Many Wen Tao were also found on the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Dynasty. The contents include Palace Water, Palace, Palace Virtue, Palace System, Xianyang Clothes, Xianyang Noon, Li Yang Zhong, Lu Gong and so on. By 2 1 century, more than 80 different carving names have been found, which are essentially the names of craftsmen who made pottery figurines, indicating that these craftsmen came from different places. The names of these pottery figurines not only provide first-hand information for us to study the producers of Qin pottery figurines, but also verify the record of "taking the name of things to test their sincerity" recorded in Kao at that time. The bronze weapons in the pit of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses also have the inscriptions of the makers, indicating that the responsibility system was implemented as early as the Qin Dynasty. 1975, a number of Qin bamboo slips were found in Shuihudi, Yunmeng County, Hubei Province, written by people during the Qin Dynasty. However, there were early and late Shang Yang reforms, which could be as early as 30 years later, reflecting the history of 100 years.
The excavation of Yunmeng Qin bamboo slips is of great significance. Before this, Qin bamboo slips had not been unearthed, and the discovery of Yunmeng Qin bamboo slips just filled this gap. The number of these bamboo slips reached 1 150, nearly 40,000 words. After finishing, I found that the content is extremely rich. These bamboo slips are rare physical materials for the study of Qin culture, which greatly make up for the lack of historical materials in Qin dynasty and effectively promote the in-depth study of Qin culture.
These Qin bamboo slips enable us to gain a lot of new knowledge about some important issues in the history of the Qin Dynasty. For example, the document "Defending Teng in South County" not only helps to understand the situation of political and military struggle in the Qin Dynasty, but also helps to understand the employment system, the local administrative system in which counties and roads coexist, the system of establishing Fu Cha in counties, the scope of functions and powers of county magistrate and county road Fu Cha, and the document transmission system in the Qin Dynasty. It also reflects the change and development from land law to land law, and the standard and significance of distinguishing good officials from evil officials. Another example is the chronology. We can revise, supplement and confirm the Historical Records of Qin Dynasty, Chronology of Historical Records of Six Countries, and the family and biographies about the years, regions and specific processes of the Qin unification war. We can also confirm and correct the previous explanations of the relevant records in the Historical Records, from which we can see the local official system, tax service system and tax service system of Qin Dynasty. As for "the way to be an official", it can not only explain the behavior standards and principles of good and evil of officials at that time, but also reflect the initial signs and social trends of the integration of Confucianism and law at that time.
Qin Law is a code with the earliest age, the most complete items and the richest contents found in China. It fills the gap since Li Kui's Code and Shang Yang's Qin Law were lost, and it is an important historical material for studying the history of legal system. At the same time, it is also a rare material to study the class and class relationship in Qin Dynasty. The official system, land, taxation, knighthood, taxation, official assessment, criminal trial, craftsman training, household registration, accounting, official promotion and other systems in the Qin Dynasty, as well as the types, settlement, setting, sealing and management of warehouses, the system and management of official uniforms, grain and grain, and the budget and final accounts system of financial cashiers are all in the Qin Law. In addition, the prices at that time, Niu Geng in Qin Dynasty, urban system, commodity economy, official and private handicrafts, social atmosphere, epidemic diseases and the ideological and cultural characteristics of Qin people were also reflected. It is particularly worth mentioning that the Qin Law also provides sufficient information about the names, punishments, torturers and prison terms of criminals in the Qin Dynasty, as well as the status, sources and characteristics of officials and concubines, which is of great significance for understanding the criminal punishment system and the remnants of slavery in the Qin Dynasty. We can even compare the scattered provisions of the Qin law and the existing Han law, and see the similarities and differences between the Qin law and the Han law and the evolution track of the ancient Chinese legal system.
The Discovery of Qin Nifeng and the Study of Qin Culture?
In the past, clay prints in Qin dynasty were rarely found, and there were problems in dating, which did not attract the attention of scholars. In the 1990s, a batch of Qin pipa broke through the ground, which immediately aroused widespread concern in academic circles. The earliest collection of 1000 pieces by Lu Dongzhi was released by Zhou Xiaolu and Mr. Lu Dongzhi, which caused a great sensation. Later, Xi Bureau of Cultural Relics and Gardens and Xi China Calligraphy Art Museum conducted a survey and scientific excavation of Xiangjiaxiang site, and obtained a large number of Qin seal clay, which made people have a clear understanding of the unearthed place of Qin seal clay.
