[Edit this paragraph] The origin of art
One of the social ideologies. It refers to art that occupies a certain space and has a visible image for appreciation. Including painting, sculpture, arts and crafts, architectural art, etc. In China, it also includes calligraphy and seal cutting art. The term "art" first appeared in Europe in the 17th century, and some people believe that it officially appeared in the mid-18th century. In modern Japan, free translation of Chinese characters was introduced to China around the time of the May 4th Movement and began to be widely used. Also known as "plastic art"
[Edit this paragraph] The main expression form of art
Art uses material materials as the medium to create considerable static objects that occupy a certain two-dimensional or three-dimensional space. The art of artistic image. A social ideology that expresses the author's thoughts and feelings, and it is also a form of production.
Fine arts, also known as plastic arts or visual arts, use certain material materials (such as paper, cloth, wood boards, clay, marble, plastic, etc.) to create objects with certain characteristics through modeling methods. The art of visual imagery of spatial and aesthetic value.
The scope of fine art is very broad. Broadly speaking, it can be roughly divided into two types: ornamental art and practical art.
In terms of ornamental art, it mainly includes two categories: painting and sculpture. Painting, due to the different materials and tools it uses, can be divided into Chinese painting, oil painting, watercolor painting, gouache painting, printmaking, sketching and other types of painting. Sculptures also come in various forms such as round sculptures and reliefs, and the materials used include stone, wood, clay, plaster, bronze, etc.
Practical arts also include two major categories: arts and crafts and architecture. At present, although there are different understandings of the concept of arts and crafts at home and abroad, generally speaking, arts and crafts includes three parts: traditional handicrafts, modern industrial art and commercial art. Traditional handicrafts such as jade carvings, ivory carvings, lacquerware, metal crafts, etc.; modern industrial art (or "industrial design") includes all practical and beautiful daily necessities (such as floral cloth) that meet the people's growing material and spiritual needs. , ceramics, glassware, furniture, carpets, household appliances, etc.), as well as the shape and color design of modern transportation and machinery; modern commercial art mainly refers to product signs, packaging and decoration, and commercial advertising. The reason why architecture also belongs to the scope of fine arts is determined by the dual nature of technology, science and art contained in the architecture itself. Any building always stands on the ground as a material structure with a certain spatial shape, so there must be a question of whether the shape is beautiful. In this sense, architecture, like sculpture, is a very specific plastic art.
Usually refers to an art such as painting, sculpture, arts and crafts, and architectural art that is developed in space, expresses one's attitude, and appeals to people's vision. When Europe began to use this name in the seventeenth century, it generally referred to paintings, sculptures, literature, music, etc. with aesthetic significance. When I began to use this term commonly around the time of the May 4th Movement, it also had a connotation equivalent to the entire art. For example, when Lu Xun explained the word "art" in 1913, he wrote: "Art is the word...translated from the English word Aite. The word "Aite" originally came from Greece, and its friendship was art. Soon afterwards, our country also used the word "art". The word "art" is translated as "爱特", and the word "art" has become a name specifically referring to visual arts such as painting.
Art communication refers to the use of certain material media and communication methods. The process of transmitting artistic information or works to recipients
Art reception refers to active consumption, appreciation and criticism activities based on communication, with art works as the object and the appreciators as the subject. .
In the past, from art works to art appreciation, simple and direct communication methods were mostly used, and the significance of communication did not attract people's attention. This was mainly due to the limitations of productivity levels and technological levels. The function is backward and has failed to have a great impact on artistic activities. In the past century, especially in recent decades, the rapid development of world science and technology has had a huge impact on artistic activities.
The development of high-tech technologies such as electronic technology, satellite technology, and computer technology, as well as their widespread application in the field of culture and art, have made significant progress in the methods and functions of art communication. It not only makes film and television art the most popular art form today, but also affects many of its forms of expression and communication methods to other art forms, fully embodying the superior functions of video technology. Art communication has shown an increasingly important role and status in the field of contemporary art activities. It affects the form, scale, speed, cycle, and proliferation of artworks, as well as the recipient's acceptance method and appreciation taste. Have a huge impact.
