Merit, Chinese vocabulary, pinyin gōng míng, used to refer to imperial examination title or official position. Generally refers to achievements and reputation. Seen in "Historical Records: Biography of Guan Yan": I was humiliated in a quiet prison, but Uncle Bao did not regard me as his boss, knowing that I was not ashamed of small details and was ashamed that my fame would not be revealed to the world. Basic introduction Chinese name: Gongming Pinyin: gōng míng Pinyin: ㄍㄨㄙㄇㄧㄥˊ Explanation: Generally refers to the pinyin of merit and fame, basic explanation, citation explanation, imperial examination, number one scholar, second place, third flower, Pinyin gōng míng Basic explanation [scholarly honorour or official rank in feudal China] merit and fame; in the feudal era, it refers to the imperial examination title or official position. A husband lives his life by establishing merit and fame, and by establishing merit and fame he comforts his life. ——"The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" Chapter 45 "Cao Cao defeated all the heroes at Sanjiangkou and met Jiang Qian to fall into the trap" However, they (referring to the Donglin Party members) have finally made much progress compared to the group of people who studied hard and pursued fame and wealth. . ——"Care About Everything" Quotes and explanations 1. Achievements and reputation. "Zhuangzi·Shanmu": Cutting off traces and damaging one's position is not for the sake of fame. Cheng Xuanying said: If you destroy the holy relics and lose the power, how can you care about your merits and pay attention to your reputation? Song Yuefei's "Man Jiang Hong" lyrics: Thirty years of fame and dust, eight thousand miles of clouds and moon. Continuation of Fan Ting's poem "Mogan Mountain": If the sword is not saved, the pond will boil, and thirty years of fame and fortune will be idle. "The Biography of Duke Yuan of Jie Huan" by Huang Daozhou of the Ming Dynasty: Mr. Dong (Dong Qichang) said: "The Duke (Yuan Keli) protects his reputation and honors more than his fame. He is good at hiding the sword and retreats bravely when he sees the opportunity." Chapter 16 of "The Chronicles of the States of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty": Sima Shang said: "The general claims that the soldiers are attacking the enemy. Those who know it think they are loyal, but those who don't know think it is treason. It is convenient for the slanderers to use it as an excuse. With the general's talent, he can gain fame everywhere, so why should he be Zhao." "Seeking to be an official" Second Table: (I) Although I have no meritorious service to my country, I always act with fear and caution. 2. It used to refer to the imperial examination title or official position. Volume 3 of "The Chronicles of the West Chamber Zhugong Diao" written by Jin Dong Jieyuan: If you don't take fame as a consideration, why would you ever think about the Five Classics and Three Histories? Qing Ji Yun's "Yuewei Thatched Cottage Notes·Luanyang Continued Three": A simple man sticks to the textbook in order to seek fame, so that those who read can understand things in every possible way. Ba Jin's "Family" Thirteen: How he studied hard in the past, gained fame, and served as an official for many years. The number one scholar in the imperial examination is similar to the top one in today's college entrance examination. At present, there are about 700 number one scholars whose names are recorded in historical records. They all became famous in the world after studying hard and became the leaders in scientific examinations at that time. Because literature, art and philosophy were the criteria for selecting talents in all dynasties, although there are many politicians and historians among these top candidates, most of them are writers. Among the more well-known ones are He Zhizhang, Wang Wei and Liu Gongquan in the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Xiaoxiang, Wen Tianxiang and Lu Meng in the Song Dynasty, Hu Guang and Yang Shen in the Ming Dynasty, Weng Tonghe and Zhang Jian in the Qing Dynasty, etc. The number one scholar in the middle school is called "the great leader of the world", which is the highest honor for scholars. However, due to personal factors or the constraints of the environment at that time, most of the number one scholars are unable to reach out and make a difference in their lives, and are eventually lost in history. in the torrent. The number one scholar was originally called "the number one scholar". It turned out that the scholars who took the exam in the Tang Dynasty were sent to the capital through tribute from various states. They were required to submit a "voucher" before taking the exam, which is similar to the situation today when filling out information during the exam. After the exam is over, the highest score is placed at the top, which is called "Zhuangtou". The one who ranks first is called Zhuangtou, and is also called Zhuangyuan. