There is a title of "Lanting in the Late Tang Dynasty" in front of this volume. The first title is "Yin Shin in Jin Tang". After the paper, there are 20 inscriptions by Song Zhiming, and the collection is printed by 180. According to various inscriptions, imprints and records, their circulation is roughly as follows: Southern Song Dynasty, Neifu, Xuyang Town, Tianxi in Yuan Dynasty, Neifu in Ming Dynasty, Qing Dynasty, Xiang, Chen Ding, Ji and Ganlong Neifu. Records of past dynasties include: Coral Net Record by Wang Zhuyun in Ming Dynasty, Calligraphy and Painting Record by Wu Qizhen and Calligraphy Notes by Bian Yongyu in Qing Dynasty. Textual research on books, Gu Fu's Spectacular Life, Wu Sheng's Grand View Record, Ruan Yuan's Essays on Shiqu, and Shiqu Baodi? Continuation and other books. Carved into the "Lanting Eight Columns", ranking third.
This book is made of two sheets of paper, which are smooth and delicate. It is called "Shenlong Ben" because there is a seal script with the year number of Shenlong in Lixian County, Tang Zhongzong. Later, the inscription: "Tang Zhongzong copied the Preface to Lanting Collection by Wang Xizhi, a right general in the Jin Dynasty", which was confirmed as a copy.
About life in Feng Chengsu.
1, family background and origin
Ancient people tend to cling to celebrities with the same surname of the previous generation. Whether Ziming and Jingtong are really distant ancestors of Feng Chengsu is uncertain, but judging from the fact that they are both in Chang 'an, this possibility exists. Feng He, as the ancestor of the Feng family hundreds of years ago, wrote a brilliant stroke in history, which constituted the glory of the Feng family. However, regardless of whether Feng Chengsu's ancestors were sincere or not, the family prestige gradually declined from the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Feng Chengsu's great-grandfather was popular and served as a doctor in the catering department during the Northern Zhou Dynasty. Grandfather Feng Fu was appointed as the county magistrate of Yizhou Yi Tong in Sui Dynasty. His father Feng Ying was the left supervisor of the Tang Dynasty. Among these three generations, the Feng family's official position is not very high, but except Feng Fu's place is far away in Bashu, everyone else belongs to Beijing officials. In this way, although the Feng family was far less prominent at this time, the family as a whole remained relatively stable.
The Northern Zhou Dynasty lasted only 24 years, and the subsequent unified dynasty Sui was replaced by the Tang Dynasty only 37 years later. In the chaos of regime change, the declining but stable living conditions of the Feng family are not a blessing. This stability will contribute to Feng Chengsu's early life and enable him to obtain basic material security and enlightenment education. "Epitaph" notes: "The public values benevolence, accumulates good spirits, has far-reaching instruments and colors, and the wind instruments distinguish wisdom. When I was a child, I carved a mouse and took the posture of responding to the task for the first time. When I was a child, I buried a snake, which was a sign of pushing grace. After reading a few words, I want to recharge my batteries, but I am also arrogant. " Feng Chengsu showed good moral character, skillful etiquette and good cultural accomplishment since he was a child. Although his words are exaggerated, they are not pure fiction.
2. Records of the way of "keeping the ceremony under the door"
The Epitaph records Feng Chengsu's "Salvation Ceremony under the Palm Gate". "Brown solution", take off the cloth, meaning to start an official, it can be seen that "courtesy under the door" is Feng Chengsu's first job.
There are four main ways to be an official in the Tang Dynasty, one is the imperial examination, the other is the shadow under the door, the third is the exit of people, and the fourth is the entry and exit. Scholars enter official positions mainly through the first three ways. Feng Chengsu could not have entered the official career through the imperial examination, because at the time of martial arts and chastity in the early Tang Dynasty, the imperial examination system was not complete, and the number of people selected for the imperial examination was very small. Only a dozen people were admitted to every imperial examination. If they are elected, it will be a great honor for the literati, and it is impossible not to mention it in the epitaph. It is impossible for Feng Chengsu to enter the official position through grace, because Feng's position at this time is low and he is not qualified to be taken care of. Feng Chengsu's entry into the official position is estimated to be from the outside.
