Cao Libo
"For our ancestors, death is the greatest misfortune, the most terrible thing, and therefore the most attractive thing to their imagination." "On the ancient pottery altar in China, the poet's sad description of death has been repeated:" Bones exposed in the wild, thousands of miles without crying "is full of the sadness of war; "The wine in Zhumen stinks and the road has frozen bones" is all Li Yuan's exclamation. Cao Cao's and Du Fu's poems were written by ordinary people and their children, which certainly makes people sad to read. But the closest relatives in the world are husband and wife, and the widowed wife often adds loneliness and anger to the poets who have moved. Therefore, mourning poems have always attracted people's attention. Since Pan Yue in Jin Dynasty, the topic of "mourning" has been repeated.
Although Pu Songling is famous for his novel Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio in Qing Dynasty, his poetic achievements are also great. His wife Liu died (fifty-two years of Kangxi 17 13), and he wrote many memorable words. In the Collection of Poems in Lonely Studio, there are five mourning poems, the titles of which are Mourning, Mourning, Jueju and Twenty-six. When we taste Pu Songling's mourning poems, we will think about such a problem: it was once praised by Wang Shizhen as "I don't want to talk about people, and I like to listen to the ghost poems in the autumn grave" (also called' time'). Let's discuss the problems that no one cares about in Pu Songling's research field.
First, learn from the aftertaste of previous mourning poems.
In the history of ancient poetry in China, the ancestor of mourning poems was Pan Yue in Jin Dynasty, who initiated mourning poems. Next, Yuan Zhen of the Tang Dynasty was also famous for writing mourning poems. Pu Songling's mourning poems inherited the tradition of mourning poems since Pan Yue, and absorbed the advantages of Pan Yue's and Yuan Zhen's mourning poems in content and form, which made his mourning poems show the characteristics of true feelings, sadness, simplicity and simplicity.
Pu Songling's mourning poems first benefited from Pan Yue's influence. Pan Yue, the word Anren, was a famous writer in the Western Jin Dynasty. There were three writers (Zhang Zai, Zhang Xie and Zhang Hua), Erlu (Lu Ji,), two Pan (,Penny) and (Zuo Si) who were active in the literary world during the Taikang period in the Western Jin Dynasty. Pan Yue is as famous as Lu Ji and has the reputation of "Pan Jiang Lu Hai". Pan Yue is not only a handsome wit, but also a loving husband. Pan Yue wrote many eulogies in his life, the most of which was written for his wife. In the autumn of the first year of Yuankang in the Western Jin Dynasty (298), his beloved wife Yang died of illness in Luoyang. He married Yang at the age of 20 and lived with him for nearly 24 years. The couple have deep feelings. In the Song Dynasty, there were Song of Eternal Sorrow, Song of Eternal Sorrow and Seven Poems Mourning the Death of Yang. Among them, there are three representative works to mourn the dead, and the first one has become a masterpiece that will be told for generations. Because of Pan Yue's influence, "Mourning Poems" became a special theme to mourn the dead wife, rather than other dead people.
Pu Songling inherited the sadness and sincerity of Pan Yue's mourning poems and perfected them artistically. He is familiar with Pan Yue's mourning poems and can use them freely. For example, in his poem "Reading Poems and Biography of Zhang Mourning in the Fourteenth Year of Kangxi" (75), one group wrote:
Pan Lang people say that they are too affectionate to care about their feelings.
The sound of adjacent flutes is like weeping, and love is like a short candle.
The word "Pan Lang" in this article refers to the mourning of the poet Pan Yue. By evaluating his friend's mourning poems, Pu Songling expressed his deep understanding of the author's "having to care about his feelings". The author here is Zhang He. As a bosom friend of mourning poems, Pu Songling tells the sad story of "peaches and plums are ignorant, but Tomb-Sweeping Day is still near the short wall".
In the mourning poems, Pu Songling was deeply influenced by the first stroke of Pan Yue's mourning poems. For example, his poem "Over the Tomb" is a five-character ancient poem like Pan Yue's, and several parallelism sentences are vivid and touching:
The old house where you live is empty today;
You are sleeping, and the settings are no longer old;
Dress up what you cherish and abandon it;
Dust left by wild millet.
These words are similar to Pan Yue's poems:
Looking at Lou, thinking about this person, thinking about the experience in the room.
There is nothing on the picture, but there are traces of calligraphy.
The incense has not stopped, but it is still on the wall.
From "looking at Lu and thinking about people" to Pu Songling's "where there is no present person in an old house", readers feel the sadness that things have changed. This is because Pu Songling was influenced by Pan Lang in the artistic conception of mourning poems. The success of Pan Yue's mourning poems is due to his sincere feelings for his dead wife. As Chen Ruoming said in the Ming Dynasty, "The son of An Ren is affectionate, and every time he is involved, he drops tears, writes songs and complains, and stabs Fukashi." My husband's poems are mainly Taoist, those without deep feelings and poor language. "
Compared with Pan Yue's poems, Pu Songling wrote the desolation and sadness of different thinking about people and things. Although he also uses five-character parallelism, he is also very different from Pan Yue. In the poetic image, Hanfu is different from curtains, which shows that their wives live in different times and have different identities. Different from calligraphy, Su Su described the characters' personalities and hobbies respectively. Yang, his wife, is the daughter of Yang Zhao, a calligrapher in the Western Jin Dynasty, and she loves pen, ink and paper. Pu Songling's wife Liu, who has been married for more than 50 years, has been busy in front of the stove in the field and cherishes beans and wheat. The choice of poetic images shows that the two poets really know their wives well. From the perspective of parallelism, Pu Songling's poems are more intense in tone and more refined in sentence structure than Pan Yue's Mourning for the Past.