The acceptance of art, including the consumption, appreciation and criticism of art, is the end of artistic activities and the fundamental way for the ultimate realization of the intrinsic value of artists and works of art. The appreciation and criticism activities of art recipients have a strong subjective significance. It is not only the aesthetic recognition, interpretation and creation of art works, but also the spiritual communication and dialogue with artists. Art acceptance can also provide spiritual feedback to artists and even the object world, thereby realizing the connection between artistic activities and social activities, integrating artistic activities into the grand system of human social activities, and playing a powerful role in it.
It is a discipline that combines art with philosophy, aesthetics, culture, sociology, psychology, communication, anthropology, comparative studies, art history, etc. From various aspects such as the nature of art, the origin of art, the development of art, art creation, art appreciation, and art dissemination, we will explore the laws of the occurrence and development of human art, as well as its future trends and changes. The theoretical and historical research direction of art communication focuses more on mass communication in the field of art, and studies various issues of art as a carrier of information and communication in the context of new media.
[Edit this paragraph] What is the main study of art?
It mainly studies the introduction of art, the three major components, Chinese and foreign art, mass communication, etc.
People use photography, Plastic means such as painting and sculpture represent past life. Looking at the tasks and scenes in these works, we can often get rich imagination from interesting details and touching stories. Works of art are not mechanical imitations of nature. Artists must always integrate their own ideas, concepts and emotional attitudes while reflecting and displaying life. Excellent artists always pay attention to social life, care for the natural environment, and express their own personality in their creations.
Subject matter: one of the constituent elements of the content of literary and artistic works.
Theme: The basic ideas contained in literary and artistic works.
Changing the size and proportion of things, changing the original spatial position or environment can form a new visual image. Dali's Persistence of Memory is a successful example.
The Chinese knot symbolizes unity, harmony and warm interpersonal relationships.
The famous dancing pattern basin is a painted pottery from the Stone Age. The dancing pattern painted on the inner wall of the pottery basin reflects an aspect of people's life in primitive society, which is called the call of reason.
The special techniques in painting basically include three types: salt spreading method, color blowing method, and oil color adsorption method. They are generally used to express the starry sky
The sense of movement embodied in art works is a kind of human visual experience. This feeling is controlled and guided by the direction, center of gravity, strength, etc. of the body.
[Edit this paragraph] Basic knowledge of art
Art
Usually refers to paintings, sculptures, arts and crafts, architectural arts, etc. that are developed, expressed, and expressed in space. An art that appeals to people's vision. When Europe began to use this name in the seventeenth century, it generally referred to paintings, sculptures, literature, music, etc. with aesthetic significance. When this term began to be commonly used around the time of the May 4th Movement in my country, it also had a connotation equivalent to the entire art. For example, when Lu Xun explained the word "art" in 1913, he wrote: "Art is the word...translated from the British name Aite. The word "Aite" originally came from Greece, and its friendship was art. Soon afterwards, our country also used the word "art". The word "art" is translated as "爱特", and the word "art" has become a name specifically referring to visual arts such as painting.
Plastic expression means
Creation in plastic arts. Techniques and means of artistic image. For example, painting relies on color, light and shade, lines, anatomy and perspective; sculpture relies on volume and structure.
These techniques and means, through long-term artistic practice, have formed the unique and special artistic languages ????of these plastic arts, and determined the different expression rules of these arts, which are related to the success or failure of the artistic image and the infection of the artistic works. force. Artists' continuous exploration of the regularity of modeling expression means and their pursuit of excellence are necessary conditions for artistic creation to express new life content and satisfy people's constantly evolving aesthetic preferences.
The golden section
Also known as the golden rule and golden ratio. On a line segment, divide the line segment into a long segment and a short segment according to the best length to short ratio, or form the best long side to short side ratio of a rectangle according to the best length to short line segment ratio, which constitutes the golden section. .
