official script
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regular script
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running script
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Cursive script
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Official script
The strokes are straight and the structure is square. Several strokes are relatively fixed, which determines the unchanging form for Chinese character writing. Transform the radicals of combined characters and make them fixed and unified. In order to make the characters straight and convenient for writing, the official script defined special forms for the single characters used as radicals. At the same time, many seal characters with different radicals were fixed as the same radical, such as "ying", "fan", "mo", The characters "Zhen" and "Dian" have different character bases in the original seal script, but Li characters unified them into the character "大". For example, the characters "Tai", "Qin", "Chun", and "Feng" were all unified with the prefix spring after the official change. This makes official script easier to remember and write than seal script, and it adapts to the growing requirements of the times. In terms of using the brush, both square and round shapes can be used, and both hidden and exposed edges can be used: the stroke form has the characteristics of a silkworm's head and a swallow's tail, with a silkworm's head in long horizontal strokes, wave momentum, pitching, and tail; body posture On the top, it changes from a vertical position to a square, and then to a flat horizontal position; structurally, the middle part is tightened, and the strokes spread out to the left and right, forming a left-right and symmetrical "eight-shaped" shape, so there is a saying of "eight points" in the Han Dynasty .
Regular script
Regular script, also known as Zhengshu or Zhenshu, evolved from the official script of the Han Dynasty. The formation of his writing style follows the evolution process from Li to Zhangcao and Jincao. Traces of evolution can be seen in the bamboo and wooden slips of the Western Han Dynasty that have survived to this day. Regular script was originally produced among the people, and was later organized and standardized by literati. Judging from the regular script works of Zhong Yao, Wang Xizhi and others, this period has been quite mature and finalized.
From the perspective of calligraphy aesthetics, regular script can be divided into three series: Jin Kai, Wei Kai and Tang Kai.
The representatives of the first and three series are briefly described as follows.
(1) The Jin and Kai series take the two kings as models, and Zhiyong of the Sui Dynasty is also a leader.
(2) The Wei Kai series takes the Northern Wei Dynasty inscriptions as its model, including epitaphs, statues, tablets and cliff carvings.
(3) The Tang Kai series takes Yan Zhenqing of the Middle Tang Dynasty as the model, and the four families of the Early Tang Dynasty as the foreshadowing.
The main features of the structure of the second and third series are briefly described as follows.
(1) The main structural features of Jin Kai script are: stable and powerful; uniform but open; continuous but enabling; rigorous and coherent.
(2) The main characteristics of Wei Kai's structure are: unique and natural; dense and natural; varied. Innocence.
(3) The main structural features of Tang Kai script are: stable center of gravity; symmetrical white cloth; yielding left and right; supporting top and bottom.
(2008-3-15 night)
Running script
(1) Reduce dot painting
In order to make writing easier, running script is written in regular script Some parts have been simplified, or stippling has been omitted, or lines have been merged. For example, next to the word "yan" in the character "Hua", the original regular script was written with seven strokes, while in running script there are only two strokes, eliminating five strokes; the four dots of water in the character "Ran" were changed from four dots to one horizontal line. Three strokes are omitted; the word "near" is simplified from one point and three bends plus one flat stroke to one vertical and horizontal fold, and several bends and twists are omitted; the middle of the word "Buddha" was originally a deformed "bow" The characters are now replaced by horizontally bent hooks, eliminating two bends at once. The stippling is reduced and most of the characters are used in the radicals of characters, which is related to the fact that they are often written.
(2) Flow of pen gestures
1. Add hooks and threads. Writing regular script requires one stroke at a time, requiring clear stipples. When writing running script, dots can be connected together, and hooks and threads can be added between the stipples. Hooking is to write short hooks on the stipples without hooks, such as horizontal strokes of the word "古" and strokes of the word "好"; stringing is to use thin strokes between the dots that are not connected before and after. They are connected by threads, such as the dot painting in the middle of "Si'yu" and the two dots on the center and right of the word "心".
