Cao Cao used his talents to break the concept of family status, win over the middle and lower classes of the landlord class, suppress the strongmen and strengthen centralization. The social economy of the ruling area has been restored and developed. He is good at the art of war, and has written books such as A Brief Explanation of Sun Tzu's Art of War, Sun Tzu's Art of War, and Meng De's New Book. Good poems, such as Travel Notes in Haoli, Watching the Sea and The Life of a Turtle, express his political ambitions and reflect the miserable life of the people in the late Han Dynasty. He is magnificent, generous and sad, and his achievements are extraordinary. Cao cao's positive role in unifying the north. As mentioned earlier, at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, due to political darkness, social production was seriously damaged, and people could not live, and finally a vigorous Yellow Scarf Uprising broke out. However, under the historical conditions at that time, the peasant uprising could not achieve the final victory, which was followed by the disintegration of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the warlord scuffle. In the scuffle, not only Dong Zhuo, Li Jue and other Liangzhou warlords slaughtered people and robbed property everywhere, but also the eastern generals under the banner of diligent king. Therefore, there is a bleak scene of "people eat people and the state is depressed". But relatively speaking, there are still differences between warlords. Take Cao Cao as an example. Although he suppressed the peasant uprising and killed innocent people, from his political, military and economic performance, he was better than the warlord he eliminated. For example, he reclaimed land, built water conservancy projects and implemented the system of selling salt and iron by officials, which played a positive role in social and economic recovery and economic rectification.
As soon as Cao Cao embarked on his official career, he tried to use stricter laws to change the rampant situation of extravagance of powerful people at that time. However, because the root of the disaster lies in the central government, Cao Can did not dare to show his intentions. It was not until he came to power himself that the policy of restraining arrogance was fully implemented. He said: "the punishment of the husband is also the life of the people"; The policy of bringing order out of chaos should put punishment first. He used Wang Xiu, Sima Zhi, Yang Pei, Lv Qian, Man Chong, Jia Kui and other local officials to curb the lawless strongmen. If we compare Yuan Shao's and Cao Cao's political skills in Jizhou, we can see two different situations: "At the end of the Han Dynasty, politics was lenient and salt was lenient, so we didn't take it." Under Yuan Shao's lenient policy, "it is not enough to make the powerful and powerful arrogant, annex their relatives, make the people poor and weak, pay taxes on their behalf, and show off their wealth." As a result, it is naturally impossible to be "people-friendly to Qiang Bing". So Yuan Shao was defeated by Cao, although he was big, with many soldiers and food. After Cao arrived in Jizhou, he immediately "attached importance to the law of annexing a powerful country", thus achieving the effect of "making folk music". Sima Guang said that Cao's "turning chaos into governance" was not groundless. And Cao doesn't pay much attention to the false name of employing people. He chooses officials because he knows the law and can govern the country according to law. Cao also advocates honesty. He used Cui Yan and Mao Jie for the election. "They are all honest and upright people. Although it was famous at that time, it couldn't get in. " Thrift guides people, so people all over the world are inspired by honesty and thrift. Although your minister, dare not cross. "The social atmosphere has improved.
Generally speaking, under Cao Cao's rule, the Yellow River Basin became politically clear to a certain extent, the economy gradually recovered, the class oppression was slightly alleviated, and the social atmosphere was improved. Some measures taken by Cao Cao in the name of Han have positive effects.
In selecting talents: When selecting officials in the Han Dynasty, the selected people should have noble family background besides feudal moral qualities such as benevolence and filial piety. In order to maintain and develop power and let more people serve their own cause, Cao Cao did not stick to the above standards and emphasized "meritocracy". As long as he is talented, he pays attention to promotion even if he lacks feudal moral quality and comes from a lower class. From 2 10 to 2 17, he gave three orders to seek talents and selected and appointed some talents. At the end of the Han Dynasty, Cao Cao was the first strategist of the Three Kingdoms. Cao Cao studied the art of war and had profound military theories. He has read the works of previous generations of military strategists, such as Sun Wu and Wu Qi. On the basis of studying the art of war in various countries, he wrote a book, The Art of War, which was discussed in combination with his own war experience. A Brief Interpretation of Sun Tzu's Art of War is the first book to sort out Thirteen Articles of Sun Tzu's Art of War, which enriches and develops China's ancient military theory. It is moral to advocate the concept of war that "soldiers move with righteousness" and emphasize that teachers are famous. In terms of strategy and tactics, it is always fair to be flexible and changeable and cheat because of strange things and winning or losing situations.