Two-dimensional space
Painting terminology. Refers to the plane space composed of two factors: length (left and right) and height (up and down). In order to truly reproduce objects in paintings, we often use perspective, light and shade and other modeling techniques to create a sense of depth and a three-dimensional effect of objects on a plane in two-dimensional space, that is, using two-dimensional space to create the illusion of a three-dimensional space like natural objects. . Some paintings, such as decorative paintings, pattern paintings, etc., do not require a strong depth effect, but intentionally pursue a flat meaning in the two-dimensional space to obtain artistic expression.
Three-dimensional space
Painting terminology. Refers to the three-dimensional space composed of three factors: length (left and right), height (up and down), and depth (depth). In painting, in order to truly reproduce the object, the three-dimensional and depth effects of the three-dimensional space must be shown on the plane.
Texture
Plastic arts such as painting and sculpture use different expression techniques to express the characteristics of various objects in their works, such as silk, skin, water, stone, etc. The different qualitative characteristics such as weight, softness, hardness, roughness and smoothness give people a sense of reality and beauty.
Sense of volume
With the help of light and shade, color, lines and other modeling factors, the weight, thickness, size, amount and other feelings of an object are expressed. Such as the dignity of mountains and rocks, the lightness of wind and smoke, etc. Real objects in paintings are required to convey the unique weight and sense of reality of the object. Using the contrast relationship of quantity can produce diverse and unified effects.
Sense of space
In painting, according to the principles of geometric perspective and aerial perspective, the distance, level, interpenetration and other relationships between objects are depicted, so that they can be uploaded in a flat painting. Achieve a deep three-dimensional spatial feeling.
Sense of volume
Painting terminology. It means that the visible objects represented on the painting plane can give people a three-dimensional feeling occupying a three-dimensional space. In painting, any visible object is determined by the structure of the object itself and is composed of blocks with different directions and angles. Therefore, grasping the structural characteristics of the painted objects and analyzing their physical relationships in painting are necessary steps to achieve a sense of volume.
Perspective
Theoretical terminology of painting method. The word "perspective" originates from the Latin "perspclre" (see through). The initial study of perspective was to look at the scene through a transparent plane, and accurately depict the scene on this plane to form a perspective view of the scene. Later, the science of using lines to show the spatial position, outline and projection of objects on a flat frame according to certain principles was called perspective.
Light and shade
Painting terms. It refers to the changes in lightness and darkness of the light-received, backlighted and reflective parts of the object in the painting and the method of expressing this change. When an object is illuminated by light, it appears in three states of light and dark, which are called three major surfaces: bright surface, middle surface, and dark surface. The three major surfaces of light, color and light are generally the middle surface and the dark surface. The three major surfaces of light, color, light and shade generally appear as five basic levels, that is, five tones: ① The bright surface always receives the light part; ② The gray surface is the middle surface, half light and half dark; ③ The junction line between the light and dark areas is the transition between the light and dark parts. The intersection; ④ the dark side - the backlight part; ⑤ the reflection - the dark and translucent part of the single surface affected by the surrounding reflection. Describing objects according to the levels of light and dark has always been the basic method of Sifang's paintings. During the Renaissance, Vasari discussed in his "Biographies of Artists": "When painting, after drawing the outline, add shading to roughly separate the light and dark, and then carefully express the light and dark in the single room, and the same goes for the bright part. .
"Among European painters, Rembrandt is a master of chiaroscuro techniques.
Contour
A term for plastic arts. Refers to the edge line that defines the range of the object's shape. In painting and sculpture, The correctness of the outline is considered to be crucial to the success of the work.
Composition
Plastic art term refers to the structural configuration of the artistic image in the work. It is a plastic art.
Color is an important means of expressing the ideological content of works and gaining artistic appeal.
One of the important factors in painting is the amount of light that various objects absorb and reflect to varying degrees. A complex phenomenon manifested in the auditorium. Due to the different textures of objects and the different degrees of absorption and reflection of various colors of light, everything in the world forms ever-changing colors.
