Huang Daozhou is the only man of the hour in the history of China who is a calligrapher, philosopher, official and national hero. He became a household name in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Later, due to the cultural imprisonment of the Qing Dynasty and many historical reasons, he gradually faded out of people's sight and was little known. Today, Huang Daozhou has left many impressions on the world. As a calligrapher, he is cold, as a Neo-Confucianism, as Chen, as a national hero, he is just proud, serious, rigid and even pedantic. Is this the real Huang Daozhou? Is Huang Daozhou in life so arrogant and boring? This paper expounds and demonstrates Huang Daozhou's pride as an official, excavates the other side of his modesty, and analyzes the consistency of this contradictory personality.
Key words? Huang Daozhou? Just pride? Modest personality
There is no doubt that Huang Daozhou is proud of being an official. Not only the courtiers of his time can deeply feel his aura, but even the Ming history written by later generations inevitably says that he is "strict and cold, disagreeable and vulgar, and the official is afraid of it." In black and white, he is arrogant, cold and boring. This statement is not groundless. Daozhou's performance in officialdom is really "proud"!
In the fifth year of the Apocalypse (1625), Huang Daozhou was promoted to be an official of lectures, banquets and book fairs. For the first time, he attended a lecture and book fair for the Emperor. As a small official at the book fair, he did not dare to succumb to Wei Zhongxian's arrogance, and changed his routine, kneeling, stepping and walking, which shocked the ruling and opposition parties. The next day, because of dissatisfaction with Wei Zhongxian's autocracy, he asked for leave to return home.
At that time, Wei Zhongxian dominated the state affairs, poured all his strength into the world, vigorously rejected dissidents and persecuted Lindong Party. Although Huang Daozhou was not a Lindong Party member, he stood on the opposite side of Wei Zhongxian and fought tenaciously. Therefore, Huang Daozhou's pride is first reflected in his pride in "power"-his pride in being powerful! Even if the other party is in power, who can decide their own political future, even life and death. Behind this arrogance is the dignity of being a man. Huang Daozhou can do this because he puts dignity above his political future and life.
Apocalypse, Chongzhen succeeded to the throne, Wei Zhongxian fell, Huang Daozhou returned to Beijing, but Yuan Chonghuan was unjustly imprisoned, which brought trouble to the second assistant Qian Longxi. All the civil and military officials in the Qing Dynasty knew that Qian Longxi had been wronged, but no one dared to stand up for him. Huang Daozhou was the only one who vindicated Qian Longxi and urged Chongzhen not to cause trouble or kill innocent people. Chongzhen is very angry. Let him reflect on himself and don't make trouble. Huang Daozhou is ungrateful. Instead of remorse, he insisted on his own opinions again and again, and gradually gained the support of public opinion in the ruling and opposition parties, which made Chongzhen very embarrassed. In the end, he failed to kill Qian Longxi in vain, while Huang Daozhou himself was suspended. Huang Daozhou begged for a rest again, but before he left, he went to "open the door and let things go", and analyzed the problems existing in the imperial court incisively and vividly, especially pointing out that the employment of people in Chongzhen was unknown, and earnestly exhorted Chongzhen to be close to gentlemen and stay away from villains. As a result, Chongzhen, who felt good about himself, was cut and fired from the civil service.
At that time, shortly after the eradication of Yan Group, it was the time when Chongzhen's reputation was the highest, and there was no doubt that it was also the time when he had the biggest temper, so he kept silent and no one dared to provoke this grumpy lion. Huang Daozhou is not an official and has no friendship with Qian Longxi. There is no need to stand up for an unlucky passerby colleague, but he stood up and won the praise of "the first courtier in ancient and modern times" According to the herding theory, a flock of sheep will only follow the leader, no matter right or wrong. Huang Daozhou, on the other hand, did not follow the silence because others were silent, but actively argued for fairness and justice. Therefore, this is a proud "group"-not flattering! Behind its pride is a sense of justice and responsibility.