In terms of leading troops, the army is strictly managed and the laws and regulations are strict. On one occasion, during the March, Cao Cao ordered that the wheat fields should not be trampled, and all offenders would be beheaded. The soldiers all dismounted and walked for fear of hurting the wheat seedlings. But Cao Cao's steed was frightened and stepped on the wheat field. He drew his sword and cut off a lock of hair as punishment, which shows the seriousness of law enforcement. Wei Wu's Military Order, Wu Wei's Ship Order and Wei Wu's Step Order in the General Code and the Military Code also reflect his strict military orders.
As for the use of soldiers, the history books say that he "used one division to March, which was much more according to Sun Wu's method, but he became like a god because of the miracle and the victory of the enemy." Bring your own books of more than 100,000 words, and all the generals will engage in new books, and be frugal if necessary. Those who obey orders will be defeated. In a series of battles with Lu Bu, Zhang Xiu, Yuan Shao, Ma Chao and Han Sui. Tactics, such as shifting from east to west, evading reality, ambushing, outflanking, raiding, alienating, grabbing food, attacking the other, and abandoning things to lure the enemy, are often used to win and turn weak into strong. He is indeed an outstanding strategist. Li Jing's "Li Wen You" and He Feifei's "He Bei Lun Doctor" both praised Cao Cao's marching and fighting.
In terms of imperial generals, Cao Cao pulled himself out of the forbidden line and enjoyed himself. He took Zhang Liao and Huang Xu into subjugation, all of whom made meritorious deeds with their lives. Cao gave full play to Cao Can's strengths according to the characteristics of generals. For example, Chu Xu and Dian Wei are strong and loyal to the law, so Cao Cao let them fight for the army and rest for the army; Cang Ba was confident in the East, so Cao Cao entrusted Qing and Xu to him so that he could concentrate on dealing with Yuan Shao without considering the East. Wen Pin, a general under Liu Biao's account, is very prestigious in Jianghan area. Cao Cao named him Jiangxia satrap, entrusted peripheral affairs, and made him Sun Quan's imperial concubine. Cao Cao reclaimed land in the north to build water conservancy projects, which solved the problem of insufficient rations and played a certain role in the recovery of agricultural production. During the Han and Wei Dynasties, social production was severely damaged and a great famine occurred. During this period, food supply became the biggest problem of military groups, and countless people were invincible because of lack of military food.
In the first year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao adopted the advice of Zhao Zhi and others, and used the materials seized by the broken yellow turban to support the people and cultivate the land. That year, it made great achievements and won millions of dollars. So Cao Cao ordered the establishment of a captain in each county to open up wasteland. Reclaiming farmland effectively solved the food problem of Cao Cao Group, so Cao Cao said, "It will be a big field in the future, rich in national use, and will destroy the rebellion and level the world." At the same time, Cao Cao took various measures to support the yeoman economy. In view of the loss of population and the barren fields at that time, Cao Cao successively took measures such as recruiting refugees, relocating the population, persuading farmers to mulberry, building water conservancy projects, and checking households, so as to enrich the number of households and resume agricultural production. In addition, Cao Cao issued decrees one after another to restore the normal rent adjustment system and prevent the strongmen from annexing small farmers. In the fifth year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao promulgated a new expropriation system, and in the ninth year of Jian 'an, it was clearly stipulated: "His land rent is four liters per mu, and the household pays two silks, only two kilograms. He must not be good at it. " This series of measures implemented before and after Cao Cao enabled the yeoman economy on the verge of collapse to recover and develop continuously. This has become a solid economic foundation for Cao Cao Group. Through the above two measures, the agricultural production in Cao Cao's ruling area recovered rapidly. This is Cao Cao's great economic success.
The implementation of reclamation system is to ensure reproduction by means of state investment, and the work efficiency is of course higher than that of ordinary yeomen. Therefore, this policy achieved immediate results, and in a short time, it turned this place into a thriving place where "agricultural officers and soldiers, chickens and dogs speak, and buildings belong to each other". It is not too much to call it a great pioneering work. After Cao Cao captured Yecheng, in view of the heavy poll tax at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, he changed to household rules and charged landlords (including yeomen and landlords) four liters of land rent per mu, and each household paid two silks and two kilograms of cotton. "He must not be good at making money." This policy has greatly reduced the burden on farmers and won unanimous support.
