the late Qing Dynasty. It comes from the decline of block printing and the prosperity of new printing technology, and has the function of connecting the past with the future.
87. Beijing Liulichang: Liulichang is located in the south of Beijing, formerly known as Wanghai Village. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, kilns were built here to burn glazed tiles, which were used to build palaces and nobles' houses. Since the Ming Dynasty, there has been a book market in Liulichang, and since the Qing Dynasty, the book market has been very prosperous. In addition to the book market trade, many bookstores are also engaged in book engraving activities.
88. Compilation: refers to the compilation style of the content of a book.
89. Collector's Edition: Collector's Edition.
90. Room name: In ancient times, literati, bookshop directors or people with high social status often gave their rooms or bookstores a meaningful name for realism and elegance. This name is the name of the room.
9 1. Version set: set version
92. Foreword: Written by the author himself.
93. Other Foreword: It was not written by the author himself, but by others.
94. preface: written for the whole book, with a wide range.
95. Preface (or category preface): For an article, the scope is small.
96. Original engraved preface: also called the first engraved preface, that is, the preface written at the beginning of a book.
97. Re-engraving order: The order of writing when re-engraving books.
98. Taboo: In feudal times, it was forbidden to say or write the names of monarchs, sages or elders directly.
99. Word-changing method: replacing taboo words with homophones or synonyms.
100. function word method: when taboo words are encountered, the word "a" or "taboo" is used instead or the symbol ""is used.
10 1.
102. Forge the title of the book: that is, to impersonate the new edition by digging and changing the title.
103. author forgery: impersonating the new version by digging and changing the author's name.
104. Forge the number of papers: cheat people with residual numbers.
105. Preface forgery: adding or deleting the preface deceives people.
106. Forge the year number: change the year number to cheat and sell.
107. Forge brand names: add or delete brands to deceive people.
108. Forge books: that is, forge famous books to deceive people.
109. Forged stele: Forged famous stele to deceive people.
1 10. Paper counterfeiting: forging new paper into old paper to deceive people.