Chen Gui, a famous military strategist in the Song Dynasty
Chen Gui (1072-1141), named Yuanze, was a general in the Song Dynasty who fought against the Jin Dynasty. He was a famous military strategist and was born in Anqiu. He once served as Anlu County Magistrate, Shunchang Magistrate, Privy Councilor and other official positions. Historical records record that he was "good at providing relief and had a strong political voice". He was the first to use muskets, was good at guarding the city, and was quite talented in military engineering. At the end of 1126 (the first year of Jingkang in the Northern Song Dynasty), the Jin soldiers invaded the Central Plains. At that time, Chen Gui was the magistrate of Anlu County, Hubei Province. The prefect of De'an Prefecture abandoned the city and fled, and Chen Gui took over the defense. He led his troops several times to defeat the enemy who attacked the city. He made great achievements. He was promoted to the Bachelor of Longtuge and transferred to the prefect of Shunchang, Anhui (today's Fuyang). As soon as he took office, he built the city wall, recruited the fleeing people, and established a military protection organization for the people. In 1140 (the tenth year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty), Song general Liu Qi led his troops to Kaifeng to garrison and passed by Shunchang Mansion. Chen Gui went out of the city to greet him. Before he could sit down, news came that the Jin soldiers had invaded the capital. Chen Gui told Liu Qi that there were tens of thousands of grains in the city and he was willing to defend Shunchang City with Liu Qi to the death. Chen and Liu climbed onto the city wall and had just roughly laid out the city defenses. Jin soldiers were already approaching the city wall, and King Jin Longhu led heavy troops one after another. Chen Gui put on armor, patrolled the city to supervise the battle, and shot enemies with the divine arm bow. When the enemy retreated slightly, he used his new muskets to attack the enemy camp and captured many people. The Jin soldiers turned to Marshal Wu Shu, who led an army of 100,000 to attack the city. It was a hot day at that time, and the soldiers guarding the city were ordered to hide in the early morning. When the Jin soldiers were exposed to the scorching sun until they were most exhausted in the afternoon, they went out of the city to raid and defeated the Jin soldiers in one fell swoop, winning the famous "Sunchang Victory" in ancient Chinese history. . Chen Gui was well-known in both the government and the public for his good defense of the city. He was commended by the emperor and promoted to Privy Councilor, and was transferred to the post of magistrate of Luzhou and concurrently as the pacification envoy to Huaixi. In 1141 (the eleventh year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty), Chen Gui died of illness, and the emperor gave him the title of "Youzhengyi Doctor". In 1172 (the eighth year of Qiandao in the Southern Song Dynasty), the "Records of Gui De'an Guarding the City" was issued, and the generals who guarded the city were ordered to follow suit. Chen Gui Temple was built in De'an Prefecture, and the temple was given the title of "Xian Shou". He was posthumously named "Zhonglihou" and later "Zhimin". In 1132, Chen Gui invented a musket that was filled with gunpowder in a large bamboo tube and sprayed flames during battle. It was used in offensive and defensive operations, and was the first in the world to manufacture tubular shooting firearms. The military book "Strategy of Offense and Defense" written by him is a military work that summarizes actual combat experience. It was the first in ancient Chinese history to put forward the theories of "heavy cities and heavy trenches", "defense with offense" and the use of new muskets in city defense operations. and methods, which had a significant impact on the military theory and practice at that time and were included in the "Sikuquanshu".
