1. Prefect -- Secretary of the Municipal Party Committee.
Prefect is the honorific title given to the county governor from the Qin Dynasty to the Han Dynasty. Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty changed his name to Taishou, and he was the highest administrator of a county. In addition to governing the people, promoting talents, deciding lawsuits, and prosecuting traitors, he could also appoint and remove his subordinates.
It has remained unchanged through the ages. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, more and more new states were added. The jurisdiction of the county was reduced, and the power of the county governor was seized by the prefectural governor. There was not much difference between the prefecture and the county. In the early Sui Dynasty, the prefectures were preserved and the counties were abolished, and the prefectural governor was replaced by the prefectural governor. From then on, Taishou was no longer a formal official name, but was only used as another name for the governor or prefect. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was specifically called the prefect.
2. Shangshu -- ministerial level of the State Council.
Shang Shu is the name of a senior government official in China’s feudal era, equivalent to the ministers of various national ministries and commissions today. In the Qing Dynasty, the chief officials of the Six Ministries and the Lifan Yuan were called Shangshu.
For example, the Minister of Justice is the current Ministry of Justice and the Ministry of Public Security. The Shangshu Ling began in the Qin Dynasty and was followed by the Western Han Dynasty. It was originally an official subordinate to the Shaofu, in charge of documents and official reports. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, eunuchs (also known as Zhongshu Ling) were employed, but Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty switched to scholars. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, government affairs were vested in the Shangshu, and the Shangshu Ling became the head responsible for overseeing all political orders to the monarch.
After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, he was actually appointed as the prime minister. In the early Tang Dynasty, Li Shimin, the king of Qin, once held his post, but he no longer took it up later. Therefore, the governor of Shangshu Province in the Tang Dynasty was only a servant on the left and right. In the Song Dynasty, he was a prince, envoy, and prime minister, and he was assigned to the Grand Master, which was not a real job. Ming waste.
3. Minister of State -- Deputy Minister of the State Council.
Servant, official name. A kind of Langguan in the Han Dynasty, originally a close servant of the palace. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, the subordinate officials of the Minister were called Langzhong in the first year, then they were called Shangshulang after one year, and they were called Minister in the third year.
Since the Tang Dynasty, all ministries under Zhongshu, Menxia Province and Shangshu Province have appointed ministers as deputy to the chief, and their official positions have gradually increased. Equivalent to the current minister and deputy minister levels.
4. Censor --? Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Communist Party of China?
Censor, an official name in ancient China. He was a historian during the Shang and Zhou dynasties. In the Qin Dynasty, the censor was also in charge of supervision and opened the supervisory organ. The imperial censor is the highest censor and deputy prime minister, and is subordinated to the censor Zhongcheng, serving censor, and supervisor censor. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the Qin system was followed, but the censor Zhongcheng was changed to the censor Zhongcheng for law enforcement. During the Three Kingdoms, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, there was a censor Zhongcheng, and several censors were established under him due to events.
5. Minister of Military and Aircraft?--Member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau.
The Minister of Military Aircraft was originally called the "Minister in Charge of Military Aircraft", and later changed to "The Minister of Military Aircraft Department Walking", "The Minister of Military Aircraft Learning to Walk", referred to as "Minister of Military Aircraft", commonly known as "Big Military Aircraft", Elegantly called "Chu Chen", it is one of the official positions in the Military Aircraft Department.
Responsible for assisting the emperor in handling military affairs. The first military ministers during the Yongzheng period were Zhang Tingyu and Ertai. However, unlike the position of prime minister, this is a non-customized title without any rank; until the official system was changed in the late Qing Dynasty, one could only "kneel down and receive the transcript". In 1911, the first prime minister of the Qing Dynasty, Prince Yikuang of Qing Dynasty, was also the foreman of the military aircraft king.
In the establishment of the Military Aircraft Department, ministers are filled by princes, bachelors, ministers, ministers or Jingtang. There is no fixed number, usually six or seven people. The most senior among them is the "Chief Military Aircraft Minister", or "Leading Military Aircraft Minister", but there is no official name. The term "military aircraft walking" has been rarely used since the late Jiaqing Dynasty. It was only used once by Prince Gong Yiyi when he was on duty with military aircraft. There are also several people from the "Military Aircraft Zhangjing Shanghang" who are responsible for assisting ministers in handling paperwork. ?
Extended information:
Ancient official system:
The Qin Dynasty established prime ministers, Taiwei and Yushi officials to form the central organization. The Prime Minister is in charge of administration, the Taiwei is in charge of military affairs, and the Yushi Dafu is the deputy prime minister. He is in charge of the memorials of the ministers, issues the emperor's edicts, and is responsible for supervising all officials.
The Han Dynasty generally followed the Qin system, which was called the Three Gongs. There were nine ministers under them, who were in charge of all aspects of government affairs. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the real power was first held by the Shangshu Province, and then by the Zhongshu Province and the Menxia Province. .
The Sui Dynasty evolved and established the system of three provinces and six ministries. The three provinces are Zhongshu Sheng (decision-making), Menxia Sheng (deliberation), and Shangshu Sheng (execution). The chiefs of the three provinces are all prime ministers, and their power is dispersed.
In the Song Dynasty, the powers of Zhongshu Sheng were expanded, and civil and military power was divided with the Privy Council, and the Menxia and Shangshu Sheng were abolished. Later, the Council for Political Affairs, the Privy Council Envoy, and the Third Chief Envoy were added to exercise administrative, military, and financial power respectively.
Although the cabinet of the Ming Dynasty was just a chamber of commerce that provided advisors to the emperor, it was actually the highest government agency. Cabinet ministers were called assistant ministers, and the chief minister was called chief minister (equivalent to the prime minister of the previous dynasty).
In the Qing Dynasty, Kangxi established the South Study Room, which formed a tripartite position between the Qing cabinet and the meeting of kings and ministers. Emperor Yongzheng established the Military Aircraft Department, which consisted of princes, bachelors, ministers, ministers, and Jingtang who also served as military ministers and controlled the power of the government.
Reference materials: Baidu Encyclopedia - Taishou Baidu Encyclopedia - Shangshu Baidu Encyclopedia - Minister of Finance Baidu Encyclopedia - Minister of Imperial History Baidu Encyclopedia - Minister of Military Affairs Baidu Encyclopedia - Minister of Military Aircraft