Calligrapher Liu Jie

Zeng Guofan is Li Hongzhang's teacher. He and Zuo were fellow villagers and later became enemies. Li Hongzhang and Zuo are political enemies. Zeng Guofan's reputation was greatly influenced by the Tianjin religious plan, which caused the national ruling and opposition parties to revile him. Even his fellow villagers in Hunan smashed and burned the plaque boasting about his fame in Huguang Hall. He died in Nanjing on February 4th, 11th year of Tongzhi (Gregorian calendar:1March 20th, 872). The court gave a teacher a gift, and he was named "Zheng Wen" after his death. In the twenty-seventh year of Guangxu reign of Li Hongzhang (190 1), on July 25th, Li Hongzhang and Yi Kuang, on behalf of the Qing court, signed the "Xin Chou Treaty", which humiliated their rights and countries, and paid 450 million yuan in compensation. Two months after signing the contract, the Russian government, which was relied on by Li Hongzhang as a strong aid, attacked again and put forward the Daosheng Bank Agreement, trying to seize greater rights and threaten Li Hongzhang to sign it. Li Hongzhang died on September 27th, when he was so angry that he couldn't afford to vomit blood. On his deathbed, his eyes were still bright, and he lived a 78-year-old life with endless regrets. In the 11th year of Zuo Guangxu (1885), Li Hongzhang signed the Tianjin Treaty. Zuo simply didn't understand Li Hongzhang, and criticized Li Hongzhang who advocated peace at that time as follows: "For China, ten French generals are not as bad as one Li Hongzhang"; "Li Hongzhang's mistakes in his life will lead to eternal infamy." In anger, Li Hongzhang decided to attack Zuo's subordinates and instructed his cronies Pan and Liu Mingchuan to frame and attack the leader of the "Dingbian Army" and the soldier Liu Ying of Taiwan Province, making them lose their military power. Zuo wrote to express his dissatisfaction with his subordinates. A month later, on the morning of July 27th, Zuo died of sudden illness in Huanghuating, the north gate of Fuzhou. The 74-year-old Zeng Guofan (181-1872) was originally named Zicheng, whose real name was Shi, a native of Xiangxiang, Hunan. In the late Qing dynasty, he was the founder and commander-in-chief of Xiang Army. Military strategist, philosopher, politician, calligrapher and writer in Qing Dynasty, and founder of "Xiangxiang School" in late Qing Dynasty. Official to the Governor of Liangjiang, the Governor of Zhili, the University of Wuyingdian, the first-class righteous Hou Yong. Jiaqing was born in Baiyangping in the 16th year (18 1 1), a wealthy landlord family. There are nine brothers and sisters, Zeng Guofan is the eldest son. The ancestors were mainly farmers, and their lives were relatively rich (Zeng Guofan's former residence). Grandpa Zeng Yuping's education is not high, but he has rich experience; Father Zeng Linshu, as a scholar, and Zeng Guofan, as the eldest son and grandson, naturally got the ethical education of two ancestors. I entered school at the age of 6, and I can read eight-part essay and recite the Five Classics at the age of 8. At the age of 65,438+04, he was able to read Zhou Li and Selected Works of Historical Records, and took a boy's test in Changsha. His excellent grades are listed as excellent, which shows that he has been smart and diligent since he was a child. In the 12th year of Daoguang (1832), he was admitted as a scholar and married Ouyang Cangming's daughter. After failing the exam twice in a row, he studied hard for a year. In nominal age, he was 28 years old, and in the eighteenth year of Daoguang (1838), palace examination was admitted to the same Jinshi. From then on, he embarked on the road of official career step by step, and became the favorite pupil of Minister of Military Affairs Zhang Mu. In Beijing for more than ten years, he successively served as imperial academy Jishi Shu, moved to school, gave a bachelor's degree in lectures, served in Wen Yuan Pavilion, held a bachelor's degree in cabinet, inspected Chinese book affairs, served as assistant minister of Ministry of War, assistant minister of Ministry of Industry, assistant minister of punishments and assistant minister of official department. Zeng Guofan was promoted to the second-class position step by step along this career path. Seven strokes in ten years, ten steps in a row. In the second year of Xianfeng (1852), Zeng Guofan was lost at home because of his mother. At this time, the Taiping Rebellion has swept half of China. Although the Qing government mobilized a large number of Eight Banners green camp officers and men from all over the country to deal with the Taiping Army, this decadent armed force was vulnerable. Therefore, the Qing government issued many orders to reward the Yong Tuan, trying to use the landlord armed forces in various places to curb the development of revolutionary forces, which provided an opportunity for the emergence of Zeng Guofan's Xiang Army. Xianfeng three years (1853), he used the opportunity given by the Qing government to seek strength to suppress the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. In his hometown of Hunan, he established a local Yong Lian, called Xiang Army, relying on complicated interpersonal relationships such as mentoring, relatives and friends. 