Liu Zhengzong, Ge Lao of the Qing Dynasty
Liu Zhengzong (1594-1661), courtesy name Kezong, nicknamed Xianshi, and given the title Zhongxuan, was a Ge Lao of the Qing Dynasty and a native of Xing'an Street. Born into a scholarly family. He ranked first in the county examination in 1625 and passed the provincial examination in 1627. In 1628 (the first year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty), he became a Jinshi. He successively served as the manager of the Zhending Mansion, editor of the Hanlin Academy, lecturer of the East Palace, assistant lecturer, and deputy examiner of the examination of the Ministry of Etiquette. In 1644 (the first year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty), in order to avoid the war, he took his family south to Jinling. After the Qing troops defeated Jinling in May 1645, they returned to their hometown with their families. After the Qing Dynasty established its capital in Beijing, it used old ministers from the Ming Dynasty. Liu Zhengzong repeatedly received imperial edicts, and in the first month of 1646 (the third year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty), he went to Beijing to take office in response to the imperial edicts. He has successively served as editor of the Imperial Academy of Chinese History, deputy examiner for the examination of the Ministry of Rites, bachelor of ministerial lecturer, bachelor of ministerial lecturer of the Imperial Academy of Chinese History, bachelor of the Academy of Secretaries, right minister of the Ministry of Personnel, bachelor of Hanlin Hongwen Academy, and minister of the Ministry of Personnel. In 1657, when the first-grade examination period expired, he was promoted to Shaofu and Crown Prince Taifu, and was awarded the title of Guanglu Doctor. In August 1658, the Qing court restructured the court into a cabinet. As a young master and a bachelor of Wenhua Palace, he was also in charge of the minister of rites and consulted on confidential matters of the court. Liu Zhengzong was not only an important minister who followed the advice of Emperor Shunzhi, but also a close friend of literary and artistic works. His articles, poems, and songs were appreciated by Emperor Shunzhi. He is well-read and has profound knowledge, especially five-character ancient poetry. He loves calligraphy and has exquisite brushwork. Emperor Shunzhi acquired famous paintings and calligraphy, which were identified and evaluated by him before they were returned to the Imperial Palace for collection. He often gave him the calligraphy and paintings of famous people, his own calligraphy and paintings, and his own handwritten inscriptions. Most of the inscriptions and postscripts on imperial books were written by him. In order to show his glory, he specially built the "Royal Ink Tower" in the Prime Minister's Mansion in the county. His works include several volumes of poetry collections such as "Bu Zhai Poetry Collection", "Yu Mo Lou Poems Collection", "Mu Tian Cao", "Xue Hong Zhai Cao" and other poetry collections.
The famous poet Cao Zhenji
Cao Zhenji (1634-1698), with the courtesy name Shengliu and the nickname Shi'an, was a famous poet and a native of Dongguan, Xing'an Street. He already had a reputation for literary talent as a young man. In 1664 (the third year of Emperor Kangxi's reign in the Qing Dynasty), he became a Jinshi, and successively served as a member of the Ministry of Household Affairs, a doctor in the Ministry of Rites, and a scholar in Huguang.
When Cao Zhenji was acting as the county magistrate in Qimen, he abolished exorbitant taxes and miscellaneous taxes, and the people praised him with the "Quejin Song". Cao Zhenji is a famous poet. He is the author of "Ke Xue's Ci", "Ke Xue's Poems", "Hongzhao Collection", "Yellow Sea Travels", "Huangshan Travels Poems", "Chaotian Collection", "Shi'an Poems", etc. "Ke Xue's Ci" and "Ke Xue's Poems" were included in the four museums and compiled into the history of the country. "Manuscripts of the History of the Qing Dynasty" said that he had "exquisite poetic style" and mentioned his words, "Wu Qi selected the words of famous writers and recommended them as the best ones". "Siku Synopsis" says: "His poems are mostly hidden by their splendor and have deep sustenance." Among the "About the Names of Writers of the Qing Dynasty" attached to Zhang Zhidong's "Bibliography and Questions", Zhenji ranks first among the poets.
Volume 6 of "Collected Poems of the Qing Dynasty" contains 3 of his poems, and "Selected Poems of Famous Masters in the Past Three Hundred Years" contains 5 of Cao Zhenji's poems. "Biography" and "Collected Comments" explain: "Ke Xue Ci" is majestic and vast, which is its true character. And the words are so strange and full of arrogance. "Ke Xue Ci" was the most elegant among the elders in the early years of the Republic of China. There was no shortage of poets in the dynasty, but Siku was the only one to receive Kexue, which shows the influence of his articles.
Character Wang Jun
Wang Jun (1784-1854), also known as Guanshan, also known as Bojian, also known as Youyou, was a philologist of the Qing Dynasty and an official of the Song Dynasty in Jingzhi Town. A native of Tuancun. In 1821 (the first year of Daoguang's reign in the Qing Dynasty), he passed the imperial examination. In 1844 (the 24th year of Daoguang's reign in the Qing Dynasty), he was awarded the title of magistrate of Xiangning County, Shanxi Province, and later acted as magistrate of Xugou and Quwo counties. During his tenure, he was honest in government, diligent in political affairs, and had outstanding political achievements.
