After the establishment of the Tang Dynasty in 6 18, the national strength was strong, and the situation that all parties came to the DPRK soon appeared. In 623, a former Sui envoy returned to Japan to write to the emperor that "the laws and regulations of the Tang Dynasty were complete" and he wanted to send envoys. In 630, the court appointed dog Yutian as the initial ambassador to the Tang Dynasty. It was not until 894 that Sugawara no michizane suggested to stop sending, and the Japanese * * * sent a delegation to Tang 19, with a trip of 15. Another jacket? The number of unofficial Japanese envoys is 0, and the Tang Dynasty also sent envoys to Japan 10 times. There are envoys, ambassadors, international students, monks studying abroad, sailors, doctors and so on. There are about 200 people in the early stage and about 500 people in the later stage. Divided into four ships, only dozens of envoys went to Chang 'an or Luoyang. Overseas students and monks who stayed in the Tang Dynasty for a long time were deeply influenced by mainland culture and actively spread after returning home. The mission of sending envoys to the Tang Dynasty is not only to develop good-neighborly relations with the Tang Dynasty politically, but also to exchange valuable products needed by the court nobles economically. It is more important to learn the advanced political system, laws, culture and Buddhism of the Tang Dynasty. At the end of the ninth century, the main reasons for stopping sending envoys to the Tang Dynasty were the danger of shipping routes, the decline of the Tang Dynasty, the financial difficulties of the government and the rise of non-governmental trade. However, the frequent exchanges between the two countries for more than 200 years have had a tremendous impact on Japan's politics, economy, society and culture. The political and economic impact is the same as mentioned above. Let's analyze the influence of culture and art.
Second, tang style culture
Through frequent exchanges between China and Japan, Baifeng culture, Tian Ping (Nara) culture and Qian 'an (Hong Ren Zhenguan) culture influenced by Tang Wenhua appeared in Japan.
Baifeng culture refers to a period of culture from 645 to 7 10 before the capital moved to Nara, named after the pheasant year number (650-654). This kind of culture is still centered on Buddhist culture, but it was influenced by the culture of the Six Dynasties in mainland China in the early stage and the culture of the Tang Dynasty in the later stage. During the reign of Emperor Tianwu, the system of gods centered on Ise Shrine and the system of the new emperor's enthronement ceremony were established. At the same time, vigorously protect Buddhism and implement Buddhist enlightenment. To this end, official temples such as Daguan Temple and Yangle Temple were built, and seminars were held to explain the classic laws of protecting the country. Nobles all over the country have also established their own temples. In 692, there were 545 temples in China. As the representative of Baifeng culture, the representative buildings left at that time included Yakutski East Tower, Tianshan Temple Cloister, Yakutsi Foundation Hall Pharmacist, etc., and the representative paintings included Horyuji Jintang Mural and Gaosongzhong Tomb Mural. In addition, there are Chinese poems created by Prince Ota and Prince Otsu, as well as long and short songs and harmonies created by Wang Ota and persimmon himself Ma Lu, whose works were included in Huaifengzao and anthology compiled in Nara era.
Although Tian Ping culture was taken from Tian Pingnian (724-748) when Emperor Shengwu was in power, it generally refers to the culture of the whole Nara era (7 10-794). The culture of this period was deeply influenced by the culture of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, forming aristocratic culture including Buddhist culture. This kind of culture is first embodied in the compilation of national history, in order to establish the sacred authority of the royal family. Ancient Tales, a three-volume book published in 7 12, describes the story of creation, the coming of the sun, SHEN WOO's crusade and Chun Wu's crusade to push the ancient emperor under a pseudonym, which contains many myths and legends, but some traces of the formation of the Japanese nation can also be seen from it. The 30-volume Annals of China, written in 720 AD, is a chronological history book of, covering the period from the mythological era to the Emperor's period in 697 AD. Historical data is of great value, but it still needs critical and analytical references. The official revision of history continued until the middle of heian period. * * There are six historical books written in Chinese, namely, Continued Japanese History, Post-Japanese History, Continued Japanese History, Continued Japanese History, A Record of Emperor Wende of Japan, and A Record of Three Generations of Japan, among which Japanese History is collectively called History of Six Kingdoms. In addition, in July13, the imperial court ordered countries to compile the names of mountains and rivers, local specialties, ancient legends and so on. , that is, local chronicles recorded in Chinese. At present, there are only Liu Chang, Izumo, Bomo, Hou Feng, Fei Qian and other local chronicles, most of which are incomplete.
In the ruling ideology, the court strongly advocated Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. The government establishes educational institutions to train officials, which are called "universities" in the central government and "Chinese studies" in local governments. College students are mostly officials' children with more than five people, and those who pass the exam are recorded as officials. However, according to the relevant regulations, the children of five or more bureaucrats can automatically become officials, which is the so-called "shadow post system", so the university is only a place to strengthen the cultural cultivation of aristocratic children. University courses include studying the Analects of Confucius, the Book of Filial Piety and other classics, studying laws and regulations, and studying the history of China. The students of Chinese studies are mostly children of county departments. Buddhism continues to prosper under the protection of the state. In 74 1 year, Emperor Shengwu issued a decree to establish the national treasury temple, that is, each "country" established a national temple, and in 743, it issued a decree to build a giant Buddha, which lasted for 10 year. At that time, there were "seven temples" and "six sects in the south", that is, seven larger temples were built, including Yakushiji, Daianji, Yuanxing Temple, Kofukuji, Dongda Temple, Nishioji and Fallon Temple, and six major Buddhist schools were built, including Three Theories, Reality, Dharma, Harmony, Huayan and Dharma. However, in the early Nara era, Faxiangzong, which advocated that "following the classics can protect the country, but violating the constitution will harm the people", won the support of the court and flourished. In 754 AD, after Jian Zhen, a monk of the Tang Dynasty, crossed the sea to Japan, the emperor's court granted land to build a temple to support him, so the Legalist school was widely spread in Japan. Because of the nationalization of Buddhism, the famous monks at that time were not only religious scholars, but also politicians in high positions, and were deeply trusted by the emperor.