"Outflow" is a general term for officials below nine categories in Sui and Tang Dynasties. As long as the "outflow" has one of the three specialties of "working books, working plans and understanding current events", it can flow in and out after being selected by the official department. Since the Tang Dynasty stipulated that people from abroad could not hold important official positions, the influx of people from abroad was the main source of middle and lower-level officials. In the early years of the Tang Dynasty, because the civil war had not completely subsided and the world had not been unified, the people of the whole country were trembling, their enthusiasm for being an official was not high, and there were many vacancies for officials. Feng Chengsu lives in Beijing, which is conveniently located. His father is a long-term supervisor and has certain social relations and information resources, which gives Feng Chengsu the opportunity and convenience to be an official.
3. Possible links between Feng Chengsu and Wei Zhi.
The central official system in the Tang Dynasty basically followed the Sui Dynasty, and the imperial court centered on three provinces and six departments. In the book, door, history and three provinces stand side by side, each with its own responsibilities. Feng Chengsu Menxia Province is a very important organ, which is responsible for reviewing the documents drawn up by Zhongshu Province and has the power to refute them. After deliberation and approval, it will be handed over to Shangshu Province for implementation. The highest official in Menxia Province is Shi Zhong. During the Wude period of Emperor Gaozu, Yang Gongren and Gao Shilian successively served as attendants. After Emperor Taizong acceded to the throne, in the second year of Zhenguan, Du Ruhui was appointed as a proofreader, and was succeeded by Wang Jue. In the seventh year of Zhenguan, Wei Zhi began to take over the provinces. Wei Zhi presided over the provincial government for nearly ten years by checking schools, helping China and saving trouble (Yang Shidao worked as a helper in Zhenguan for thirteen to seventeen years, but lived under Kevin·Z). In the seventh year of Zhenguan, Feng Chengsu was only 17 years old. According to common sense, even if Feng Chengsu was wise as stated in the epitaph, it can basically be concluded that he must have "solved Brown" as a "provincial ceremony" after Wei Zhi presided over the province.
Wei Zhi's calligraphy is no longer there, but it can be inferred from the account of Historical Records that his calligraphy appreciation level is extremely high and his calligraphy cultivation is profound. Book of the New Tang Dynasty, volume 57, Yi: "Taizong went out of the palace to buy ancient books from all over the world, and ordered Yu Shinan and Chu Suiliang to determine the authenticity." The Biography of Yukime in Old Tang Dynasty (Volume 77) mentioned: "Since the time of Zhenguan and Yonghui, Yu Shinan and Chu Suiliang lived in their books, but there was little success since then. Kevin·Z, the ancestor of Qinwai, has a rich collection of books, with many worries and traces of the past. He has a sharp pen, is good at imitation and has a beautiful pen. He was an ordinary person at that time. " In 638, Wei Zhi spent twelve years in Zhenguan, and Yu Shinan, an 8 1 year-old great calligrapher, died. Wei Zhi recommended to Emperor Taizong that Chu Suiliang take over Yu Shinan's book affairs. Chu Suiliang is the son of a bachelor of library science. At that time, he served as a live lang in the province. Although he is only a middle-level official, he is an important position close to the emperor.
The year Wei Zhi recommended Chu Suiliang, Feng Chengsu was 22 years old. By this time, he has probably entered the province. Feng Chengsu, a junior official in Xiamen with nine ranks, has just entered Xiamen. His main duty is to act as a guide in the large-scale ceremonial activities of the court. In the epitaph, "morning shift, aristocratic order debate, etc." It's a description of his duties. However, a young man from an ordinary official's family ranks among the confidential departments of the imperial court, and despite his humble position, he is still respected by people in society. It is not an exaggeration to say that "a gentleman respects his elegance and a friend respects his rules."