1in February, 854, the Xiang army rushed out and Zeng Guofan published "Seeking the Guangdong Bandits". In this essay, he criticized the peasant war of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom as "poisoning all living beings" and "introducing China's ethical code for thousands of years and sweeping it away". This is not only a strange change in the Qing dynasty, but also a strange change in famous religions since the opening of the port. Confucius and Mencius wept bitterly in Jiuyuan, and then called on "anyone who can read and write can sit still". He stood at the commanding height of morality, so he mobilized the broad masses of intellectuals at that time to participate in the struggle against the Taiping Army, laying a solid foundation for future victory. Zeng Guofan brutally suppressed the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom uprising and used harsh laws. History says that "one person is sent to be known, and another person is sent to judge robbers." If the solution is serious, it will be decided. If it is light, it will be killed. If it is light, it will be blamed. ..... The case will be tried immediately and the law will be implemented immediately. There is no expectation of delay. " Not only did he kill people directly, but his father and four brothers also killed people. Some people accused him of killing too many people and called him "once bald" and "once butcher". It is said that children in Nanjing cry at night, and when their mother says "I shaved my head", the children stop crying. In the battle with the Taiping Army, Zeng Guofan used methods such as looting property and conferring officials to boost morale, which formed the nature of the Xiang Army warrior's disability. Xiang Army became one of the main forces in the Qing army with backward military quality to fight against the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in the south of China. Zeng Guofan was named the first-class brave marquis, becoming the first person to seal the marquis of Wu as a scholar in the Qing Dynasty. Later, he served as the governor of Liangjiang and Zhili, and his official residence was a product. He wrote a lot in his life, but letters from home are the most widely circulated and influential. In the fifth year of Guangxu (1879), that is, seven years after Zeng Guofan's death, Nakagawa Bookstore carved Zeng Gong's letter edited by Li and Li Hongzhang. I am also good at employing people, and other famous ministers in the Qing Dynasty, such as Zuo and Li Hongzhang, are closely related to him. Zuo and Li Hongzhang called Zeng Guofan a teacher. Zeng Guofan once said, "Li Shaoquan tried his best to be an official, and Yu (Yu Yue) tried his best to write a book". After the failure of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Taiping Army joined the Nian Army in the rest of Jiangbei, and the Qing court ordered Zeng Guofan to supervise the military affairs of Zhili, Shandong and Henan provinces. Zeng Guofan led 20,000 Xiang troops and 60,000 Huai troops, equipped with foreign guns and guns, and "suppressed twists" in the north. His policy was to "suppress hard rather than pursue hard" and put forward plans such as "key fortification" in an attempt to block the Nian army in the canal and Shahe area, so that it had nowhere to escape and was eliminated. However, the Nian Army broke through Zeng Guofan's defense line and entered Shandong, which bankrupt Zeng Guofan's strategic plan. Zeng Guofan was removed from office and replaced by Li Hongzhang. In the ninth year of Tongzhi (1870), Zeng Guofan, then governor of Zhili, was ordered to go to Tianjin to handle the Tianjin religious plan. On June 2 1870, thousands of people gathered in front of the French Catholic Church in Tianjin, suspecting that the Catholic Church used the nursery as a crutch to kidnap people and kill babies. Uncle Feng, the French consul, believes that there is no hard pressure from the government. He ran into Liu Jie, the magistrate of Tianjin, with a gun in the street. He shot and killed a servant in Liu Jie on the spot because of an argument. In public anger, he first killed Uncle Feng, the French consul, and his secretary Simon, then killed 10 nuns, 2 priests, 2 other French consulate staff, 2 French nationals, 3 Russian nationals and more than 30 China believers, and burned the French consulate and Wanghai. After the incident, Britain, the United States, France and other countries jointly protested and dispatched warships to show off their strength. After Zeng Guofan arrived in Tianjin, considering the situation at that time, he didn't want to go to war with France. "However, the quick success of Hebei lottery is not one of the courtship crimes." At the request of France, it was decided to finally kill 18 people who took the lead in killing people, exile 25 people, and send Tianjin magistrate Zhang Guangzao and magistrate Liu Jie to Heilongjiang to compensate foreigners for the loss of 462,000 silver, and Chonghou sent a mission to France. As a result of this negotiation, people in the imperial court and the media were very dissatisfied, which greatly affected Zeng Guofan's reputation and caused reviled by the ruling and opposition parties all over the country. Even his fellow villagers in Hunan smashed and burned the plaque that he boasted about his fame in Huguang Guild Hall. He died in Nanjing on February 4th, 11th year of Tongzhi (Gregorian calendar:1March 20th, 872). The court gave a teacher a gift, and he was named "Zheng Wen" after his death. Li Hongzhang (1823.2.15 ~1901.1.7), whose real name was Zhang Tong, gradually became righteous (one word), and his old age number was Shao Quanlin (one word). Han nationality, from Modian, Dongxiang, Hefei, Anhui (now Yaohai District). Because of the second line, it is also called "Mr. Li Er" among the people. There are complete works of Li Wenzhong. China was an important minister in the late Qing Dynasty, one of the main advocates of Westernization Movement, and the founder and commander-in-chief of Huai Army. Zuo (1812165438+1October1September 5, 885), Han nationality, Hunan Xiangyin, Hunan farmer, minister of Qing Dynasty, and famous Xiang Army. In his life, he experienced major historical events such as the Hunan Army's pacification of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Westernization Movement, the pacification of Shaanxi and Gansu, and the recovery of Xinjiang. Smart since childhood, 14 years old took the first place among boys, and once wrote, "I am semi-illiterate and worried about the world;" There are thousands of calligraphy, and God makes friends with the ancients. "Left young, tried and tested. Instead, he paid attention to agriculture, read a lot of books, and studied geography and the art of war. Later, he became a famous minister in the late Qing Dynasty, from the official to the university of Dongge, the minister of military aircraft, and the second-class marquis.