In terms of literature and art, the Nara era has also made great progress compared with the previous era. Among them, The Collection of Ye Wan, written under a pseudonym, contains about 4,500 peace songs from 759 years ago, with authors ranging from emperors to civilians, Kanto farmers and guards. After Ota Wang and persimmon Ma Lu in Baifeng culture period, Yishan Yiliang and Sakamoto Noya Xiang are the representatives of Nara era, collectively referred to as four generations of singers. The representative buildings left by Nara era include Fahuatang, Zhengcang Courtyard and Zhao Ti Temple of Dongda Temple, the representative sculptures include the King Kong statue of Fahuatang of Dongda Temple, and the representative paintings include a bird's hair screen-a picture of a beautiful woman under a tree, all of which have traces of cultural influence in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Especially in Zhengcangyuan, which collects royal treasures, its articles fully show the influence of cultural exchanges between the East and the West.
From the end of the eighth century to the end of the ninth century, the early days of peace (Hong Ren? Zhenguan culture is still deeply influenced by Tang Wenhua, but during this period, folk Buddhism rose, and foreign religions merged with local religions, forming a "unity of God and Buddhism". The most famous monk went to the Western Seas with Tang envoys, returned to China to establish Tiantai Sect, and taught himself the Buddhist altar, which established the central position of Liyan Temple in Japanese Buddhism. Konghai, another famous monk, also studied Tantric Buddhism in the Tang Dynasty and returned to China to create a spell. Both factions advocate practicing in the mountains, so their temples are built in the shape of mountains, leaving behind representative buildings such as the Golden Hall of Fangsheng Temple and the Pentecostal Pagoda, among which the Buddha statues are also mysterious. In addition, because most government officials are scholars who are good at Tang Wenhua, the imperial court often holds banquets to chant Chinese poems, and many excellent Chinese poetry collections have appeared, such as Ling, Ji and Ji. This makes this era known as the "Dark Age of National Style" in the history of literature.
Third, the national culture.
The national culture includes Fujiwara culture in the social security political period of10-1century, and Ping 'an culture from the end of the 20th century to the end of the 2nd century.
After Japan sent envoys to the Tang Dynasty and stopped sending envoys, especially after the demise of the Tang Dynasty in 907, on the basis of absorbing and digesting mainland culture, it gradually formed a unique aesthetic consciousness, and pseudonyms, art, life and unique concepts reflected its consciousness appeared. Although the Japanese began to express their pronunciation with Chinese characters in the 5th century, pseudonyms were not formed until the beginning of the 20th century, which promoted the development of China literature headed by Hege. The representative works of this period include Collection of Ancient and Modern Harmony Songs, Tale of Genji, Pillow Grass, Diary of Chinese Style Department, etc. What is particularly striking is that most literary works are created by women, because the gradual maturity of aristocratic society has increased the number of women with leisure culture. Women first used pseudonyms, and women of the Guan family won the favor of the emperor for their literary accomplishment. For example, the Diary of a Dragonfly written by Fujiwara Dooka's mother describes the female psychology in marriage in detail. Tale of Genji is a world-famous novel written by Murasaki shikibu, a female official in the palace. Through the love and fate of the protagonist Guangyuan, it describes the luxurious life of the court nobles and the subtle psychological state of the characters, and reflects the trend of social change at that time in a tortuous way.
In the spread or popularization of Buddhism, the role of powerful aristocrats has been gradually strengthened, and there has been a trend of the integration of Buddha and God (that is, the theory of "local remnants"), that is, the appearance of Buddha in Buddhism and the idea of giving alms to all beings explain the gods that Japan has always worshipped, and even regard the gods as the incarnation of Buddha. In addition, there has also been a pure land Sect dominated by folk communication. Different from Buddhism, which pursued secular interests in the past, Pure Land Sect advocated escaping from worldly sufferings and eventually entering the pure land of bliss, and books promoting Pure Land Sect appeared, such as Past Life Collection, Japanese Past Life Blissful Story and Past Life Biography. In terms of art, there are "Yamato Painting" with Japanese scenery as the theme, and Japanese-style temple buildings such as Byodoin Temple Phoenix Hall centered on water and pools. The culture in the last years of Ping 'an is characterized by the integration of aristocratic culture into the content of warriors and civilians, such as the emergence of civilian art such as Dengaku and Monkey Music, a collection of past and present stories describing the lives of warriors and civilians, a story describing the gate of Pingmen Rebellion, a collection of Lu Ao stories describing the nine years before Lu Ao War, and a collection of folk songs called Chen Liang Secret Copy. In painting, there is a picture depicting the life of ordinary people in the middle of the year. Even in the picture of Tale of Genji, we can see the influence of samurai and civilians. During this period, there were China literature and history books, such as Dajing and Jinjing.