Generally speaking, a petty official with low taste like Feng Chengsu will not associate with Wei Zhi and Chu Suiliang. However, the early years of the Tang Dynasty had its particularity: the imperial institutions were surprisingly streamlined. According to the official system of the Tang Dynasty, there were two provincial assistants, and this position ranked third in the early Tang Dynasty. Under the assistant of the chief executive, there are middle-level officials, such as assistant minister, Zuo Sanqi's constant attendance, Zuo Dafu, Zhu, Zhu, and clerks, directors, Zuo Bukui, Zuo Yi, and master of ceremonies. However, judging from the whole establishment, there are only 38 posts in Xiamen Province. Even with such an establishment, it may not be full at the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, especially in the establishment of senior officials, there are often vacancies. Compared with modern society, such institutions are extremely streamlined and unimaginable. After Feng Chengsu entered the province, although his position was humble, it was entirely possible for him to contact middle and senior officials and ask Wei Zhi, Chu Suiliang and others for calligraphy to gain their understanding and appreciation.
"Epitaph" said that Feng Chengsu "worked as a grass official, so he came to the ancient law and was presented to the court with a wonderful gift, and was ordered to go straight to the Hong Wen Pavilion." Feng Chengsu was appreciated by Emperor Taizong for his excellent traditional calligraphy skills and active expression of his calligraphy talents. This is a special opportunity for Feng Chengsu. Such an opportunity may happen by accident, or it may be the result recommended by Wei Zhi and others.
4. Time and position of becoming the second single aristocrat in Hong Wen Museum.
Hong Wen Pavilion was originally a "Xiuwen Pavilion", which was built in Wude for four years (AD 62 1). When Emperor Taizong acceded to the throne, he changed the "Xiuwen Pavilion" to Hong Wen Pavilion, and selected Yu Shinan, Chu Liang (the father of Chu Suiliang), Yao Silian, Ou Yangxun and other bachelors to serve. Hong Wen Pavilion has bachelor's degree, straight bachelor's degree and straight pavilion. The bachelor's degree is concurrently held by the imperial court, and the straight bachelor's degree is concurrently held by officials below six grades. Feng Chengsu is a general and an upright pavilion. The general was the lowest-ranking prose official at that time, from the nine grades. But because it was appointed by the emperor, I naturally felt honored and played my specialty. Hong Wen Pavilion enrolls dozens of children of imperial clan and court ministers for education, and undertakes the affairs of sorting out books, restoring calligraphy and painting, etc.
Feng Chengsu, Zhao Mo, Han Daozheng, Zhu Gejin and others should focus on this period when copying, restoring and copying Gu Shuhua. It can be said that this is an important stage of Feng Chengsu's life. Because here, he can get a rare opportunity to watch-even Rainbow Xizhi's Beaver Bones can be seen at any time, and he has contacts with several great calligraphers in the early Tang Dynasty. His calligraphy level has been greatly improved at this stage. The epitaph particularly emphasized his great progress in cursive script, saying that his cursive script even surpassed the previous generation of Zhang Zhi, and his understanding of cursive script even surpassed Wei Heng. "So Luan back to the wonderful trace, investigate its essence, raccoon dog bone fairy, will Lu its beauty. Zhang Boying's kindness is incomparable. Wei Jushan's speech was once full of metaphors. "Such comments may be exaggerated, but it is an ancient custom to pay tribute to the dead. It has been three years since Tang Gaozong Xianheng wrote these comments in his epitaph (672). At this time, several great calligraphers in the early Tang Dynasty had already passed away, and even Chu Suiliang, who was a generation later than Ou Yangxun and Yu Shinan, had passed away for thirteen years, so this exaggeration lost its scruples.