Wang Jun is young but eager to learn, and likes to study small seal script and large seal script. When he is a little older, he is well-read in books and history. Throughout his life, he especially loved studying the study of prose. He carefully studied Shuowen Jiezi written by Xu Shen and Shuowen Jiezi by Duan Yucai and Guifu. He not only commented on the pros and cons of previous works, but also put forward his own opinions. He said: "The secret of words has nothing to do with the three ends of shape, sound and meaning. The ancients created characters to name all things, based on meaning, and the sound followed them, so they had form. The literacy of later generations was based on form. In order to find its pronunciation, examine its meaning based on the pronunciation, and prepare the words." He wrote 20 volumes of "Shuowen Shili". In the name of Judu, he explained Xu Shen's "Shuowen Jiezi" and wrote 30 volumes of "Shuowen Jiezi", which solved the hasty, simplistic and confusing explanations of Xu Shen's "Shuowen Jiezi" by predecessors. He is also the author of "Biography of Shuowen Department", "Chinese Mengqiu", "Shuowen Supplement and Correction", "Sentence Reading Supplement and Correction", etc. Wang Jun has devoted himself to the study of Shuowen for more than 30 years. He started by analyzing the theories of his predecessors, found his own way, did not rely on others, and put forward unique insights. Its achievements clearly exceed those of its predecessors. Later generations commented that his contribution to the study of Shuowen was "a hero of the Xu family and a strong enemy of Gui and Duan". The book "Words Mengqiu" was used as a textbook for higher primary schools before liberation, and was reprinted in 1962 and 1983 after the founding of the People's Republic of China. "Shuowen Shili" and "Shuowen Judu" were also reprinted by Beijing China Bookstore in July and November 1983 respectively, which fully demonstrates the social benefits and historical value of his works. He is also the author of "Shuo Wen Yun Pu Xiao", "Shuo Wen Guang Xun", "Shuo Shu Shuo Lue", "Zhengzi Lue", "Yugong Zhengzi", "Mao Shi Chongyan", "Di Zi Zheng Yin", " There are more than 50 kinds of books and hundreds of volumes.
Anti-British general Liu Yaochun
Liu Yaochun (1784-1858), courtesy name Zhuangnian, was an anti-British general and a native of Wangfeng Village, Liujia, Jiage Street. In 1820 (the twenty-fifth year of the Jiaqing reign of the Qing Dynasty), he became a Jinshi. He once served as county magistrate of Yingshang and Fuyang in Anhui Province, magistrate of Lu'an and Sizhou, magistrate of Luzhou, Anqing and Yingzhou, and military commander of Jinxia.
Yingshang County, Anhui Province is located in the Huaihe River Basin, and has been flooded for many years. After Liu Yaochun became the county magistrate, he donated one thousand taels of silver from his salary and organized the people to build dams and control the floods. In Fuyang County, gangs of bandits were rampant in the countryside, and the people were in dire straits. After Yaochun was appointed magistrate of the county, he managed to capture the bandits. The people were so grateful that they called him "Blue Sky" and built a pavilion on the spring where he drank water. It is called Liu Quanting as a memorial. Due to his outstanding political achievements, he was immediately promoted to the magistrate of Liu'an, Anhui. After taking office, he quickly and fairly dealt with the backlog of cases, so that no one was wronged in prison. At the same time, he donated 1,600 taels of salary to build Lu'an Geng Academy. When he was the prefect of Anqing, which is located on the north bank of the Yangtze River, he donated two thousand taels of salary to organize people to build embankments and dams, which prevented the river from flooding every autumn. The people called this embankment Liu Di.
In 1838 (the 18th year of Daoguang's reign in the Qing Dynasty), he was promoted to the position of Fujian Xingquan Waterway and Jinxia Bingbei Road.