When Cao Cao was alive, he vigorously built water conservancy facilities and achieved fruitful results. For example, the seven gates and three weirs built in Shucheng, Zhou Yu's hometown, can still irrigate 20,000 hectares of fertile land every day until Song Renzong in the Northern Song Dynasty. The severity of these policies can be reflected in the following examples: First, Cao Cao fought two wars in Hanzhong, first defeating Zhang Lu and then losing to Liu Bei, but he successfully moved out of Hanzhong Wudu and other places with a population of134,000. According to a family of four, this is more than 500 thousand. Second, in May of the 19th year of Jian 'an, Lv Meng reminded Sun Quan that Cao Cao was cultivating land in Anhui (i.e. Lujiang), and if he waited for them to harvest, it would be tantamount to adding wings to the tiger. Therefore, Wu Dong took advantage of the rainy season water army to come and go freely. Sun Quan went to war and personally levied such a tiny place in Anhui City. He said that he had fought with Gan Ning, captured the satrap alive and sent tens of thousands of people back to Wu. According to statistics, Sun Ce and Sun Quan called Zhou Yu's hometown, Huainan Shucheng, four times, but without exception, they all returned from looting.
At the same time, Cao Cao also pays great attention to throttling and sets an example. According to historical records, Cao Cao was "elegant and frugal, but not gorgeous, and the harem dress was not gorgeous, and he did not adopt royal shoes, but made up for it with curtains and screens, and took wormwood with warmth, without feuds." Simply put, clothes are not gaudy, shoes are not carved or embroidered, curtains and screens are patched, and beds and bedding are "broken". With Cao Cao's vigorous correction, the extravagance since the Eastern Han Dynasty was reversed, and the people in the world were honest, diligent and self-disciplined. Even high-ranking officials and dignitaries dare not be extravagant, and there are even strange things that someone deliberately wears shabby clothes to please Cao Cao.
In the 14th year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao, in turn, had to order the correction of this strange unhealthy trend. Cao Cao's will also reflects his consistent frugal style: "The world is not yet stable, and there is no future." They were all taken away after the funeral. Garrison personnel are not allowed to leave the station. There is a division, and each rate is the location. There is nothing hidden in the clothes. "In contrast, Liu Bei and Sun Quan are at a loss in their later years. "Biography of the Three Kingdoms" quotes: "Liu Bei is called the king of Hanzhong, so he built a pavilion, covering more than 400 miles from Chengdu to Baishuiguan." What he did later became a negative teaching material for Chen Qun to persuade Cao Cao to abandon luxury and enter the palace: "Yesterday, Liu Bei went from Chengdu to Baishui, doing more passes, and serving others in vain. Sun Quan's folly in abolishing the prince has made the princes fall apart and become a laughing stock. Chen Shou's "The History of the Three Kingdoms": "At the end of the Han Dynasty, the world was in chaos, and the heroes rose together. Yuan Shao regarded the four States as strong and invincible. Mao strategized, castigated the magic of Shen and Shang, used the unique tactics of Han and Bai, and granted official materials, each for his own devices, melodramatic, and forgot the old evils. In the end, he was able to conquer the imperial court machine and become a flood maker, but it was only slightly better. I can be described as an extraordinary person and a peerless hero. "
Shu Wei of Wang Shen: "Mao has been in the imperial army for more than 30 years and has never given up his books." The book talks about the art of war and thinks about classics at night. Climbing mountains requires poetry, new poems and orchestral strings. "Li Zan:" Time will be chaotic, and no hero in the world has Cao Cao's fault. "
Bao Xin: "My husband is dead, and he can always be a hero to set things right."
Liang Mao: "Cao Gong cares about the country and the people. He cares about the sufferings of the people. He led the volunteers to punish thieves for the world, with high merit and wide virtue. "
Sun Quan: "It's too bad to kill little things. It is cool to alienate people's flesh and blood. Imperial generals have been rare since ancient times. "
Sun Chu: "Mao Zhiyun, the cause, the rebellion, the summer area; With the help of the spell, fate was set, the base was promoted, and Wei Yu was elected. "
Lu Ji: "In order to connect the last line between the emperor and the Han Dynasty, I did not hesitate to violate many kingly ways. I lifted the scales in the deep sea, stroked the clouds and flew far away. " Take the sacred virtue and ride the spiritual wind to Fan Wei. Destroy the hero, shock the hero and give him a slap in the face. Pointing away from the octupole will be embarrassing and then embarrassing. The code of three talents is insufficient, and the heaven and earth are forbidden. Remove the special discipline of network repair and solve the national emblem of new york. Sweep the clouds and things with chastity and come back from all directions. Peter Dade responded with a macro, assisting Sun Moon and Hui Qi. Jiyuan's contribution to 90% is being promoted all over the world. "
Pan An: "Wei Wuhe defeated the rebellion with his righteous words. Although he uses them in many ways, he is superior to temples. "
Liu Yuan: "Gentlemen should be Henkel and Wei Wu. It's no use shouting evil! "
Wang Dao: "In the past, Wei Wu was a political master; Xun is the most meritorious person. "
Pei Songzhi: "Wei Taizu's machine has become bad, and he is a little ignorant."