Feng Chengsu's tenure in the Hong Wen Pavilion can be roughly determined, at least not later than the thirteenth year of Zhenguan, when Feng Chengsu was 23 years old. Chu Suiliang rubbings: "On April 9, the thirteenth year of Zhenguan, Fengzi published Le Yi, which was originally written by General in Hong Wen Pavilion." Feng Chengsu's tenure and title are clearly mentioned here. Jiang Jinshi and Wang Jiang said in the article: "In addition, Feng Chengsu in Liang Piyun's China Calligraphy Dictionary called him a general, but there is no record of this position in the chronicle, so it can be said that this chronicle is right or wrong." This inference is debatable, and epitaph is not the only basis to solve the problem. In the Tang Dynasty, General Shi Lang was only an official with nine accomplishments, so it was reasonable to ignore the epitaph.
When did Feng Chengsu leave the Hong Wen Pavilion? It can be inferred from the time when he went to Rendian Bookstore in Taizifu. It will be inferred later that it should not be earlier than the seventeenth year of Zhenguan, that is, after Li Zhi, who later became Tang Gaozong, was made a prince by Emperor Taizong. Zhenguan seventeen years, Feng Chengsu 27 years old.
5. Who was the prince when Ren Dian Bookstore was a clerk?
"Epitaph": "The dragon Qing Ye cuts, and the crane forbids coagulation. Comprehensive nuclear division, the wise belong to the genus, change the record of the stacks. The wisdom of picketing is full of fame. Hidden energy, sound into the blue topic. The imperial court has a wide range of affairs, dense layers and a general manager. " Jiang Jinshi and Wang Jiang's articles about Dian Bookstore have been introduced clearly. Crane class refers to the place where the prince lives. After the Hong Wen Pavilion, Feng Chengsu went to the prince's official residence and worked as a clerk in Canon Bookstore. This was his third position, and he retired from Bapin.
Here is a question: which prince does this prince refer to?
Li Chenggan, Lee Tae and Li Zhi, sons of Emperor Taizong and his eldest grandson, experienced a complicated and cruel struggle around the crown prince. In the seventeenth year of Zhenguan, the struggle came to fruition. Former Prince Li Chenggan was abolished as Shu Ren, and Lee Tae and Wang Wei, who were deeply appreciated by Taizong, were demoted. Li Zhi, the cowardly and incompetent king of Jin, was lucky to become a prince in the struggle between snipe and clam. Seven years later, Li Zhi acceded to the throne, namely Tang Gaozong. Feng Chengsu died in Xianheng, Tang Gaozong for three years (672). At this time, the epitaph could not mention the abandoned Prince Li Chenggan. Logically speaking, it can only refer to Li Zhi, or the prince established after Li Zhi ascended the throne. After Li Zhi ascended the throne, Prince Jong Li, who was established by Yonghui for three years (652), was demoted four years later and was given the death penalty. In 656, during the first year of the Qing Dynasty, Li Zhili was Prince Li Hong. The abolition of two princes, Jong Li and Li Hongzhang, was a great event before Feng Chengsu died. So the former Prince Jong Li should be ruled out. In this way, the prince involved in the epitaph can only choose between Li Zhi and Li Hong. Personally, I think Li Zhi is more likely. The reason: According to the epitaph, Feng Chengsu was very busy and made great achievements when he was a secretary in Dianshufang, and was soon promoted and transferred, probably because of the smooth succession of Li Zhi.
6. At the end of the book in office.
Feng Chengsu's fourth and final post is the main book of China's books, and he has been promoted since the seventh grade. Zhongshu Province is the highest executive organ of the imperial court. During the Yonghui period in Tang Gaozong, the main officials of Zhongshu Province were Chu Suiliang and Gao Jifu. Later, due to the coexistence of Emperor Gaozong and Wuhou, Wuhou became more and more involved in politics, and Sun Chang Wuji and Chu Suiliang, ministers appointed by Emperor Taizong at his deathbed, also faced a situation of treading on thin ice. At this time, Xu, Li Yifu and others began to enter the core of power. They slandered Wu Zetian and fought with Sun Chang Wuji and Chu Suiliang. Finally, Sun Chang Wuji was killed and Chu Suiliang was demoted. One side of the struggle, Chu Suiliang, was the chief executive of the provincial and library periods, while the other side of the struggle, Li Yifu, was the superior of Rendian Bookstore during the recording period, and now it has gone further with the accession of Prince Li Zhi. Feng Chengsu is in Cao Xia, a small seven-product master book, naturally unable to intervene, but in the whirlpool of power, he may have to deal with it carefully. In the third year of Xianheng (672), after the death of Feng Chengsu, Li Yifu was exiled for corruption. About this period of life, the author of Epitaph vaguely summarized it with four words: "Be cautious in public, offer chastity, benefit from it, show honor, show rank, and spoil the year".