Color can present various qualitative aspects. The different hues in nature are infinitely rich, such as purple-red, silver-gray, orange-yellow, etc.
Chroma
Refers to the color itself. Inherent brightness. For example, among the seven basic hues, purple is the darkest and yellow is the brightest.
Hue
It is also called a light source with a certain hue and brightness. Under the illumination of color, the surface of the object is enveloped in a unified color tendency and color atmosphere. This unified atmosphere is the color tone.
Color has no attributes. Colors are basically divided into two categories: warm colors (also called hot colors) and cool colors (also called cold colors). Red, orange, and yellow are warm colors, which give people a warm, warm, and extroverted feeling; green, cyan, blue, and purple are cold colors. , giving people a feeling of coldness, calmness, and inwardness.
Brushstrokes
Although brushstrokes are a technical factor, they refer to the marks left when the brush touches the picture. But it also conveys the painter's artistic personality and accomplishment, and is therefore also an integral part of the painter's artistic style.
[Edit this paragraph] Classification of fine arts
Chinese painting
Referred to as "Chinese painting", it refers to the Chinese national painting that has been formed and developed on the soil of the Chinese nation for a long time and has its own unique system in the field of world art. It uses brushes, ink and Chinese painting pigments on special rice paper. Or painting on silk. According to the subject matter, it can be divided into figures, landscapes, flowers and bamboos, birds, animals, insects, fish, palaces and other painting materials. According to the expression means and techniques, it can be divided into meticulous brushwork, freehand brushwork, hook drawing, etc. Painting methods such as boneless, coloring, and ink painting can be divided into vertical scroll, horizontal scroll, album, fan and other styles. Chinese painting attaches great importance to pen and ink, using lines, ink colors, light and heavy colors, and dry and wet shades. They are used together to express the physical structure of objective objects, with yin and yang facing away; and techniques such as the combination of virtual and real density and "blank space" are used to achieve ingenious compositional effects. The space processing in Chinese painting is also relatively free and flexible, that is, you can use "big to see small". You can also use the "walking horse to look at the mountains" method to draw the Yangtze River. "Get the source of the heart", Chinese paintings also inscribe poems and seals on the screen, integrating poetry, calligraphy, and seal cutting.
Western painting
Refers to Western painting that is different from the traditional Chinese painting system, referred to as Western painting. Including oil painting, watercolor, gouache, printmaking, pencil drawing and many other types of painting. Traditional Western paintings focus on realism, using perspective and light and shade methods to express the volume, texture and sense of space of objects, and are required to express the color effects of objects under a certain light source.
Oil painting
A type of painting made on linen, cardboard or wooden boards by mixing pigments with easy oils (linseed oil, poppy oil, walnut oil, etc.). The thinners used when painting are hair-strengthening turpentine and dry linseed oil. The pigment attached to the picture has strong hardness and can maintain its luster for a long time after the picture dries. Oil painting is the main type of Western painting.
Sculpture
A type of "plastic art". It is a general term for the two methods of sculpture and sculpture. Use various plastic clays, wood, stone and other materials that can be carved and carved to create various images with real volumes. Sculptures are generally divided into two types: round sculptures and relief sculptures.
Due to different uses, they are also divided into shelf sculptures, commemorative sculptures, decorative sculptures, architectural sculptures, etc.
Arts and Crafts
One of the types of art. It refers to the production of handicrafts with a certain artistic meaning, which not only meets the needs of people's material life, but also meets the needs of people's spiritual life. It is a combination of practicality and aesthetics, and the unity of technology and art. Arts and crafts are divided into two categories: ①Daily crafts. ②Display technology.