Yuan Rongzu: "Yesterday, Cao Cao and Cao Pi dismounted and talked. This is not worthy of drinking in the world! "
Zhong Rong: "Cao Gong is old and straight, and there are sad sentences."
Li Shimin: "The emperor is always in trouble because of his heroic attitude. The appointment and time of the pillar are the same; The merits of rectification are extraordinary. "
Wang Bo: "Wei Wu fought like Sun Wu. In the face of the enemy's surprise, there are few defeats, so you can be cunning in the east and strong in the north, break the yellow turban insurrectionary in your life and shoot at the dog. Aiding Ge's back finger, tower shield hanging skull; Facing the south, Liu Cong is helpless. Wei Zhenzhong was fierce in the summer, and he held the emperor to make the princes believe in transcendental heroes. "
Wei: "Wei Wu's program is the ultimate god, and his method is still like that of Sun and Wu. He pretends to have the spirit of Ji Xiang and the foundation of Yuan Shao, but he doesn't understand wisdom and love, and will eventually be shattered, let alone return to him! "
Zhu Jingze: "Look at the power of Cao Gong and Ming Rui. God is never poor, soldiers never lose their will, and they never mess up in times of crisis. They make up their minds and express regret. Recently, there has been no such thing. " "Wei MAO soldiers invincible before, the immortal dominance. Fifty-six wars, Kyushu is quiet in July and August, the people can, the world is Mude, the wings are weak, and Han Jiarong. "
Zhao Kun: "Nine times out of ten, the plan of strategizing, whipping inside, defeated Yuan Shao in the north, Liu Cong in the south, Gongsun Kang in the east, Zhang Lu in the west, and the white army in Kyushu, all died in the Middle Ages."
Zhang Yue said, "You don't see the competition for natural wealth, and you are competing for the best. Take strong men to break the strong array during the day and pick up words at night. The capital fills the air in Xishan Yang, and Sang Yu is full of Zhanghe Qu. The battlements have been replaced by ordinary people, but there is a bright moon in the West Garden. There are many nobles near Gaoling, and the dust is * * *. Try to go to Tongtai Song and Dance Hall, only autumn wind will kill people. "
Justin Cheung: "Didn't you see that the Han family lost its unification and three souls changed, fighting for the Six Dragons? Sway the sea and swallow the river to build China, and return to the south. The faint capital is full of flowers, and Huang Xing looks far away. The fleeting time is not in Zhanghe, and the bright moon finally holds a state banquet in Russia. The article is still new, and the curtain mat sells fox and rabbit dust. Unfortunately, in the tomb dance hall, the pine wind is gloomy on all sides. "
Mu Xiu: "Only the emperor is a hero. Let God help him to be brave for several years. How can it be stronger than Wu and Uncle Yong's injustice! "
Sima Guang: "Wang knows that people are observant and difficult to dazzle. Master Zhiba, no matter how humble, can use it at will, and they are all used. Hostility to Chen means peace of mind, if you don't want to fight; When it comes to winning the game, the momentum is overflowing. Honor and reward, do not hesitate to spend money; Don't promise if you don't work hard. The usage is urgent. If you commit a crime, you will be slaughtered or shed tears at it, but there will be no forgiveness. Elegant and frugal, not gorgeous. Therefore, it is possible to stand out from the crowd and pinghai. "
Where to go: "Cao Gong goes his own way, even wise men worry a lot, and there is bound to be a loss, breaking Yuan Shao in the north and establishing strictness and discipline;" Unite the people of the three counties, levy Lu Bu in the east, and collect money; Shu in the capital of song dynasty lingered in Huaizuo, and wanted to die. And Cao Gongzhi's paintings are often more than enough, but there are many difficulties. His so-called potential and courage, once defeated, are unstoppable. Then the world began to regard Cao Gongzhi as invincible and Yuan and Lu as insufficient backup. As for his status and strength, as well as the imperfection of her husband's wisdom and courage, I also know that it is not easy to defeat the enemy with Tsao Gong's wisdom and strength alone, so I am often afraid and frown. " "No sun wu, no Han Xin and tso. "