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the first, second and third place candidates in the palace examination were determined to be named "No. 1 Scholar", "Second Place", and "Third Flower", collectively known as "Three Cauldrons". The status of the No. 1 Scholar became increasingly special, and new No. 1 Scholars were routinely edited by the Sixth Rank Hanlin Academy. Hanlin is known as the "preserver prime minister" because this position is closer to the emperor and the chances of promotion are faster than those of the same rank. In the Qing Dynasty, the imperial examination was mainly based on the calligraphy of the candidates. The Qing Dynasty government originally only required the examination papers to be neat in form to facilitate the markers to review the examination papers. During the Kangxi period, the middle-aged Kangxi became interested in calligraphy, so scholars all over the world began to practice calligraphy diligently under the trend of imitation. This trend also had a great influence on the selection of the number one scholar. In the 30th year of Kangxi's reign, Wu Bing was selected as the number one scholar in the imperial examination. However, Kangxi liked the calligraphy of the second-placed Dai Youqi, so Dai Youqi became the designated number one scholar. Second place in the ranking The origin of "Bang second place" "Bang" means "a list of rankings", here it is what people call the yellow list or the "gold list". The one who ranks first is called the "No. 1 Scholar".
This title has existed since the Tang Dynasty. Although there have been different names such as "Zhuangtou" and "Zhuangtou", the one that has been passed down is "Zhuangyuan". But the second place on the list is different. The Song Dynasty had never heard of it before. According to records: "Su Laoquan of the Song Dynasty said: Among the three Jinshi today, on the day when they are released, they are expected to be prime ministers in the world. In less than ten years, there is no one who does not have two systems. At that time, there was no quota for one armor, and there were more than three people. , but it is not said that the first, second, and third place are the second and third best." Regarding this statement, Zhang Weixiang made a note: "In the "History of the Song Dynasty", Chen Sirang said that Sirang was Qinzuo, and Qinzuo was Ruozhuo. In the early days of the Taiping and Xinguo period, the second person who passed the rank was ranked second. Li Zhaoxun's son Gaoqing and Gaoqing's son Shilian were both ranked first and third, and they were known as Tanhualang Zhaoxu and Li Yisun, the prime minister of the early Song Dynasty. . In the early Song Dynasty, he was already known as the "Top Number One" and "Tan Hua". "Bingyin and Meng Qiu Weixiang knew each other." It can be seen that in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, Renzong was already known as the "Top Number One". Second place Wen Linlang The evolution of "second place" What we call "second place" here actually refers to the highest-level imperial examination in the country, the second person selected to be a Jinshi. As mentioned above, before the Song Dynasty, "it was never said that first, second, and third place were the second and third best." But in the imperial examination, in fact, the second person to be a Jinshi before the Song Dynasty is equivalent to the second place in the future. With the changes of dynasties, no matter whether the country is long or short-lived, the second place is constantly changing like the imperial examination system. Not to mention the Southern and Northern Dynasties in their infancy, even the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the imperial examination system in the initial period was not perfect. Since there is an exam, there will be a ranking. Otherwise, how can we get the first place? However, since there are sometimes only a few people in the same ranking, there is no need to emphasize the second place. In the Tang Dynasty, even the title of Jinshi was different. For example, when taking the exam, he was already called Jinshi, and after passing the exam, he was called "Qianshi" when he was "named in Yanta". In other words, "former scholars" are what are later called Jinshi, and "Jinshi" is equivalent to promoting people. It can be seen that the term "second place" is far from the environment in which it was produced. In March of the sixth year of the founding of the Song Dynasty, Zhao Kuangyin, the Taizu of the Song Dynasty, conducted a personal examination in the Jiangwu Hall and determined that it would be a regular practice from then on. Since Wu Zetian proclaimed himself emperor, in February of the first year of Tianshu's reign, he personally planned the test for tribute scholars, setting the precedent for the palace examination. At this point, the palace examination was finally included in the routine of the imperial examination system and became the highest first-level examination in the imperial examination. During the