Calligraphy
①A type of traditional Chinese art. ②How to write Chinese characters. Chinese calligraphy, based on the modeling rules of Chinese characters, uses pointillism to form various shapes to express expressions. There are various calligraphy styles such as regular script, cursive script, running script, official script, and seal script (big seal script and small seal script). The basic factor of the beauty of calligraphy is pointillism, followed by the structure composed of pointillism. Therefore, the use of pens in calligraphy is very important. It is the mastery and application of the contradictory relationships such as lifting, concealing, turning, weight, urgency, square and circle, etc. It is necessary to pay attention to avoid being frivolous and frivolous. As far as the text is concerned, the beauty of calligraphy lies in the momentum, rhythm, rhythm and the emotions conveyed between the lines. All kinds of calligraphy styles pay attention to the structure of horizontal and vertical arrangements, and the echo of each other; the layout is appropriately dense and dense, and the beginning and end are coherent.
Sketch
A form of painting that mainly uses monochromatic lines and blocks to express objects. It is usually a means of practicing basic painting skills to train the ability to observe and express the shape, structure, light and shade, texture, volume and space of objective objects. Sketching can also be used in creation as an independent art form. For example, the work "Blood Clothes" by the painter Wang Shikuo is an example.
Gouache painting
A picture drawn by mixing powdery pigments with water. The color of gouache is generally opaque, has strong covering ability, and can be used for deep and detailed painting. Properly used, it can combine the richness of oil painting and the brightness of watercolor painting.
Fresco
A picture painted on the walls or ceiling of a building. It is divided into rough background murals, brush background murals and mounted murals. Mural painting is one of the oldest forms of painting. Many ancient murals have been preserved in Egypt, India, and Babylon. During the Italian Renaissance, mural creation flourished and many famous works were produced. Since the Zhou Dynasty, my country has had the system of decorating palaces and even tombs with murals. With the rise of religious beliefs, murals have been widely used in temples and grottoes (such as Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes and Ruicheng Yongle Palace. A large number of famous murals have been preserved to this day. Remains of Buddhist murals and Taoist murals)
Cartoon
One of the types of painting, also known as caricature. The word "high-speed painting" comes from the Italian word Caricare, which means exaggeration. It later evolved into the word Caricature, which refers specifically to pictures with ironic and comical meanings. Through exaggeration, deformation, assumptions, metaphors, symbols and other techniques, it satirizes, criticizes (or praises) people and things in real life with humorous, interesting and witty artistic effects.
Sketch
A traditional term for Chinese painting. Paintings that depict flowers, trees, birds, animals and other creatures are called sketching. For example, Huang Quan's "Sketch of Rare Birds" from the Five Dynasties. In modern common painting terms, any description that directly uses real objects or scenes as objects is collectively called sketching.
Sketch
A painting method that uses quick and accurate observation and concise lines to briefly depict the demeanor, body, movement and other characteristics of the object. It is an important painting method to cultivate the painter's keen observation and ability to quickly grasp the characteristics of objects. It is also an important method to record life and accumulate creative materials.
[Edit this paragraph] The concept and types of art
Art is to use certain material materials to create visible two-dimensional or three-dimensional images to reflect the objective world and express the objective world. It is an art form that expresses the feeling of the world. Therefore, art is also called 'plastic art' and 'space art'.
In art classification, fine art is also called plastic art, visual art, and spatial art. It refers to the artist using certain material materials, such as color, paper, canvas, soil, stone, wood, metal, etc., to create a visible two-dimensional or three-dimensional visual image to reflect nature and social life and express the artist's ideas and ideas. An artistic activity of emotion. It mainly includes paintings, sculptures, crafts, architecture and other types.
Painting
Painting is the most important art form among plastic arts. It refers to an art form that uses artistic languages ??such as lines, colors and shapes to create a static visual image in a two-dimensional space (i.e. plane) through artistic means such as modeling, coloring and composition to express the author's aesthetic feelings. There are many types of paintings, which can be divided into different categories from different perspectives. From the perspective of region, painting can be divided into Eastern painting and Western painting; from the perspective of tools and materials, painting can be divided into ink painting, oil painting, printmaking, watercolor painting, gouache painting, etc.; from the perspective of subject matter and content, painting can be divided into figure painting, landscape painting, and still life. paintings, animal paintings, etc.; from the form of works, paintings can be divided into murals, New Year pictures, comic strips, comics, promotional posters, illustrations, etc. Different types of painting forms have their own unique expressions and aesthetic characteristics due to their different historical traditions. Chinese painting, also known as ink painting, has its own system and unique characteristics in the field of world painting, and is the mainstream of the oriental painting system. In terms of tools and materials, Chinese painting uses brushes and ink to paint on rice paper and silk. It pays attention to pen and ink and focuses on using pen and ink to create shapes. In terms of expression method, Chinese painting adopts a scatter perspective method. In terms of the composition of the picture, Chinese painting pays attention to the complementarity of poetry, calligraphy, painting and sealing, forming a unique beauty of form and content. Oil painting is the representative of Western painting, and it is the most influential type of painting in the world.