Su Xun: "Ji Xiang takes the talents of the world and ignores the world; Cao Cao has the worry of taking the world, but not the amount of taking the world; Liu Bei took the amount of the world, but did not take the talents of the world. "
Wang Anshi: "Castle Peak flows into Zhangzhou like waves, and Tongquetai is located in Jiuqiu, west eight. The ants returned to the empty ridges and acres, and they were buried for several spring and autumn. The world knows who it is, and its strength rests here. There's no need to leave things on the ground. Wang Wei will divide his clothes. "
Hong Hao: "Laughing at Yuan Benchu for a long time, you are arrogant. Go back to Guandu with your head down, poor and strange disaster victims. Tso was walking in the city, and he was so angry that he wanted to see white. The deception has been completed, and the military looks shine brilliantly. To build a big city across Zhangzhou, people must work together in Qi Xin. Although the north broke the black pill, the south was also trapped in Chibi. Eight wastes are swallowed up, and the two countries do their best. The four spirits sent their legacy and told the past. The pheasant flies away from the dust, and the turbidity is unpredictable. Looking back at Tongquetai, I admire the hustle and bustle. "
Zhong Xing: "Yeze Yecheng is full of water, and there will be strangers from now on. Xiongmou affair and literary mind, brother and father. Heroes have no vulgar mind, so do they follow people's eyes? The culprit is not two people, but the legacy is the legacy. The article is powerful and energetic, how can it become a group? The cross-flow platform is too far away, and the gas and physical potential are low. Anyou people don't do evil, small ones don't bully big ones. The overlord became a son and daughter, but there was nothing he could do. Knowing that reconciliation is useless, sharing incense is not merciful. Oh! Everything the ancients did was meticulous, lonely and luxurious. Scholars talk lightly about people in the tomb, and people in the tomb laugh! "
Zhang Pu: "For more than 30 years, Meng De was the imperial army. He never gave up his books. He is also a cursive writer. His music is better than Huan Cai and he is a chess player. He has good cultivation and prescription. Duke Zhou is versatile and Meng De has it. " "Celebrities at the end of the Han Dynasty, there are Kong Rong in the text, Lu Bu in the martial arts, and both Montessori."
Popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms: "The hero is Wei Taizu, and the world sweeps smoke." Wisdom exists in both movement and activity, and talents are used well at high and low levels. Drive millions of people and pay close attention to Article 13. Heroes rise at the same time, who dares to whip? "
Chen Ruoming: "Meng De is very talented, and this feat is due to karma."
Moses Huang: Brilliant. He should also occupy the first place among the heroes who created grass. Although it is easy to use tactics, judging from the ancient heroes, is there anyone who doesn't use tactics at all? "
Lu Xun: "Cao Cao is a very capable person, at least a hero." Although I am not a client of Cao Cao, I always admire him anyway. "
Mao Zedong: "Cao Cao was a great statesman, strategist and poet ... Cao Cao unified northern China and established the State of Wei. He reformed many evil policies in the Eastern Han Dynasty, suppressed the strongmen, developed production and practiced the system of reclaiming farmland. He also urged land reclamation, advocated the rule of law and thrift, so that the society that suffered great damage began to stabilize, recover and develop. " Later, Cao Cao was mentioned in the poem "Langtaosha Beidaihe": "The heavy rain fell on the secluded swallow, and the white waves were overwhelming, fishing boats outside Qinhuangdao. We can't see a piece of Wang Yang, so who can we turn to for help? In the past 1000 years, Wei Wu waved a whip and left a legacy in the East. The bleak autumn wind is changing the world again today. "
Fan Wenlan: "He is a hero to set things right, so he is sad, generous and heroic in literature."
History of Qin and Han Dynasties in China, Cambridge: "The fatal blow to the Han Dynasty was left to Cao Cao, who was one of the most striking figures in the history of China. Cao Cao was born in humble background, a great poet, a great strategist and a realistic political thinker. He opposes Confucian etiquette and moral constraints. "