In the ninth year of Chongzhen (1637), Huang Daozhou went to Beijing to resume his post again. I didn't expect his official career to prosper, and he rose four times in one year and almost entered the cabinet. However, unlike ordinary people who actively do things and become low-key officials after promotion, he chose to resign-six times in six months! His resignation is not hypocritical and polite in officialdom, but a true feeling from the heart. In a letter to relatives and friends, he wrote: "Chang 'an has no friends and no classmates, but stubborn people go to the boat every day" ② "I don't want to go home every day" ③.
Visible, in the hustle and bustle of officialdom, although he was accidentally promoted again and again, but the heart is very lonely, helpless to the status quo, tired to cope with, little contact with people, no pleasure and fun for the official. Huang Daozhou has no desire to be an official and has no intention of profiting from it. This is a "profit" to be proud of-not seeking personal gain! Behind its pride is its indifference to fame and wealth and power, which is a very valuable quality of life.
Soon, Yang Sichang took love into the cabinet, Chen Xinjia took love as the governor of Xuanda, and Huang Daozhou impeached them to take love. Because Huang Daozhou failed to join the cabinet, the timing of the sparse was too coincidental. Chongzhen suspected that he was selfish and wanted to be a negative example to suppress the Puritans. Thus, there was the famous "platform is right" on the fifth day of July in the eleventh year of Chongzhen (1638). In this summoning battle, Huang Daozhou and Chongzhen fought hand-to-hand, discussing the ethics of Taoism. As a result, Chongzhen was defeated, losing grace and face. In a rage, Huang Daozhou was demoted by six levels.
On other occasions, if you have enough time to be mentally prepared, you can also choose calmly, but this call is completely different, purely temporary, and the object is still the supreme ruler-the emperor. However, Huang Daozhou didn't make a fool of himself, so he was tit for tat and directly accused Chongzhen of loyalty. This is the proud "gentleman"-integrity! Behind its pride is loyal patriotic enthusiasm and noble self-confidence rooted in the heart.
In the 13th year of Chongzhen (1640), due to the recommendation of Jiangxi Governor Xie Xuelong and jester Wei Zhaocheng, and Huang Daozhou's cronyism, Chongzhen suspected that Huang Daozhou had been unjustly imprisoned and was beaten by court staff for 80 times. Huang Daozhou refused to plead guilty and finished Yi Zhengxiang, a famous book of Yi Studies, in prison. After being rescued from prison by various means, the first thing I did in Huangdaozhou was to rescue a framed cellmate. The destruction of the body can't change his "pride" at all. No matter what he insists on, he will not give up. This is a proud "body"-physically disabled and determined! Will not lower the noble head because of the destruction of the body.
During the Longwu period of Nanming Dynasty, Huang Daozhou served as the cabinet record, and the military power and financial power were controlled by Zheng Zhilong. Zheng Zhilong didn't want to fight against the Qing Dynasty, but just wanted to use the Longwu regime as a bargaining chip. For others, quitting is a big deal. Huang Daozhou knew he couldn't do it, but he pulled up a group of scholars and went north to fight against the Qing Dynasty with hoes and poles.
I know that I am an egg, but I want to throw stones; I know I can only carry 100 kg of weak body, but I insist on carrying 10 thousand tons of burden. Don't shirk your responsibility because of your weakness, but behind its pride is a sense of social responsibility that takes the world as its own responsibility. After being defeated and captured, he refused to be a senior official of the Qing Dynasty, and repeatedly reprimanded Hong Chengchou, Chen Jiang and others who came to surrender, and accepted the punishment righteously. This kind of boldness of vision and arrogance of the big pattern is proud of "life"-death! Life is precious, but it is far from the moral standards in our hearts.
Besides the pride of "power", "profit", "group", "monarch" and "destiny" mentioned above, Huang Daozhou has many ways to be an official, which can also be understood as his personality. Huang Daozhou made friends with Lindong Party all his life, but he didn't join Lindong Party, didn't participate in any activities of Lindong Party, and didn't organize any party or blindly follow. This is also "pride". Huang Daozhou presided over the provincial examination, but he didn't abide by the hidden rules and didn't have the worldly wisdom of other officials. He severely refused other people's favors and gifts, and rejected precious inkstones presented by others three times. In the corrupt officialdom in the late Ming Dynasty, it was also because of his own pride that he was so clean and so different.