Northern Song Dynasty, in the ninth year of Emperor Taizong's reign of Taiping and Xingguo, Jinshi began to be divided into the top three. At the beginning, the palace examination set up the top three to select the scholars, and the three people in the top three could be called the number one scholar①. People believe that all eyes must come in pairs, so the first, second, and third names above the yellow list and below the top are collectively called the eyes of the gold list, and the second and third, regardless of distinction, are all called the second. By the early years of Emperor Taizong's reign of peace and rejuvenation of the country, the second person to be a Jinshi had already been ranked second on the list. To? is the special name of the second person to be a Jinshi. Although the Yuan Dynasty was still divided into three classes to select soldiers, most of them only selected one person from each class. Therefore, the person who is second in Jinshi becomes the first person in the second class, and can only be born as a Jinshi. However, there are still some exceptions. Emperor Shun of Yuan Dynasty first proposed the "dingjia"②. If a tripod has three legs, there will naturally be a second place and a top pick. Otherwise, it is impossible for the number one winner alone to stably support the "ding". During the reign of Zhu Yuanzhang and Hongwu of the Ming Dynasty, many imperial edicts were issued to establish the imperial examination system. In the third year of Hongwu, the imperial examination law was decreed and the eight-part system was determined. In the fourth year of Hongwu, the general examination and palace examination were held for the first time. In the fifteenth year of Hongwu, the imperial examination was scheduled to be held every three years, and later the appointment system for new Jinshi was determined. Judging from the existing documents, during the Longqing period of the Ming Dynasty (1567-1572), the title of the book "No. 2" was already used. Only in the Ming Dynasty did No. 2 and No. 3 become titles recognized by the court and began to become official customs. The Qing Dynasty followed the Ming system until its end. "No. 2", as the title of the second person in the first class of Jinshi, has gone through a long process from scratch, from common name to official system. For us, whether we are talking about the number one pick or the second pick, they are both the best. As we all know, China, as an "ancient civilization", can be said to have the fifth greatest invention of the imperial examination, which has influenced as far as Western countries. It is the top three in the world and the first, second and third place in various competitions. I wonder if there are also number one and number two. , The influence of Tanhua. However, one thing is certain, that is, China's imperial examination system has been borrowed and adopted by foreign official selection systems. The top three Jinshi in the Tanhua Hall examination are called the number one scholar, the second best scholar, and the third flower respectively, and are collectively called Sandingjia. The palace examination existed in the Tang Dynasty and became custom-made in the early Song Dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Wu Zetian of the Tang Dynasty, those who wanted to test for tribute stood in front of the palace, and the provincial governors under his sect presented their petitions. The person with the highest rank was placed at the front, so he was called the head of the imperial examination, also known as the number one scholar. Since the Song Dynasty, the old name has been used, and the first place in the palace examination is regarded as the number one scholar. Although the No. 1 Scholar is also called Zhuang Tou, it is no longer an official name. There is no second place in the Tang Dynasty, but there is a prodigy.
After the list of new scholars in the Tang Dynasty was announced, they held a grand banquet in Qujiang, and the youngest one was named Tanhualang; the original intention was just a joke and had nothing to do with the ranking. In the early Song Dynasty, the first, second and third place Jinshi were ranked second. Because when filling out the Jinshi list, the name of the number one scholar is at the top and in the middle, with the second and third names on the left and right. Their position on the Jinshi list is like the position of the eyes of the human body, so it is called the second name. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Chen Ruozhuo had no literary talent but took the second place. People laughed at him for being a "blind candidate." In the late Southern Song Dynasty, the third Jinshi was renamed Tanhua, and the second place became the proper name of the second place. Therefore, it is said that the three special names of Sandingjia, Number One Scholar, Number Two and Tanhua, were combined in the Southern Song Dynasty. In ancient times, people who got high rankings in exams could achieve great success.