He also donated thousands of taels of salary to build city defenses, recruited and trained sailors, introduced new knowledge and new crafts, "learned from the barbarians and gained skills to control the barbarians", and assisted the governors of Fujian and Zhejiang, Deng Tingzhen and Yan Botao, to fight the British army, banned opium, and always stood in the fight against the British. First line. He made clear rewards and punishments, mobilized talents, worked together, organized local soldiers and civilians to fight externally and conduct internal reconnaissance, removed the source of the enemy, and made contributions to guarding Xiamen and resisting British invasion. In June and July 1840, British ships attacked Xiamen twice, but both failed due to the heroic resistance of Xiamen's patriotic officers and soldiers led by Liu Yaochun and Navy Admiral Chen Jieping. On August 26, 1841, 36 British ships rushed to Xiamen to launch an attack. Yaochun braved intensive artillery fire to direct the battle, resisted tenaciously, and fought fiercely for several hours. In the end, due to insufficient troops and the enemy's well-equipped troops, Xiamen fell. After Yaochun retreated to Tong'an, he actively cooperated with Yan Botao to reorganize the army, prepare firepower, recruit new regiments to train more than 10,000 local warriors, unite the military and civilians, defend day and night, and actively attack the British army. Later, he switched to logistics work. Due to his outstanding achievements, he was promoted to Sichuan Inspector. Before he took up the post, he withdrew his appointment and was demoted to the rank of alternate. Soon he was laid off and returned home. While at home, he was rewarded with a sixth-grade official rank by the imperial court for his meritorious service in assisting the government in training local armed forces.
Liu Yaochun not only had outstanding political achievements, but also used his spare time to write works. His main works include: "Yingshang County Chronicles", "Hainan Guichu Ci", "Pictures of Artifacts", "Zhuang Nian's Military Book", "Qingzhou Prefecture" "Zhi" etc. The "Shandong Tongzhi" of the Republic of China has its deeds.
Famous archaeologist Wu Jinding
Wu Jinding (1901-1948), courtesy name Yuming, is a famous archaeologist and a native of Wangezhuang, Jingzhi Town. While studying anthropology at the Institute of Chinese Studies at Tsinghua University, I fell in love with archeology. Later, he worked in the archaeological group of the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica, and studied archeology. During this period, he participated in the excavation of famous sites such as Yin Ruins in Anyang, Henan, Chengziya, Zhangqiu, Shandong, and Hougang, Anyang. He went to England to study in 1933 and received his doctorate in 1937. After returning to China, he successively engaged in archaeological excavation and research work in Yunnan and Sichuan. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, he served as Dean of Students, Dean of the School of Liberal Arts, Director of the Institute of Chinese Studies and Director of the Library of Qilu University.
In March 1928, Wu Jinding became interested in the Chengziya Cultural Site 5 miles away from Longshan Town, Zhangqiu County, Shandong Province. After excavation and research, he named it Longshan Culture. This discovery and naming have epoch-making significance in the archaeological history of China and the world. From 1930 to 1931, he conducted two more excavations with Li Ji, Dong Zuobin, Liang Siyong, Guo Baojun and others. In 1934, he published a collection of reports "Chengzi Cliff", which revealed the mystery of the origin of ancient Chinese culture and used a large amount of data. Proving that ancient Chinese culture originated from the local area, it effectively shattered the fallacy that Chinese culture "comes from the West". It attracted the attention of the world and was recognized. It laid a solid foundation for the appearance of Chinese prehistoric culture that has no historical records. It has become a monument in the history of Chinese archaeology.
While studying at the University of London in England, Wu Jinding read extensively, studied hard, and published the book "Chinese Prehistoric Pottery" in English. This book became the most detailed work on Chinese prehistoric pottery at that time and was a must-read for scholars from all over the world studying Chinese archeology. Wu Jinding returned to China in 1937 after receiving his doctorate. At the time of the massive invasion by the Japanese invaders, Chinese archeology was facing an extremely difficult situation. He first worked in the Preparatory Office of the Central Museum and then at the Institute of History and Philology. From 1938 to 1940, he inspected and excavated Cang'er near Dali, Yunnan, and discovered 32 ruins. He also presided over the excavation of several sites and wrote the book "Archaeology of Cang'er Realm in Yunnan", which laid the foundation for prehistoric archeology in southwest China.