Huang Daozhou has been an official all his life. In a word, he is "proud"! However, his arrogance is not the usual sense of arrogance and extravagance, but a lofty moral code rooted in the heart, which is put into the embodiment of external behavior, because there is a bottom line, persistence, uncompromising, non-catering, disapproval, indifference, clear distinction between right and wrong, evil as hatred and so on. Others think it is a normal human relationship, but he refuses to go away; He sneered at what others longed for; If others avoid it, he will rise to the challenge. ...
In the eyes of colleagues, Huang Daozhou is impersonal, dull, boring and sincere, so he is "or more afraid", so he is just proud! Mr. Yu Guangzhong divided his friends into four types: high-level interesting, high-level boring, low-level interesting and low-level boring. If this is the point, Huang Daozhou in officialdom must belong to the kind of boring at the top.
Since Huang Daozhou is so proud of being an official, is he also a man? Don't! Huang Daozhou is very modest to people in his daily life. Shortly after receiving the baton, he wrote a letter to his eldest son Huang Xian, from which we can see his behavior. The full text is as follows:
Xiangzi:
Knowing that I am ten years old and knowledgeable, I should understand the truth when reading ancient books. For example, whether people are evil or right, you must ask Mr. As for that filial piety, that long-term obedience, that trust in friends, that sincerity and courtesy to people and things, then there is no need to ask. Yeast and yeast are still few, so we should be kind and respectful step by step. Mr. Wang must respect things, not be careless, be polite in all his words and deeds, and not expect anything at once. When children talk about slang and swearing, they take it seriously. Seeing the elders, I am in awe. When an official wears a blue robe, he must kneel down and always remember your father's hardships and sufferings. When you go to see your uncle, you must submit the classics you have read, and you can't surpass them. When you manage your servants, you shouldn't make any noise and scold them. Yi is also the son of man. If you want to be decent, you must be reasonable. I have listened to the king, so don't bother. You only study and study sages. I hope that's enough. I'm going home next spring, so you can't lose your job. ④
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This letter from home is not long, only 200 to 300 words, but it contains Huang Daozhou's life principles and family instructions. It requires 10-year-old Huang Yi to be filial, obedient, loyal to friends and polite to others. We should read ancient books, know good and evil, and be sensible; Pay special respect to your husband, don't be a little lazy, and humbly ask your husband for advice about things you don't understand; Be kind and respectful to your brother, and don't gossip about others. I went to jail because I was wronged. I went to jail, and my life and death are uncertain. I just said softly, "I have listened to you, so don't bother." In the face of major events involving the state affairs of the imperial court, he argued vigorously, but when it comes to his personal safety, there is not a single complaint or grievance. The phrase "I listened to the king" shows that as a minister, he is loyal to the king and patriotic and humble to the extreme.
What's even more touching is that he himself has just been stripped of his pants and severely spanked, so he can only lie down and can't sit up, which makes him lose face. But he specially asked his eldest son not to disturb his family, because they are also sons of human beings and have dignity and decency.
Unlike "just being proud of being an official", this letter highlights Huang Daozhou's "modesty"! He is not superstitious about power, but respects the ordinary and advocates the equality of life, which can be seen from his attitude towards Chongzhen and his courtiers: it is "pride" to be unyielding to the emperor, stand up to the emperor and safeguard his loyalty and patriotism; He dare not "speak out" and give full respect to his servant, because he respects the equality of life, which is "modesty". Isn't it strange that his "pride" and "modesty" are to the extreme, but they can be perfectly combined with him?