Jiang Jinshi and Wang Jiang wrote: "Feng Chengsu lived in the Tang Dynasty, but he was still young when he was a warrior. His main activities should be in the Tang Taizong and Gaozong Dynasties. According to the age, his favor was mainly in the Tang Taizong dynasty. ..... But in the Tang Taizong dynasty, it was obviously left out in the cold, because the emperor didn't love calligraphy as much as Tang Taizong, and even Chu Suiliang was expelled from the capital, and Feng Chengsu, who spoke out of turn, was helpless. Therefore, Feng Chengsu's career has not developed further. " This paper holds that this inference is inappropriate, so two different viewpoints are put forward. First, Feng Chengsu was only appreciated and played in the Tang Taizong dynasty, far from being "favored". From the title he won, we can see that Emperor Taizong only took advantage of his strengths. During the Tang Gaozong period, Feng Chengsu's position was slightly improved, rather than "left out in the cold". Secondly, Chu Suiliang was demoted to the capital because of the political struggle of the imperial court, especially the contradiction with Wu Zetian, which had nothing to do with calligraphy. It is inappropriate to speculate that Feng Chengsu's official career has not developed further because Tang Gaozong doesn't like calligraphy.
Textual Research on the Author of "Dragon Book" in Preface to Lanting Collection
The author of Lanting Preface and Long Tu Lu, which exists in the Palace Museum, is now generally considered to be Feng Chengsu. This conclusion comes from Guo Tianci, an expert in Yuan Dynasty. When Guo Tianci wrote Preface to the Dragon Book and Preface to the Lanting Pavilion, he wrote: "Right Tang Xian copied the Preface to the Lanting Pavilion from the Jin Right Army, with elegant writing, brilliant ink color, magnificent beauty and soul-stirring. This must have been written by Emperor Taizong for, and others in Preface to Lanting Collection, and it is no different from Mi Yuanzhang's copy in Su Caiweng's School in the South of Chu River and Zhang Stone Carving. " Guo Tianci used the cautious "Feng Chengsu et al." instead of "Feng Chengsu", that is to say, he was not sure who the authors of "The Book of Dragons" and "The Preface to the Lanting Pavilion" were, but only roughly judged as a group of calligraphers in Hong Wen Pavilion in Tang Dynasty. Modern academic circles have different views on Guo Tianci's inference. For example, Tang Lan totally denied the Dragon Book and Preface to the Orchid Pavilion, and thought that the Orchid Pavilion, which was regarded as a treasure between the Song and Yuan Dynasties, was a fake of Yangzhen in the Southern Song Dynasty, while the Orchid Pavilion seen today was a fake tripod in the Ming Dynasty. Moody's tried to defend Guo Tianci's theory from the academic reputation and copying skills of Guo Tianci and others. I think Tang Lan's argument is debatable, but Moody's inference is not sufficient. No matter whether Guo Tianci is knowledgeable or not, who is the author of "Dragon Book" is still an open question worth discussing because he can't produce conclusive evidence and his argument is not sufficient.