From 1941 to 1943, Wu Jinding insisted on cleaning up and excavation of the cliff tombs of the Han Dynasty in Pengshan, Sichuan and the tombs of the former Shu kings in Chengdu, and made a comprehensive study of the Han Dynasty and the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. Made outstanding contributions to artistic research. The "Archaeology Volume of the Encyclopedia of China" has an introduction to his deeds, calling him one of the most accomplished modern archaeologists.
Liu Datong, the pioneer of the democratic revolution
Liu Datong (1865-1952), formerly known as Liu Jianfeng, also known as Liu Shisun, was renamed Liu Datong in the early Republic of China, with the courtesy name Tongjie and the nickname Zhisou, Feng Daoren, Zhili Old Man, Tianchi Diaosou, etc. are pioneers of the democratic revolution, scholars in the late Qing Dynasty, and natives of Zhipan Village, Linwu Town. When he was young, he was progressive in his thinking, pursued truth, and hated the autocratic feudal system.
In 1908 (the 34th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty), Xu Shichang, the governor of the three eastern provinces, commissioned the demarcation of the boundaries between Fenghuang and Kyrgyzstan, as well as the sources of the three rivers in the Changbai Mountains. Liu Jianfeng was the boundary demarcation committee member and the foreman of his colleagues. , personally led 5 surveying and mapping students and 16 team members. After untold hardships, they conducted an unprecedented comprehensive survey of Changbai Mountain, filling a gap in history. He successively wrote three famous works: "A Chronicle of Changbai Mountain Jianggan", "A Book on the Establishment of Changbai Administration and Survey and Dividing, and the Boundary Line of Jilin" and "A Chronicle of Baishan". He also took the "Full Image of Changbai Mountain Miracles" and drew the entire map of Changbai Mountain's rivers and hills, leaving precious historical materials for future generations. In November 1909, after Liu Jianfeng was appointed as the first magistrate of Antu County, he recruited people to reclaim land and develop agriculture; he established the Forestry Bureau to develop forestry production; he attached great importance to education and established an education office; he promoted commerce and established a commercial office; and established a postal service. Institutions to start postal services. He served for three years and had outstanding political achievements. "All the previous Eastern Governors respected him."
With the development of the bourgeois revolution in modern China, Liu Jianfeng came up with the belief to overthrow the autocratic dynasty of the Qing Dynasty. The Wuchang Uprising broke out in October 1911. The news spread to the Northeast and shocked people's hearts. Liu Jianfeng responded immediately, raised the flag of rebellion in Antu, established the Datong Revolutionary War, and notified China and foreign countries that in the face of the suppression of the Qing army, Liu Jianfeng was not afraid and faced the enemy at Mudanling. After the failure of the uprising, Liu Jianfeng traveled east to Japan and traveled to Lingnan, Shandong, Tianjin, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other places. He participated in the Xingzhong Society and the Tongmenghui, followed Sun Yat-sen and continued to engage in revolutionary activities, and changed his name to Datong.
In 1925, he sponsored the magazine "Wild Language" in Shanghai to carry out anti-feudal and anti-superstitious propaganda. In November 1933, Li Jishen and others organized the anti-Japanese "People's Revolutionary Government of the Communist Party of China" in Fujian to fight against Chiang Kai-shek and Japan. He responded by telegraphing. Before and after the "Xi'an Incident", he hosted the "Bohai Daily" in the French Concession in Tianjin, criticizing Chiang's non-resistance policy. Chiang ordered the newspaper office to be closed down and sent assassins to assassinate him. After the Japanese invaded Tianjin and asked him to recognize Manchukuo, he tore the document into pieces and said sternly: "Let him suffer in the wind and snow without receiving the slightest favor from the Eastern Emperor!" He said in the article "Report of the Tragedy": " He worked for the political revolution for forty years, during which he was searched twice, extradited twice, wanted seven times, arrested three times with a reward, put under surveillance twice, expelled three times, and tried eleven times. He was on the verge of death many times, but he was never injured. As well as my hair and skin...the sky changes and the earth changes, but my saviorism remains unchanged. This is due to my nature..."