"Pride" and "modesty" seem contradictory, but they are not! Have you ever noticed that the more respectful and flattering a person is to his superiors, the more arrogant and rude he is to his subordinates? This is actually power at work, no wonder! Huang Daozhou, however, is just the opposite. No matter the emperor or the courtiers, they are all human beings, and they all make mistakes and deserve respect. If the emperor is wrong, he should also point it out; Children are also children and should be respected. That's all. It's not complicated However, what noble moral character, strong heart and full self-confidence are needed to show such contempt for power and such respect for mortals?
Because of this "modesty", Huang Daozhou is not as rigid and boring as others think in his daily life, but modest, easy-going and interesting. Since he was a child, he loved reading, traveling and fantasy, and often had the meaning of "abandoning his family and starting a career", that is, becoming a monk and practicing immortality. 14 years old, traveled to Boluo, Guangdong Province, and wrote "Fu on Luofu Mountain", which is known as "Bohai Talent". He made many friends in Boluo and was very popular. A nameless and boring teenager in a strange place can't be so popular just by virtue of talent. This shows that young Huang Daozhou is not only high, but also high in emotional intelligence. Huang Daozhou lived in Boluo, Guangdong for more than half a year. Many rich children took a fancy to Huang Daozhou's young appearance, brilliant talent and promising future, and rushed to betrothed their daughters to him, but he declined them politely.
Many years later, Huang Daozhou recalled this "day of our life" when he was young. Instead of being proud, he said with a little regret, "The goddess loves and admires her, but she knows that she is afraid to marry." I mean, there are so many girls who like me, but how do you know that I dare not marry them? In correspondence with friends, Huang Daozhou explained the reason for his refusal: "I was born at the age of 15 or 16, and I still ask Mu, what is the match between men and women? I am still thinking about it, and I am also spraying rice. " I mean, until I was 15 or 16, I was still asking my mother why men and women got married. It turns out that young Huang Daozhou doesn't want to marry a wife, and he doesn't know what he wants to do if he does. As a new Confucian, how can it be boring to be so frank?
At the beginning of the third year of Chongzhen (1630), Huang Daozhou returned to Beijing with Cai Yuqing and rented a private house in the suburbs. Although the rent here is low, the sanitary conditions are extremely poor, and there are many flies, which often makes him unable to read and write. Huang Daozhou took great pains. Interestingly, he also wrote poems to make flies angry!
"Disrespect, why spread the name. The needle is suffocating and the dog is a brother. " Metaphorically compare the villain you hate to a fly. The title of this poem is particularly interesting. It is called "there are many things in Beijing, and flies are the most important." Therefore, this is not a small story. " 6. Explain that Beijing is rich in materials, and flies are the most important! In the fifth year of Chongzhen (1632), Huang Daozhou insisted on making a secret, advised Chongzhen to stay away from gentlemen, offended Chongzhen and was expelled from public office.
If you are someone else, you will be very depressed at this time, and you will be bored when you see anything. However, he is in a good mood. When he left Beijing, he even wrote a poem to bid farewell to the fly: "Let's make a new farewell to the big bird and thank the green fly for losing its old knowledge." And whether you like it or not, just call the fly a confidant. It seems that after nearly two years of getting along, he and the fly have "met each other for a short time", and there is no lack of love between them. Otherwise, how can it be called "old knowledge"? How can such a person be arrogant and boring? Obviously, I am extremely humble. I wish I could not get along with flies on an equal footing.
The day before Laba Festival, Huang Daozhou returned to his hometown in Zhangpu. Because he has just come home, he can't prepare offerings for the next day's Laba Festival. Huang Daozhou is very sad. After all, no matter how clever a woman is, she will never cook without rice. It happened that a friend sent two chickens. Huang Daozhou saw them and danced with laughter, thanking them again and again. How can this be a master of science? Clearly a lovely uncle next door!
There are many interesting things that happened in Daozhou, such as writing poems with Cai Yuqing to enhance feelings, joking with students about the story of Laozi's going through customs, naming Yeshan Academy and so on. Yeshan was originally named Jiao Tong Mountain. Because there are not many trees on the mountain, some students say that this mountain is like Li Bi, the empress of Tang Dynasty, and Daozhou immediately changed its name to Yeshan.