Xiang, a great collector in the Ming Dynasty, wrote an afterword after the Dragon Map Record: "Tang Zhongzong sent a volume of Preface to Lanting by Wang Xizhi, a general of Jin Youjun". There are two things in the postscript of Xiang: First, he simplified Guo Tianci's Feng Chengsu et al. to Feng Chengsu, and determined that the author of Dragon Book was a clear and concrete Feng Chengsu, which was subjective and did not produce any reliable academic evidence at all, so it was not credible. Second, he called Feng Chengsu from Tang Zhongzong. Now that we have an epitaph, we can be sure that his judgment is wrong. Tang Zhongzong (656-7 10) was in office twice, once in 65438+68410-February and once in 705-7 10, while Feng Chengsu had already passed away. Of course, for this, we can forgive his mistake, because he doesn't have the convenience of the unearthed epitaph materials we have today, and he can't know the exact date of Feng Chengsu's birth and death.
As the epitaph is unearthed, it is necessary to discuss the author of the book of dragons. Jiang Jinshi and Wang Jiang summarized the contents of Feng Chengsu's epitaph, saying: "Most epitaphs in the Tang Dynasty often used a lot of space to introduce the family origin of the tomb owner, the official positions held by the ancestors and their parents, and the service of the tomb owner in his life, and finally they praised the epitaph of the tomb owner. Although Feng Chengsu's epitaph has not escaped this form, it is quite different from other epitaphs. After reading the whole article, you will find a main line, that is, Feng Chengsu has always been good at calligraphy. His only official promotion has a lot to do with being good at calligraphy. " The author agrees with this induction, and there is indeed a main line hidden in the epitaph: calligraphy. However, although Feng Chengsu's calligraphy copying, copying and identification are mentioned in the epitaph, the Preface to Lanting is not mentioned at all. Some readers may think that Feng Chengsu undertook extensive copying work, and Preface to Lanting is just one of them, so there is no need to mention it specifically. However, it should be pointed out that before Feng Chengsu's death, Preface to the Lanting Pavilion had stood out among many representative works of Wang Xizhi's calligraphy widely searched by Emperor Taizong and became the focus of attention of monarchs, officials and ruling and opposition parties. If Feng Chengsu really participated in the reproduction of the Preface to the Lanting Pavilion, then the epitaph should at least hit the nail on the head, if it is not greatly exaggerated. But the epitaph we see today is not involved at all, which is meaningful. We speculate that Feng Chengsu may have participated in the reproduction of many famous calligraphy works during his stay in Hong Wen Pavilion, but he may be only a minor participant or not at all in the reproduction project of Preface to the Lanting Pavilion.
The Lanting Collection written by He is an influential document in the case-solving of Preface to Lanting. This article describes that after obtaining the original Preface to Lanting Collection, Emperor Taizong ordered four calligraphers, including Zhao Mo, Han Daozheng, Feng Chengsu and Zhu Gejin, to develop several copies for the Crown Prince, the king and modern ministers. However, the huge impact does not mean that it is reasonable and reliable, and it still needs the patience of the academic community.
The predecessors have long questioned the Preface to Lanting. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, Wang Luo pointed out many absurdities in the details of his articles, and Guo Moruo generally reiterated Wang Luo's opinions in the Lanting Debate from 65438 to 0965. In response to Guo Moruo's query, contemporary scholars also have arguments against He, such as Wang Rutao's On He's The Lanting Collection is a history of the changes of Confucian classics. From the texts of both sides of the argument, we can see that they all have some reasonable opinions, but they can't completely refute each other. On the basis of reading and analyzing the existing literature, this paper holds that He's Preface to the Lanting Pavilion is a typical Tang legend, which was skillfully modified on the basis of certain historical facts. Although generally credible, the details are suspicious. Legends of the Tang Dynasty wrote and told stories in the style of historians. Legends of the Tang Dynasty originated in the early prosperous Tang Dynasty, and in the middle Tang Dynasty, legends flourished and famous articles appeared one after another, which constituted an important phenomenon in the history of literature. Some of these works are based on some facts in real life. For example, Jiang Fang's Biography of Huo Xiaoyu, known as the "masterpiece of the legend of the Middle Tang Dynasty", is a masterpiece of love tragedy featuring the famous poet Li Yi. Commenting on the Biography of Huo Xiaoyu, Mr. Lu Xun said: "Li Zhao (in Supplement to National History) said:' Li Yi, a regular servant who rode away, was rarely suspicious', but he also said that after Xiao Yu's death, Li Yi was extremely suspicious, so he became a stranger with the meeting." It reveals the elements of the legendary "false experience illusion". Sometimes, legends even take the emperor as the protagonist. For example, among the legends handed down from the Tang Dynasty, there are three articles describing Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, such as Song of Eternal Sorrow, Kaiyuan Yuan Shengping and Dongcheng Laofu.
