In the 12th year of Tianbao (753), Akie Abe sent a land envoy to Qinghe to return to the East, and was caught in a storm on the way and drifted to Annan. Fourteen years later, I returned to Chang 'an. When he was killed by misinformation, Li Bai had a poem "Cry for Chao Qing" to mourn.
Tang Wenhua's influence on the Japanese.
Digging the Comparative Teaching of Textbooks —— On Tang Wenhua's influence on Japanese from the comparison of Kaiyuan Bao Tong and Hehe
Making full use of illustrations in textbooks to learn history is a deep excavation of the content of textbooks and can strengthen the understanding of relevant historical facts; In thinking training, it is beneficial to open the door of thinking in images and create conditions for divergent thinking and creative thinking.
When describing the influence of the Tang Dynasty on Japan, there are two currency illustrations, one is Kaibao and the other is Hetong, which are two illustrations of the same nature. Together, they are a comparative design of teaching materials, so we can let nature take its course in teaching and make full use of these two illustrations to make a comparative study of the cultural influence of Tang Dynasty and Japan.
The premise of comparison is to have a scientific and comprehensive understanding of these two pictures, so as to find the comparison point. Many people misunderstand the casting age of "Kaiyuan Bao Tong" money, thinking that it was cast during the Kaiyuan period of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. This is a mistake of "reading literature to create meaning". They don't understand the history of ancient Chinese coins. It is not accurate to identify the age of an ancient coin only by looking at the year number. To understand the historical development background of coinage, look at the characteristics of Qian Wen, font calligraphy and other dynasties, and judge by the shape and rust color, so the process of determining the time of an ancient coin is also a comprehensive understanding of it. Kaiyuan Bao Tongqian has been found in Shaanxi and Japan. It was first cast in Wude, Tang Gaozu for four years (62 1). At that time, it was divided into copper, iron, lead, gold, silver and other currencies, with copper as the main currency. Most of the iron was stolen by private people, also called ingot opening, which ended the system of two baht (weighing 8 grams in the Qin Dynasty; Five baht in the Han Dynasty), it began to enter the era of Bao Tong and Yuanbao (it was still a square hole at that time, and Bao Tong used it for 1300 years in the Qing Dynasty, and there was no copper coin), so Kaiyuan Bao Tong was the birthplace of Bao Tong and Yuanbao in later generations. Why is it called Kaiyuan Bao Tong? Bao Tong means through the name of treasure goods and unified currency. Kaiyuan means that Wude began casting in four years. Most coins cast in later generations are marked by the year number of that year, and their size, dimensions and weight are not much different from those of Kaiyuan Bao Tong. Kaiyuan Bao Tong has been casting for a long time since the end of Tang Dynasty in 289. It is the most important coin in the Tang Dynasty, mostly copper (there are other currencies such as Ganfeng Quanbao and Huichang Kaiyuan in the Tang Dynasty), and it was also cast in Kaiyuan Bao Tong in the Yuan Dynasty. Kaiyuan Bao Tong has different weights, and the standard currency is 8 grams, so ten dollars is one or two. The font of Kaiyuan Bao Tong was written by Ou Yangxun, a great calligrapher in the early Tang Dynasty. In the official seal script, Chinese characters also contain the meaning of opening letters. The structure is precise and rigorous, and the brushwork is dignified and correct, which has a far-reaching influence on the money culture of later generations. There are also some differences in casting modeling in different periods. In the early Tang Dynasty, Bao Tong in Kaiyuan was deep, large and refined. In the mid-Tang Dynasty, the outer wheel of Kaiyuan was not round, and the casting was not as good as that in the early Tang Dynasty. In the late kaiyuan period, the edge was wide and the casting was sloppy. As can be seen from the above picture, this is a book in the early Tang Dynasty, with a rigorous and symmetrical structure, benefiting both sides of Fiona Fang, and the official script contains the meaning.
Hetong rafters are five Japanese silver coins with round and square holes, which were discovered by archaeologists in China on June 1970 in the southern suburbs of Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province. According to textual research, it was collected by the descendants of King Li Shouli of Thailand when he fled to Sichuan in the 15th year of Tang Tianbao (756). According to Guo Moruo's textual research in Twenty-three Unearthed Cultural Relics, "Jue" is a simplification of the word "Bao". The Japanese once mistakenly thought that "truth" and "harmony" were ellipsis of Nara Dynasty and Bronze Year in Japan. The "Harmony Silver Coin" unearthed in Xi 'an was cast in the year of Harmony Copper, that is, 708 AD, which coincides with the second year of Jinglong in Tang Zhongzong. In the Tang Dynasty, gold and silver were also used to cast money, which existed in the Zhongzong period. Japan used silver to cast money, no doubt because of imitation (but the gold and silver money in the Tang Dynasty was auspicious money and never circulated in the market. Due to the lack of copper, Japan used silver money as its currency, but it was soon abolished. According to Guo Moruo's textual research, this silver coin of the same size was a "tribute" presented by the Japanese envoy in Tang Dynasty, and was awarded by the imperial court. This is different from the Japanese discovery of thousands of Kaiyuan Bao Tong, which is obviously more of a trade function. Judging from the local currency fonts, Japanese characters are used, and the fonts are obviously influenced by Ou Yangxun fonts.