In terms of tool materials, oil paintings are painted on cloth, wood or thick cardboard with oil paints. In terms of expression methods, traditional oil painters use focus perspective to paint. In the composition of the picture, it pays attention to the enrichment of the sceneries in the picture, filling the picture according to the natural order, and showing the true state of nature.
Sculpture
Sculpture is an art form that uses material materials that can be carved and shaped to create a physical image to express thoughts and feelings. The types of sculptures can be divided from different angles. In terms of production technology, sculptures can be divided into sculptures and sculptures. Sculpture is to cut and dig out excess parts from a complete and solid body, such as stone carvings, wood carvings, jade carvings, etc. Sculpture is to use adhesive materials to connect and form the required shape, such as clay sculptures, pottery sculptures, etc. . In terms of subject matter, sculptures can be divided into commemorative sculptures, architectural decorative sculptures, urban garden sculptures, religious sculptures, mausoleum sculptures, and display sculptures. In terms of expression form, sculptures can be divided into round sculptures and relief sculptures. The round sculpture is a three-dimensional sculpture that is not attached to any background and can be viewed from all directions. Relief is a raised artistic image carved on a flat surface.
Arts and crafts
Arts and crafts refers to products that have a strong aesthetic value after daily necessities have been artistically processed. We generally divide arts and crafts into practical arts and crafts and arts and crafts for display appreciation. Practical arts and crafts is the main body and foundation of the entire arts and crafts, including crafts for clothing, food, chemistry, transportation, and use. Practical value is the main value of this type of crafts, and aesthetic value exists as an auxiliary value. Such handicrafts include decorated tea tableware, lamps, wooden furniture, embroidery products, grass and bamboo woven products, etc. Display appreciation crafts refer to those crafts whose main function is to display and appreciate. This kind of crafts has aesthetics as its primary value. It is highly skilled in craftsmanship and has no obvious practical value or has completely disappeared, such as jade, gold and silver jewelry, and ivory carvings. , cloisonné, lacquerware, wall hangings, ceramics, etc.
Architectural Art
Architecture is the collective name for buildings and structures. It is an art in which humans use bricks, stones, tiles, wood, iron and other material materials to build or construct internal and external spaces in a fixed geographical location for living and activities. Architectural art refers to following the laws of beauty and using the unique artistic language of architectural art to make the architectural image have cultural and aesthetic value, have symbolic and formal beauty, and reflect the national character and sense of the times. Based on its functional characteristics, architectural art can be divided into types such as monumental buildings, palaces and mausoleums, religious buildings, residential buildings, garden buildings, and production buildings. Generally speaking, architectural art, like arts and crafts, is also an art that combines practicality and aesthetics.
The essence of architecture is a living place built by humans for living and activities. Therefore, practicality is the primary function of architecture. However, with the development of human practice and the advancement of material technology, architecture has become more and more aesthetically valuable.
Some thoughts on "Introduction to Art" and the cultivation of innovative thinking ability
The study of "Introduction to Art" is an important way to strengthen students' artistic theoretical cultivation and improve their artistic theoretical level. Clearly grasping the importance of the "Introduction to Art" course is the prerequisite and guarantee for teaching this course well. At the same time, the continuous innovation of "Introduction to Art" teaching methods is also necessary to enable students to understand the laws of art and establish a correct view of art. Requirements.