The reason why He's Lanting Collection was included in Zhang Yanyuan's Falu is that there are no strict standards in textual research and selection of Falu, trying to achieve the effect of "a good man gets two books and finishes painting" through extensive data collection. Therefore, it is logical that it should be included in Preface to Lanting Collection. Later, Lanting Collection was included in Taiping Guangji, a large-scale novel collection edited in the early Song Dynasty, which really deserved its name. Lanting Collection is a masterpiece of tang legends, with tortuous plot, vivid characters and good atmosphere. Even today, it is enough to attract the public and stimulate the imagination, and it can be regarded as a good novel.
Legends arouse the historical imagination of future generations and help them outline and restore the historical situation, but they also inevitably contain the fictional elements of the author. Fiction is an artistic means that legends must use to portray characters and enrich plots. With the help of necessary fictions, the legends of the Tang Dynasty achieved remarkable artistic effects and accumulated experience, which paved the way for the creation of later scripts of the Song and Yuan Dynasties and romance novels of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the concept of ancient ordinary literati, literature and history are integrated and inseparable. However, in the subject consciousness of modern people, literature and history are completely different, and they must abide by their respective discipline rules. Fiction belongs to the conventional strategy of literary discipline. Once it enters the field of history, fiction immediately becomes a scandal. Therefore, in today's research on the history of ancient calligraphy, we need to be cautious about documents such as Lanting Collection and try our best to exclude fictional factors.
Later generations' cognition of the Preface to Lanting is mostly influenced by the Preface to Lanting. Later generations, including Guo Tianci, accepted He's Preface to the Orchid Pavilion to a certain extent, which is an important reason why Long Shu was easily assigned to its name.
Other statements of the Tang Dynasty questioned He's Lanting Collection. Chu Suiliang's Note: "On April 9th, 13th year of Zhenguan, the book Yue Lun Yi was published in Fengzi, which was an original work. Written by General Ting, presented, Zhao Guogong Wuji, Kaifu Tongyi No.3 Division, Shangshu Zuofushe, Liang Guogong Fang, Tejin, Shangshu Zuofushe, Shen Guogong Gao Shilian, Shangshu of the official department and Chen Guo. Wu Pingyi's "Xu Fa Secretary": "Taizong's book in the right army is specially rewarded. At the beginning of Zhenguan, I went to buy beggars, and I was exhausted. When you are free, you can play. Lanting and Le Yi are particularly popular. Try to expand the Preface to the Orchid Pavilion by Tom Pucher and others, and give it to Liang Gongfang Ling Xuan. Pucher stole it, so it spread abroad. And Taizong strictly drove, and he entered the Xuan Palace. For Emperor Gaozong, I also gave several copies of Le Yi Lun and Miscellaneous Posts to Feng Chengsu and Zhuge Zhentuo, and gave them to six people, including Sun Chang Wuji, who owned them abroad. Chu Suiliang was an important official of Emperor Taizong and Emperor Gaozong, and participated in the collation of Wang Xizhi's books. His account should be more reliable. He clearly described Feng Chengsu's "On Music and Righteousness" without mentioning "Preface to Lanting". According to Wu Pingyi's records, copying work is divided into two stages; Tang Taizong Chao, Tompuche and others copied the Preface to Lanting; Gao Zongchao, Feng Chengsu and Zhuge Zhentuo have written many books about Le Yi and Zatie. Wu Pingyi was able to enter and leave the Forbidden City, and he was familiar with the collection and dissemination of court law books with high credibility. It can be seen that the records of Chu Suiliang and Wu Pingyi do not support He Dui's account and the Preface to Lanting. The earlier materials related to the Preface to Lanting include Sui and Tang Jiahua written by Liu Xiang during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, but the description of the book does not mention the situation of the reprint of the Preface to Lanting.