Based on the understanding of two kinds of ancient coins, we can compare the breadth of the influence of the Tang Dynasty on Japanese culture and guide students to divergent thinking.
First, from the location where these two currencies were discovered, it shows that there were frequent trade exchanges between China and Japan at that time, especially the Tang Dynasty had a great influence on Japanese trade, so that a large number of Japanese currencies circulated in Japan.
Second, judging from the shape of the two currencies, Japan is influenced by China's round square hole money, which also shows that Japan is deeply influenced by China's concept of round place.
Thirdly, from the perspective of Qian Wen, Japanese characters are deeply influenced by China characters. In the 5th century, the Japanese began to use Chinese characters to express their ideas, and they also created some Chinese characters. For example, the word "international students" was coined by the Japanese in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, especially those who stayed abroad to study or do research. Since the Tang Dynasty, the Japanese have gradually simplified the capital letters and cursive scripts of Chinese characters. In the 9th century, Japanese characters were called pseudonyms, Chinese characters extracted from cursive scripts were called hiragana, and Chinese characters extracted from regular scripts were called katakana. The Japanese call Chinese characters their real names, and these letters, together with the Chinese characters that have been used, have become tools for the Japanese people to express their thoughts, and they have been used ever since.
Fourthly, from Qian Wen's writing, we can see that the Japanese love for China's calligraphy art is deeply influenced by China's calligraphy. This influence has been exerted to this day. For example, there is a famous newspaper in Japan called Asahi Shimbun. These four titles were carefully compiled by the Japanese according to the inscription of China and Ou Yangxun.
Fifthly, from the perspective of currency manufacturing, Bao Tong in Kaiyuan adopted the model casting method, which is the same as that in Bao Tong in Kaiyuan, indicating that the Japanese manual casting industry was influenced by China.
By comparing the two currencies, we can see that Japanese culture was deeply influenced by China Tang Dynasty in terms of ideology, culture, economic policy, commerce and handicrafts, and Japan is learning from the Tang Dynasty in all directions.
This beneficial comparison method focuses on excavating the tacit knowledge of the content of the textbook, arousing students' attention to the words, sentences, pictures and tables in the textbook, and cultivating keen observation ability; At the same time, due to the teachers' in-depth knowledge, detailed description, and specific illustrations or physical displays, they create vivid and vivid historical scenes, bring new visual feelings to students, stimulate historical imagination, expand active divergent thinking, and integrate fun, vividness and thinking activity to learn creatively; At the same time, it also brings a comparative learning method to students. Taking this as an example, we can also compare the influence of Tang Wenhua on Japan with that of Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty.
Teacher: Heichengjing (now Naraichi) in Japan was the capital of Japan at that time. How is it similar to Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty?
Health: Everyone has Suzaku Street, which divides Cheng Nan into two parts. There is a western market and an eastern market, and commodity trade is separated from residents; The street layout is neat and straight as a chessboard; There are emperors' palaces. They are all in the north of the city.
Teacher: This shows Japan's architecture, urban construction and management, economic system, imperial power and so on. They all permeated the institutional culture of the Tang Dynasty from the inside out, leaving the shadow of the Tang Dynasty.
Finally, the teacher summed up, supplemented and extended: Tang's cultural influence on Japan is really extensive. Politically, after Japanese students returned to China, they imitated the system of the Tang Dynasty and made great changes, so that Japan gradually established a feudal system. In the field of culture, Japan absorbed a lot of culture of the Tang Dynasty, imitated the education of the Tang Dynasty, took Confucian classics as textbooks, and set up imperial studies in the central government and Chinese studies in local areas. In terms of living habits, he also learned from the method of making tea in the Tang Dynasty, and then developed it to form a unique tea ceremony. Japanese people also climb mountains in the Double Ninth Festival, and Japanese traditional costumes and kimonos are also improved from the Tang Dynasty costumes. They also learned the techniques of making tofu, soy sauce, squeezing sugar and sewing from the Tang Dynasty, and Weiqi was introduced to Japan at this time. The influence of the Tang Dynasty on Japanese culture is just as the Japanese sinologist Hunan Naito said: Before Japanese came into contact with China culture, it was a pot of soybean milk, while China culture was like soda water. When Japanese people come into contact with China culture, they become tofu. This profoundly shows how much influence the Tang Dynasty had on Japan-it promoted the formation and development of Japanese culture. The comparative study of Chinese and Japanese cultures makes us feel the prosperity in the communication between Tang and Japan, and at the same time, we feel that the Japanese nation is a nation that is very good at learning advanced culture, and this studious spirit is conducive to promoting its own economic and cultural development; The history of friendly exchanges between China and Japan also warns future generations that only peaceful and friendly exchanges can make the two peoples progress together.