This gentleman mainly wants to be a moral model for everyone, so he has to believe in Christianity better, and there is no other way. Unfortunately, he has a tendency to indulge in pleasure.
-ferdinand verbiest's trip to Tatar.
Kangxi's article:
The following books are published in the name of Michelle Ye, but some of them must have been written by courtiers: .......................................................................................................................................................
-Arthur William (A.W. hummel) "Who's Who in Qing Dynasty"
Kangxi's scientific knowledge:
The emperor thinks he is an excellent musician and mathematician, but although he is interested in science and other knowledge as a whole, he knows nothing about music and hardly knows the most basic mathematical knowledge.
-Memoirs of Father Ma Guoxian in Ma Guoxian.
Nanshan Ji' an
Fang went to Yunnan to be an official for Wu Sangui, and then surrendered to the Qing Dynasty as soon as possible to avoid death. He wrote books such as Yunnan-Guizhou Moon Hee. Dai Mingshi saw his book and quoted it in Nanshan Collection. Kangxi thought it was a "big rebellion". In fact, there is nothing in their works that belittles the Qing Dynasty, except that the Li Yong regime in Nanming can't be called a pseudo-dynasty. Dai Shu mentioned Emperor Hong Guang in Nanming and his title, exposing the truth that Emperor Kangxi killed ming prince. As a result, it was judged that "the law reached an inch, all ethnic groups abandoned the market, and those who did not reach the crown made a fortune", which was the so-called "Nanshan case". Dai Mingshi was beheaded, Fang was killed and slaughtered, two men over the age of 16 were killed, their wives were taken as handmaiden, and Fang's relatives were exiled to Heilongjiang.
"Germany"
Kangxi moved to the sea
After stealing the country, in order to prevent Zheng Chenggong from resisting the Qing army, the Qing court issued a cruel "order to ban the sea" and "order to move the border"
Order ",Guangdong coastal ports were closed and destroyed, urban and rural houses were razed to the ground, fertile land was abandoned, and salt fields were abandoned.
Abandoned, millions of people were displaced and hundreds of thousands died.
1656 (13th year of Shunzhi) In July, the Qing Dynasty issued a brutal "sea ban": "You are not allowed to step down.
"The sea" and "sails are not allowed to enter", coastal fishing boats and merchant ships are prohibited from going out to sea for fishing trade, and foreign ships are not allowed to enter.
Inland, trying to trap Zheng Chenggong's maritime anti-Qing armed forces. However, Zheng Chenggong was not trapped, and the coastal economy.
But it was destroyed.
1661March, Zheng Chenggong successfully landed in Taiwan Province province via Penghu, and he was invincible all the way. The Qing court heard the news.
In order to panic, a more cruel "order to withdraw the boundary" was issued: coastal residents from Shandong to Guangdong moved 50 miles inland,
"All coastal ships, burned, inch board are not allowed to be launched. The stacking gate of Fanxi River does not allow goods to cross the border. time
After reading it, the offenders will die. "
If the "sea ban" has caused a fatal blow to fishermen and maritime businessmen, then the "sea ban" has deprived the coast.
All the resources that gentry depend on for survival. "A Record of the Qing Emperor" also admitted: "Those who moved, gave everything they had.
Industry. "
1662 (the first year of Kangxi) On February 1 day, the Dutch governor who occupied Taiwan Province Province signed the surrender, Cheng Zheng.
Strive to fully recover Taiwan Province Province. In March, the Qing court issued the second "relocation order", ordering residents of 24 counties in Guangdong.
After moving 50 miles, all the nearby island ports except Macao were closed and destroyed. The Qing court also ordered it to be expelled from the world.
All the houses in the area are demolished, and no fields are allowed to be cultivated or fishing in the sea. Those who leave the boundary will be cut off immediately.
These 24 counties are Raoping, Chenghai, Jieyang, Chaoyang, Huilai, Haifeng, Guishan, Xin 'an, Dongguan and Xiang.
Shan, Xinhui, Xinning, Kaiping, Enping, Yangjiang, Dianbai, Maoming, Wuchuan, Xuwen, Haikang, Suixi,
Lianjiang, Hepu and Qinzhou. The Qing court also ordered that "Raoping Dacheng is located in the east and Qinzhou Fangcheng is located in the west"
Build piers and stumps along the border and send heavy troops to defend them.
At that time, the time limit for moving to the border was only three days, and all the residents who did not want to move were slaughtered.
Murder. People who moved out in a hurry had no livelihood, and the family slept in the wild and had to sell their wives and children. Not exactly.
Tao, so we have to drink poison, or hang ourselves. The land of southern Guangdong suddenly died, and the wind and rain were biting.
It is roughly estimated that hundreds of thousands of people died in eight counties in eastern Guangdong alone. Qu Dajun wrote sadly in "Guangdong Xinyu"
"Since the beginning of eastern Guangdong, there is nothing worse," he said.
The Qing dynasty was not thorough enough. 1May 664, said, "It's time to move people to steal fish and salt, but I'm afraid I'll still cross the sea."
Ship ",ordered another 30 miles. Therefore, residents of Shunde, Panyu, Nanhai and Haiyang have not been excluded.
Move in, too
Officials in the Qing Dynasty often set the two ends of a border first and straightened it with ropes as demarcation, so many residents' houses were demarcated.
Through it, I was forced to give up half my house. Dig a deep ditch in the world to separate the inside and the outside, and cross the deep ditch slightly.
Those who cross the border are capital crimes. The sea patrol emissary sent by the Qing court came to Xinhui to demarcate, and the river was flooded by the tide.