Even if the anti-Qing Dynasty failed and was beheaded in Nanjing Prison, Huang Daozhou was humorous. When dealing with the honest officials who came to surrender, they pretended to be willing to surrender, but they did not want to shave their heads, satirizing the Qing court as a "country that wears hearts." In particular, Hong Chengchou, who came to surrender, was deliberately regarded as an impostor, saying that the real Hong Chengchou had already been martyred, and wrote, "The historical pen is immortal, although it is not flat; Hong En is mighty, does not think about serving the country, and turns enemies into friends. " This couplet satirizes the traitor Hong Chengchou. Even at the last moment of your life, you are humorous, which is noble in your bones!
In that case, why did the history books make Huang Daozhou so rigid and boring? This is because Huang Daozhou was regarded as the embodiment of justice and a model of morality, whether he was an official or an anti-Qing dynasty. Wei Zhongxian, Qian Longxi, and Zheng Zhi were saved by presenting books in parallel. They argued with Chongzhen about the principle, and the soldiers resisted the Qing Dynasty and would rather die than surrender. They all showed their integrity and integrity, which made people respect each other. Moreover, because Huang Daozhou has his own spiritual home, academic research and artistic pursuit, he has no leisure time and disdains to associate with other officials, which naturally makes people feel that he is serious, rigid, aloof and inaccessible. All this shows that Huang Daozhou is very proud of being an official!
On the one hand, the ecliptic Zhou Zhongjun in officialdom is patriotic, has noble truth and sentiment, ignores power and all kinds of ugly hidden rules, is "proud" and is naturally rigid and boring; On the other hand, in daily life, Zhou Tao respects ordinary individuals and advocates life equality. "Modesty" is naturally interesting!
This is the real Huang Daozhou, the "pride" of the officials and the "modesty" of the people turned to dust!
Dongshan, June 20 18
refer to
Collected Works of Huang Zhangfu, edited by Huang Daozhou (Ming) and Chen Shouqi (Qing), International Chinese Publishing House, 2006;
Huang Daozhou Collection, (Ming) by Huang Daozhou, Zhonghua Book Company, 2017;
Textual research on Huang Daozhou's chronicle works, Hou Zhenping, Xiamen University Press,1995;
Annotation and translation of Huang Daozhou Chronicle, Chen Xushan, 2013;
Huang Daozhou, Qinghe, Xiamen University Press, 2014;
On Huang Daozhou and Zheng, Henan People's Publishing House, 2014;
Huang Daozhou's translation of Shu Zhu, Chen Xushan, 2016;
Collection of Huang Daozhou Studies, edited by Sun Yinglong, Fujian Education Press,1997;
History of Nanming, Gu Cheng, Guangming Publishing House, 20 1 1 year;
Ming history, (Qing) Zhang, etc. , Zhonghua Book Company,1974;
"Those Things in the Ming Dynasty", the bright moon of that year, China Customs Press, 2009;
Introduction to the North in Ming Dynasty, Qing Dynasty, Zhonghua Book Company, 2008;
Introduction to Jiangnan in Ming Dynasty, Qing Dynasty, Zhonghua Book Company, 2008;
Confucianism in Ming Dynasty, (Qing Dynasty), Huang Zongxi, Zhonghua Book Company, 2008;
Quotation source
(1) Zhang (Qing) waiting for Ming History, Zhonghua Book Company, 1974, p. 1 123.
(2) (Ming) Huang Daozhou's Huang Daozhou Collection, Zhonghua Book Company, 20 17, p. 790.
(3) (Ming) Huang Daozhou's Huang Daozhou Collection, Zhonghua Book Company, 20 17, p. 783.
(4) (Ming) Huang Daozhou's Huang Daozhou Collection, Zhonghua Book Company, 20 17, p. 788.
(5) (Ming) Huang Daozhou's Collected Works of Huang Daozhou, Zhonghua Book Company, 20 17, p.11.
⑥ (Ming) Huang Daozhou (Qing) Chen Shouqi's Huang Zhangpu Collection, International Chinese Publishing House, 2006, p. 724.