The official seals of Qin Dynasty mainly include: Prime Minister Seal, Right Prime Minister Seal, Left Prime Minister Seal, Shangjia Macheng, Xiajia Macheng, Zhongche Fucheng, Qiwei, Neiguan Seal, County Zuodi Seal, County Right Emperor Seal, Zuo Yi Seal, Okura Seal, Taicang Seal, Taijiang Seal, Taiguling Seal and Neiguan Seal. Many official positions were not recorded in the history books before, and some were recorded but confused, so the problem is not clear. Qin discovered these official positions and solved many problems in history. For example, the prime minister of Qin has always been a controversial issue. The official seal of the prime minister found in the ruins should solve this problem, that is, there were both prime ministers and left and right prime ministers at that time, which should be one of the effective ways for Qin Shihuang to implement centralized system. From the official positions found, we can also see that the phenomenon of eunuchs in Qin Dynasty was serious, because a lot of mud was unearthed in this respect, which also verified the fact that Lao Ai and Zhao Gao could do whatever they wanted in Qin State in history. The discovery of mud prints in Nangong and Gong Bei also proved that the records about the North and South Palace in Qin Dynasty were correct.
The discovery of Liye Qin bamboo slips and the study of Qin culture
The ancient city of Liye, located in Youshui, is the birthplace of Tujia nationality in Wuling Mountain area, not the culturally developed area as people think. At that time, it was a strategic place for Chu people, Ba people and Qin people to compete for, and it was also a place with frequent cultural exchanges and fierce wars. However, there are few records about this in the past dynasties, and some major issues have long been confusing. The discovery of bamboo slips combined with literature can solve the problems such as the territory of Chu State, the position of Yelang, and why Qin Chu fought. The records of many grass-roots officials, especially county and township officials, enable us to understand the specific operation of the Qin administrative organs. Strictly speaking, every day is divided into twelve quarters, and each quarter is divided into twelve minutes, so the timing is accurate. The year, month, day, place name, official position, events and events can form a concise and complete official document, which shows that the strict and efficient management system of Qin regime has enriched our understanding of the political system of Qin Dynasty. ?
The significance of Qin bamboo slips in the ancient city of Liye is enormous. First of all, more than 100,000 words of written materials greatly enriched the pitiful materials of Qin history. Secondly, these bamboo slips are a part of the archives of the Qin Dynasty county government, including government decrees, official correspondence between governments at all levels, judicial documents, official books, material registration and transshipment (including confiscated property), mileage books and so on. It is bound to revive various systems of the Qin Dynasty, such as administrative management system, document system and post office system. ? Secondly, there are a lot of information about the historical geography of the Qin Dynasty in the bamboo slips, including many place names, such as Ganling, Youyang, Yangling, Yuanling, Yiyang, Zero Yang and Linyuan. In particular, there are several bamboo slips that record "Dongting County", and the introduction of Dongting County is very detailed. There are not only administrative agencies, but also "Dongting County Communist Party" and "Dongting Sima". This is not recorded in previous history books. Although there was a great debate in the 2nd/Kloc-0th century about how many counties there were in Qin, no matter from which angle, there was no Dongting County. The area around Ganling used to be a county between Chu and Guizhou. According to Records of the Historian Qin Benji, in the twenty-seventh year of Qin Dynasty (the first 280 years), "Sima Cuo was sent to Longxi, and Shu attacked Chu and money, so he pulled it out". Three years later, Records of the Chu Family recorded that in the twenty-second year of King Xiang of Chu (277 years before), "Qin re-plucked my sorcerer, and became the county in central Guizhou". "Water Mirror Shui Yuan Zhu" more clearly records that "in the twenty-seventh year of Zhao Xiang, the king of Qin, Sima Cuo attacked Chu with the army of Gansu and Sichuan, and Chu cut Hanbei and Qin; In thirty years, Qin took money, Jiangnan, and thought it was a county in central Guizhou. " In the early Han Dynasty, it was cut in the middle of Guizhou, so it was ruled as Wuling County. There is no explanation in the history books about the changes in central Guizhou in the Qin Dynasty. Therefore, whether there was a county in central Guizhou in the Qin dynasty still needs relevant information to explain. In addition, Liye Bamboo Slips also added many county names that we didn't know in the past, because it is generally believed that the Qin Dynasty did not manage this place, and the management of this place began in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty. From the records of Ganling, Youyang, Yuanling, Yangling, Yiyang, Zero Yang and Linyuan in Liye bamboo slips, it can be seen that the Qin Dynasty managed this area very strictly. In Liye bamboo slips, the distance between different places was also found, such as: "Yandi sells 184 Li, sells to Jiangling 240 Li, Jiangling to Liling 1 10 Li, Liling to Suo 295 Li, claiming to be 60 Li, and to Ganling 9/kl.