As the standard of demarcation, so that "taking the city as the boundary, abandoning the outline and approaching the field." In other words, today's new conference will focus on cities and ceremonies.
The suburbs of Le and Jiangmen are also included in the scope of relocation, so that the relocated people can "help the old and take care of the young, sleep on the streets, beg on the streets and expose themselves."
Stay in the street and often starve to death. "
These two relocations involved 28 counties in Guangdong, and entered Tianlu contiguous area and developed areas of agriculture, industry and commerce, and were relocated.
One million sergeants, abandoned 53 10000 mu.
Although the counties under Qiongzhou Prefecture did not order the relocation at that time, they were also ordered by the court to set up a boundary of 2700 miles around the coast.
The gentry were forbidden to go out, and the fish and salt trails were "forbidden", so the merchants in all counties disappeared.
The southernmost part of Guangdong's jurisdiction is the Zengmu shoal of the South China Sea Islands. Xisha Islands and East China Sea Islands formed by coral reefs
Saudi Arabia, zhongsha islands and Nansha Islands. There are more than 200 large and small islands and reefs, of which the west
Sha and Dongsha belong to Wanzhou, Qiongzhou. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, where there is fresh water in the South China Sea Islands, there is Guangdong.
Fishermen make a living by it. There are abundant marine resources here, including turtles, sea cucumbers, oysters, hawksbill, big lobsters and sea.
Snails and many fish, fishermen engage in fishing on the one hand, and plant crops such as coconut trees, bananas and papaya on the other.
Something to make a living. After the "no sea order" was issued, although it was not forcibly moved, a boundary was established around the coast.
"The merchants are extinct", and even the fish and salt trail is blocked. These fishermen living in the South China Sea Islands can no longer
Seafood and agricultural products are used to exchange food, cloth, needle and thread, nails, farm tools and other necessities for production and life.
Forced to abandon home and live. So far, the coral temples and houses they left behind are still preserved in Dongsha and Nansha Islands.
Houses, wells, graves, etc. At that time, the islands in the South China Sea became uninhabited and desolate.
Coastal residents struggling for life and death constantly resisted, and some of them even fled abroad. In the eighteenth year of Kangxi,
A fleet of more than 3,000 people, led by d??ng ng?n ??ch and Chen Shangchuan, fled to Vietnam, with the permission of the Nguyen regime in Vietnam.
They settled in areas such as Mitra and Bianhe in southern Vietnam, and later became the agricultural center of Vietnam. time
In, Mo Jiu, a native of Leizhou, Guangdong Province, led a group of China people to move into Viet Nam and settle in the county area for reclamation. They and the local
The poor people soon turned Hexian County into a developed economic and trade area. In the decades before the Qing Dynasty, there were many coastal areas.
China people fled by building private boats and flowed into Vietnam, Singapore, Jakarta, Myanmar and the Philippines. Qing people
Yan Sizong said in "Nanyang Prophecy": "Those who go overseas in Fujian and Guangdong are brave and good.
Because of the increasing number of people, the land is narrow and the people are dense, the homeless have no place to live, and those who go overseas rarely go home. "
Savage mass migration has caused unprecedented social and economic disasters in Guangdong, all of which
All the trading ports are in ruins, and there are scattered depressions everywhere.
According to historical records, at the time of initial relocation, because the time limit was only three days, the relocated people fled in panic. Without any preparation, the family can only live in the wild, and the old and weak can't stand the bodies tossed by the roadside, which is terrible.
At first, the people who were moved expected to move back early, and their families gritted their teeth and struggled to survive, and no one could bear to part. After a long exile, the money I brought out was used up, and my life was nowhere to be found. There was a sad scene of "the husband abandoned his wife, the father ion, and the brother left the younger brother". The husband sent his wife away with tears in his eyes and said, "You should be a maid with others for the time being, lest everyone die." The father and brother ordered their son and brother to leave with tears in their eyes, saying, "You can work for others temporarily, as long as you can support yourself." Others were forced to sell their children and women, and "a millet is worth 100 yuan a woman" was sold to the big landlord's house. Some landlords simply "don't donate money, don't work for food", making the whole family his slaves. For those families who have nowhere to live, they join the army to make a living, while the elderly, women and children can only beg along the way. There are also people who value shame, are unwilling to beg, and are powerless. They went to the wilderness to collect poisonous weeds and grind water, and the whole family died of drinking together.
In the 23rd year of Kangxi (1684), Taiwan Province Province was "recovered", and the Manchu colonial regime relieved the threat of Zheng forces from the southeast sea. The law prohibiting the sea from moving to the border was cancelled.
There is a comment in Volume 11 of Xin 'an County Records of Kangxi:
"The pain of migration, abandoning the land of the former residence, is just a new migration of Artemisia selengensis, bearing heavy burdens, but it can avoid it for a long time; His family was poor, he suddenly lost his job, he had no money, his father and son didn't care about each other, and his husband and wife didn't protect each other, so it was difficult to know. The returnees are more than half dead. Fortunately, those returnees and cattle have no capital, and it is not easy to live in peace. I know that Hou Li gave me advice on agriculture. " It can be regarded as people's views on Kangxi's going to sea at that time.
"Germany"
In any case, we can't invade other ethnic areas and put them under our own rule under the pretext of "virtue" and "benevolent politics", let alone destroy the advanced civilization of the Han nationality through conquest because of the backwardness of Manchuria. What is the "virtue" of Kangxi alone?
I think this evaluation is still one-sided. From the point of view at that time, he was undoubtedly a great man. We'd better not judge our predecessors by the present standards and consequences.