There are hooks and threads between the stipples in running script, which makes the writing style flow and the mood lively. However, there should not be too many hooks and pulls. If there are too many, the pen will look unclean and the shape will not be beautiful.
(2) Change the writing stroke order. The writing stroke order of running script adopts cursive writing stroke order, which is different from the original regular script stroke order. The purpose is to make writing easier. For example, "Autumn has Rongban" Siyu, the stroke order of regular script is in the front of each group, and the stroke order of cursive script is in the back. When writing cursive script, changing the order of writing strokes must be adapted to local conditions, take advantage of the situation, and conform to the standards of cursive script. If you do it randomly, not only will the writing be awkward, but the structure will also be messy.
(3) Flexibility in using the pen
The pen used in running script is more flexible than regular script. The same dot painting can sometimes be written this way, and sometimes it can be written that way, without much restriction. For example, after the word "ge" is written horizontally, you can either turn the pen directly from the right side to write Ge Gou, or you can go up from the right side and make a small circle before writing Ge Gou; the floating goose hook of the character "Ye" is made from It’s okay to turn the pen up and down, or write directly from the bottom; the word “木” next to the word “木” is usually written from the left after writing the horizontal and vertical strokes, but if you turn the pen from the right to write the word “木” , also makes sense; as for the pick next to the handle, if you follow the regular script writing method, it is good to write the pick from the top to the front, but it is even better to use a string to connect the vertical hook and the oblique pick.
(4) Variable postures
Running script is a font between regular script and cursive script. It has a wide range of activities and rich expressive power. There are often several ways to write a character. , body shape is changeable. For example, the four suffixes of the word "shi" and the four prefixes of the word "花" are written in a mixed and relaxed way, neat and freehand, similar but different, diverse yet unified, and full of interest. The variety of postures is the strength of running script, which is beyond the reach of regular script and cursive script.
Cursive Script
The cursive script in the pre-Qin era was quite immature and not very sloppy. Its sloppiness is equivalent to today’s running script.
In the Han Dynasty, the cursive style further developed. "The outline of the characters is preserved, the rules of officialdom are lost, and the rules are allowed to run away. When rushing to the car," the writing becomes more and more sloppy, so in order to distinguish different levels of cursive writing, the name of cursive writing is appeared.
During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhangcao was one of the most developed calligraphy styles in the Han Dynasty because it was easier to write. As for inscriptions and the like, for the sake of caution, the more sloppy Han Dynasty calligraphy such as Zhangcao has not yet been discovered. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, it was believed that cursive writing began during the Yuan Emperor period of the Western Han Dynasty (48 BC to 33 BC). At that time, "Shi You wrote "Ji Jiu Zhang", disbanded the official style, and combined it with calligraphy. The Han customs were simple and lazy, and they gradually adopted it." Examining the bamboo slips of the Han Dynasty, cursive script indeed began during the Yuan Dynasty. The cursive scripts of Emperor Yuan, Emperor Cheng, Emperor Ai, and Emperor Ping are relatively similar, with a large number of strokes omitted, especially on a tube with multiple lines of writing. Each character is bound by the characters on the left and right. The horizontal strokes cannot be too long, so the strokes have to be recycled. Connect the following strokes to create a vertical sense of momentum. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the number of cursive slips increased significantly, and the fonts became more mature. The writing style was bold and unrestrained, and the structure was broad and bold, such as "Bamboo slips written in the fourth year of Emperor Dihuang's founding of the country" (23 AD), especially those written in the seventh year of Emperor Yongyuan (95 AD). "The Book of Military Objects in the South of Guangdi" (1998) emphasizes the horizontal drawings, which are both flat and long, while the vertical drawings are short and slanted. They pass by as if they are just a transitional line connecting the upper and lower horizontal drawings. The lines are fast and full of momentum. , the style is like "Xiaocheng Tianma, moving through the clouds and connecting the sky".