Thirdly, Liye Qin bamboo slips advanced the use of China multiplication formula to the Qin Dynasty. A multiplication formula table was found on a wooden slip, which is surprisingly consistent with the multiplication formula used in today's life. This is the earliest physical proof of the multiplication table in China, which proves that the multiplication table recorded in the literature during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period has been in use. At present, it is believed that China's earliest mathematical work is Shu Shu, a bamboo slip from Zhangjiashan Han Tomb in Jiangling, Hubei. Before the multiplication formula was found in Liye Qin bamboo slips, it was also found in Dunhuang and Juyan Han bamboo slips. ?
Through the study of these bamboo slips, we will have a clear understanding of the calendar, running script and document format at that time, because such a large number of fixed and mature text formats have not been discovered before.
The discovery of Qin He and the study of Qin culture?
Qin inscriptions mainly include inscriptions on Qin, Qin Gong, Du, bronze weapons and weights and measures. The inscriptions on Qin bronzes were discovered in the Northern Song Dynasty, but in recent decades, a large number of inscriptions have been found, which have supplemented a lot of precious materials for the study of Qin culture and are beneficial to the study of politics, economy, culture and military affairs at that time. Mr. Wang Hui made textual research and research on the bronze inscriptions unearthed and handed down from ancient times, and published the Chronicle of Qin Jinwen, which provided us with useful help in studying Qin culture. ?
Many bronze vessels, such as copper pots, ding and reeds, were unearthed in Qin cemetery discovered in Lixian County, Gansu Province. The tomb is a Chinese-style Xianggong and Wenming cemetery with a large scale and rich funerary objects. Unfortunately, the tomb was robbed crazily and many cultural relics were lost. We found some inscriptions on some Qin bronzes acquired today in the 2nd/Kloc-0th century. The main contents are as follows: Maojiaping site is located in the second terrace on the south bank of Weihe River in Maojiaping village, Pan An town, 25km east of Gangu county, Tianshui city, Gansu province. It is about 600 meters wide from east to west and 1000 meters long from north to south, covering an area of about 600,000 square meters. Divided into two parts: Goudong and Gouxi. The northern and western parts of Gouxi are residential areas, and most of them are overlapping villages. Gouxi and Goudong are mainly burial areas, and now they are provincial cultural relics protection units.
The site was discovered as early as 1947. After two excavations at 1982 and 1983, 22 graves were excavated in the burial area and residential area of 200 square meters, 37 ash pits, 4 building foundations and 1655.
On July 20 12, a joint archaeological team of early Qin culture composed of five units excavated the site again. After three years, * * * excavated more than 1000 tombs; The cumulative excavation area is about 4000 square meters; * * * Clean up tombs 199 and 752 ash pits during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period; There are more than 65,438+0,000 small cultural relics such as pottery, stone tools, jade, bronze and bone artifacts. A large number of grey pottery with rope patterns have been unearthed, including ding, GUI, square pot, zi, Meng, pier, plate and tomb. Excavate 5 chariots and horses pits; Two tombs were excavated, one of which was the tomb of a high-ranking nobleman.
The archaeological exploration of early Qin culture began with the excavation of Maojiaping site in Gangu in 1980s. In the early 1980s, archaeologists first discovered the remains of Qin culture in the Western Zhou Dynasty at Maojiaping Site in Gangu County, the upper reaches of the Weihe River, and also discovered the remains of Qin culture and Xirong culture in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. This excavation will advance the chronology of Qin culture to the Western Zhou Dynasty, which is a benchmark in academic history.
Because the tombs excavated this time are all western burials, which are the same as the traditional burial style of Qin tombs in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty in Guanzhong area, pots, beans, jars and other pottery unearthed in the tombs are also in the same strain as the latter. Some experts judged it as Qin tombs in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and presumed that the cultural remains of its residence were Qin culture in the Western Zhou Dynasty.
According to reports, after exploration and excavation by the archaeological team, it was determined that the site area was not less than 600,000 square meters. Sites of this scale are unique in Gangu County. At the same time, some experts believe that Maojiaping site is probably the county seat of Jixian County established by Qin Wugong. At the site of the site, the relevant person in charge said in an interview that the excavation of Maojiaping site provided important material evidence for confirming the establishment of Jixian County, the "first county in China" 2,700 years ago.