Yuan Zhen, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, was also famous for his mourning. "Wei Cong, the wife of Yuan Zhen, died on the ninth day of July in the fourth year of Yuan He (809) and was buried in Xianyang on October 13th three months later." * Yuan Zhen's mourning poem "Mourning" has always been praised. In addition to Pan Yue's sad and moving poems, it is "more popular than Pan Yue's mourning poems because his feelings are sincere and colloquial." "Such as" send sorrow "an article:
You're like Gong's favorite daughter, and it's not going well to marry me, a poor man.
You saw me naked in the box. You take off the gold brooch and buy me wine.
You eat your food with wild vegetables, but your food is sweet. You cook with dead branches with leaves.
Now that I am a high official, you are far away from the world and sent some monks and priests to be at the mercy of monks.
Wei Congxiu, a famous family in Chang 'an, is his wife, but she doesn't have the grace of a lady. She was only 27 when she died, and Yuan Zhen was 30. She has been married for seven years and has deep feelings. No wonder Yuan Zhen's "mourning poems are full of old screens". This song "Sorrow for Me" depicts a series of actions of his wife, such as "looking for clothes without clothes" (straw-woven suitcase), "selling wine to pull out gold hairpin" (gold hairpin jewelry in exchange for wine), "filling rice with wild vegetables" and "raising salary by falling leaves". A virtuous woman endured hardships for her husband and family. The wife of a famous family lived a quiet and contented life, and her early death made Yuan Zhen feel "but I can see the lifelong troubles on your forehead all night when I open my eyes".
Pu Songling was more directly influenced by Yuan Zhen's mourning poems than Pan Yue. His long poem "Ai Nei" consists of six groups of seven-character poems, of which the second group writes:
Since Qian Lou got married, it has been difficult for people to prepare for it, and the poor children are crying.
Huan Yi cherishes future happiness more, and picks wild vegetables when he has money.
Have pity on me, leave me a crisp bait and lament your hard work.
Fortunately, every woman can come one by one, and the mortar doesn't have to be operated manually.
The word "Marry Qian Lou" at the beginning of Pu Shishi's poem comes directly from Yuan Zhen's "Regret for the Past" and has the same meaning. Qian Lou was a hermit of Qi during the Warring States Period. His family is poor and he doesn't want to be an official. He was hired by King Qilu, but he didn't accept it. He was naked when he died. Later, people used it as a metaphor for the poor. Yuan Zhen's "Marry Qian Lou Baishishun" said that Webster married a noble man, while Pu Songling compared himself to a poor man by saying that "it is difficult to marry Qian Lou" to express his gratitude and guilt for his wife's marriage to himself. His wife, Liu's father, is a "literary war" and his background is also considered a scholar. When he was unmarried, he knew that Pu Songling's family was poor, but he respected his father's personality. He once said: "I heard that he is a disgrace to the immortal and teaches his children to read." If you didn't drop out of school because of poverty, you would never fall. What's wrong with poverty? " Resolutely engaged for her daughter. After marriage, "Liu lived a poor and thrifty life" for 56 years, and before his death, "Liu was still running the housework". Therefore, the poem "It is difficult to prepare for marrying Qian Lou" is not only a metaphor of the past, but also a heartfelt statement.
Judging from the style of poetry creation, Pu Songling's mourning poems are natural and simple, which is closer to Yuan Zhen's popular and shallow style. Pan's mourning poems are quite different from Yuan's, which is directly related to the social background and literary atmosphere at that time. Pan Yue lived in the Taikang period of the Western Jin Dynasty, where formalism prevailed. Lu Ji clearly demanded that "poetry is beautiful because of emotion" and "sentimental" in Wen Fu. Pan Yue's mourning poems happened to be Tao Ge-style obituaries, so they met the writing requirements of poems and obituaries at that time. In addition to moving, words are also "cumbersome", which is caused by the times.
Different from Pan Yue's habits of the Six Dynasties, Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi were both representative writers of the New Yuefu Movement in the middle Tang Dynasty. They emphasize the reality and social function of poetry, so they "don't ask for high palace rules, don't ask for fancy", but strive for popularity and simplicity. Yuan Zhen's mourning poems reflect the characteristics of new Yuefu poems. The overall style of Pu Songling's poems (not just a few mourning poems) is realistic and popular, which is in line with the poetic context of Xinle House in Tang Dynasty. As far as mourning for Tao is concerned, Pu Songling absorbed Pan Yue's sincerity and sadness, at the same time abandoned Pan Yue's extravagance and complexity, and absorbed Yuan Zhen's popularity, thus enhancing readability in content and form.
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