In view of the above discussion, this paper holds that, in the absence of other more novel and reliable materials, it is inappropriate to call the excellent manuscripts of Lanting Collection Preface "Longshu" and continue to call them "Feng Chengsu Manuscripts".
To annotate ...
Jiang Jinshi and Wang Jiang: Textual Research on Newly Unearthed Tang Dynasty, China Calligraphy Monthly, No.9, 20 10, pp.13/-135. Unless otherwise specified, all words quoted in this article are in this article.
Zhang Guogang. Official system in Tang Dynasty. Xi 'an: Sanqin Publishing House, 1987, page 139.
In the first year of Zhenguan, Emperor Taizong summoned Fang and others to say, "The root of governance lies in trial. Appoint people on merit. Therefore, the book says:' appointing officials on merit is the best way.' There is another cloud:' You don't have to be an official, you have to be a man.' If you get benefits, though a little less is enough; What you are not good at is also ridicule. The ancients also regarded being an official as incompetent and compared it to making cakes in a painting, which was inedible. "Poetry" says:' It is useless to find a husband and a child. Confucius said,' How can you be frugal if you don't do business properly? "The skin of a thousand sheep is not as good as the armpit of a fox." This is all in the classics, and it can't be Tao. When it is necessary to merge provincial officials and let them do their respective duties, they will do nothing. You should think this over and make an official position. "LingXuan and other reasons are a total of six hundred and forty civil servants. Emperor Taizong did so, because Ling Xuan said, "From now on, anyone who has mixed music, if more skilled than his peers, can only give special money and silks to reward his talents, but he shall not be awarded official titles, stand shoulder to shoulder with his husband, gentleman and gentleman, eat and eat together, and send all his clothes to show his shame and fatigue. Jason Wu: Zhenguan dignitaries, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1978, p. 87.
Notes on Southern Music in the Chuhe River in Tang Dynasty can be found in Records of Fa Shu by Zhang Yanyuan (Tang Dynasty), Beijing: People's Fine Arts Publishing House, 1986, p. 13 1 p.
Tang Lan. Debate on falsification in Longlange. Shanghai: Calligraphy Magazine,No. 1983, serialNo. 1, No.2, No.3, this article is later discussed by Hua Rende and Bai: Lanting, Suzhou University Press, 2000, p. 76- 106.
Eight-column edition of Textual Research on Mohist Scriptures edited by Hua Rende and Bai, Preface to Lanting Collection, pp. 345-375.
Same as 5.
Wang Luo's query is contained in the Lanting Kao written by Sang Shichang in the Southern Song Dynasty. See also Water Being: A Study of Song Dynasty, edited by Hua Rende and Bai: On Lanting, p. 175- 184.
Guo Moruo. On the Authenticity from the Unearthed Epitaph of Xie Wang. Beijing: Cultural Relics, No.6, 1965. This article was later included in Lanting Debate, Beijing: Cultural Relics Publishing House, 1972.
Wang Rutao. On What Is a History of Changes Attached to Classics. Shandong: Journal of Linyi Normal University, No.5, 2005.
Yuan Xingpei: History of China Literature, 2nd ed. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2005, p. 324.
Lu Xun: "Fu, Complete Works of Lu Xun, Volume X, Beijing: People's Literature Publishing House, 2005, p. 103.
Lu Xun: A Brief History of Chinese Novels, Complete Works of Lu Xun, Volume 9, page 87.
(Tang Dynasty) Zhang Yanyuan: Preface to Fa Shu, Fa Shu Bian, p. 13 1.
Same as 4.
Wu Pingyi (Tang Dynasty): Summary of Xu Shuji's legal works, p.114-115.