2. Buddhism was widely spread at this time, which had an impact on buildings, utensils and costumes. The development of religious art influences and drives the scientific and technological level of the whole society.
3. Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties were the period when people's consciousness was completely awakened. In the past, arts and crafts mostly reflected the mysterious world of ghosts and gods, but in this period, people look at the real world with new eyes. Show the freshness and loveliness of the human world in arts and crafts.
Second, the characteristics and achievements of architecture in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
1. The layout of the new capital represented by Yecheng has a great influence on later generations. Main features:
Different from the previous irregular shapes, the layout plane of Yecheng is a regular rectangle, which is long from east to west and short from north to south. The palace is separate from the residents. Important palaces are arranged along the central axis in the north-south direction of the central part, forming a pattern of front facing and rear sleeping. Yecheng, a regular and closed central axis capital, embodies the imperial power thought of ancient China and provides a model for the planning of Chang 'an City in Tang Dou.
2. A large number of Buddhist buildings have been built.
Buddhist architecture can be divided into three types: Buddhist temple, grottoes and towers.
1 & gt； There are two kinds of Buddhist temples, one is the central stupa and the other is the Buddhist temple.
2> There are many grottoes in northern China, all of which were built according to local conditions, including the famous Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang (combined with wood structure), Yungang Grottoes in Datong, Shanxi, Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang and Qizil Grottoes in Xinjiang. Grottoes are imitations of Buddhist temples.
3> This pagoda is the most distinctive Buddhist building in China. There are overlapping), pavilion, dense eaves (Song Yue Tower in Songshan, Henan) and King Kong throne.
Third, the layout of ceramics in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties and its influence on China.
Ceramics Since the ceramics firing technology matured in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the manufacture of porcelain has continued until now. Compared with bronzes and lacquerware, it has the following main advantages:
1, low manufacturing cost.
2, easy to shape and decorate
3, light and crisp, easy to clean, and can be widely used in daily life.
4. Jade is in line with the traditional aesthetics of China, and users can get psychological satisfaction.
Ceramic layout in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties;
In terms of national positioning, it can be divided into two systems: the south and the north. In the south, Zhejiang is the center of early ceramic firing, with famous Yue kiln, Ou kiln, Wuzhou kiln, Deqing kiln and Junshan kiln. Later, it was extended to Hunan and Hubei, and its main products were celadon and black porcelain. Northern porcelain is later than southern porcelain, and its technology is relatively backward, but it burns "white porcelain". Celadon and white porcelain were complementary varieties in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, which laid a preliminary scale for the situation of "blue in the south and white in the north" in the Tang Dynasty.
Typical types are: Wu Yong 'an's three-year green glaze storage jar, celadon lotus statue, and white porcelain celadon carved lotus four-series jar.
Four, dyeing and weaving clothing and cultural exchanges at home and abroad
Dyeing and weaving clothing is one of the technical forms that can best reflect the cultural exchange between China and foreign countries in the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
Dyeing and weaving technology has not made much progress in this era. During the Three Kingdoms period, Ma Jun made outstanding contributions to the improvement of looms, and the Shu brocade of the Three Kingdoms was the most famous fabric.
The influence of foreign western culture on China's dyeing and weaving culture can not be ignored. Many China silks have adopted strange patterns. In addition, the fabrics in the western regions directly affect the dyeing and weaving in China. Persia, India and even Greece are all countries that influence China's dyeing and weaving. This diversified the fabric patterns in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, ethnic minorities lived in the Central Plains, and Khufu became a popular costume in society. Zhongyuan clothing absorbed some Khufu factors.
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, because of political turmoil, people could not get spiritual comfort from it, so they turned to Buddhism for liberation. They talk lightly about Buddhism, return poetry, music, calligraphy and painting, elegant and free from vulgarity, carefree and carefree, and have endless feelings, creating a new cultural model. Its basic style is closer to the modesty of Laozi and Zhuangzi in nature and Buddhism, and it is also more suitable for the mood between mountains and rivers.
The rapid development of Buddhist art in China was during the Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties. This is an era of great social unrest in China. Indian Buddhism has developed rapidly in China, and has great exchanges with China traditional culture. This exchange is not only of great significance to the development of China's ideological history, but also greatly promotes the development of China's art and sculpture. In painting, Gu Kaizhi, Lu Tanwei, Zhang Sengyou and other painters, on the one hand, inherited the traditional Chinese painting techniques and styles in China, on the other hand, they were influenced by the Buddhist painting techniques from India and the Western Regions, and made epoch-making achievements in painting theory and expression means. The characters in paintings, sculptures and other works of art in this period are mostly slim, flattering and elegant, which is basically a true portrayal of the literati's life ideals and aesthetic interests in the Southern Dynasties. The resulting "show bones and clear faces" style has become a representative of the painting style of the Southern Dynasties with obvious characteristics of the times.
There are many aspects in literary creation, which have great influence on China literature not only in philosophy, but also in melody, thus forming a literary phenomenon that poetics is Buddha.