1, English Renaissance dramatist and poet Shakespeare
Shakespeare was born into a wealthy citizen family in Stratford, Warwickshire. He was the most famous British writer from the second half of16th century to the beginning of17th century (ben jones called him "the soul of the times"), and also a master of humanistic literature in the European Renaissance. He wrote 37 plays, 154 poems 14 lines, two long poems and other poems. The long poems Venus and adonis (1592 ~ 1593) and the shame of Lucretius (1593 ~ 1594) are all based on the works of the vivid Roman poet Jill, whose themes are to describe irresistible love and condemn the violation of honor. 14 line poems (1592 ~ 1598) mostly adopt the form of conjoined poems, with the theme of praising friendship and love. Its main achievement is drama, which can be divided into three periods according to the development of times, thoughts and artistic styles: early, middle and late. Marx called Shakespeare "one of the greatest geniuses of mankind". Engels praised the realistic spirit of his works and the vividness and richness of the plot. Shakespeare's works have been translated into almost all languages in the world. 19 19 was introduced to China, and The Complete Works of Shakespeare has been published in Chinese.
2. Italian poet Dante
Dante (1265- 132 1) was born in Florence and is a great Italian poet, writer and world-class literary master. Dante was declared a permanent exile at the age of 37, and later died in a foreign land. At the age of nine, she met her eternal lover, and then Pai Yaqi, 24, became the source of Dante's future creation. Divine Comedy is Dante's immortal masterpiece. Engels called him "the last poet in the Middle Ages and the first poet in the new era". He plays a key role in the development of European literature.
Goethe, German poet, playwright and thinker.
Johann Wolfgang Goethe (1749- 1832) was the most important German and European writer from the middle of18th century to the beginning of19th century. His life spanned two centuries, which coincided with the great social turmoil and changes in Europe. The gradual disintegration of the feudal system and the continuous rise of revolutionary forces prompted Goethe to constantly accept the influence of advanced ideological trends, thus deepening his understanding of society and creating the best contemporary works. Goethe's works are full of the rebellious spirit of soaring movement and have made great achievements in poetry, drama and prose. His major works include the drama Goethe von bell Hinggan, the novella young werther, the unfinished poetic drama Prometheus and the prototype of the poetic drama Faust, in addition to writing many lyrics and poems. 1832 On March 22nd, Goethe passed away. Goethe is the most outstanding representative of German national literature. His works have raised German literature to the advanced level in Europe and made great contributions to the development of European literature.
4. Byron, an English romantic poet.
Byron (1788— 1824) is an English romantic poet. Aristocratic birth. Influenced by the enlightenment, he hated feudal autocracy and oppression when he was young. From 65438 to 0809, he began to travel to Spain, Greece, Turkey and other countries, showing great sympathy and support for the people of these countries in their struggle against feudalism, aggression and persecution. 18 1 1 After returning to China, I began to write a long poem, The Travels of Childe Harold. 18 12 delivered a speech in parliament, defending the movement of workers destroying machines because of poverty after the British industrial revolution, opposing the security bill passed by Congress and condemning the bloody suppression of workers by the British ruling group. Since 18 13, oriental narrative poems have been published one after another, attacking Britain and being forced to go abroad. When he participated in the activities of charcoal burners in Italy, he wrote a long poem "Bronze Age" to expose the reactionary face of the Holy Alliance. 1823 went into the Greek national war of independence and died in April 1824. Byron's masterpiece is the satirical poem Don Juan. His works have a great influence on European romantic literature.
5. Homer, an ancient Greek poet
Homer, born in Ionia in the second half of the eighth century BC, is the most famous and greatest poet in ancient Greece. He is the author of Homer's epics (Iliad and Odyssey). Homer's epic is divided into six parts, which is a masterpiece of ancient Greek oral literature. It is the greatest work in ancient Greece and the greatest work in western literature. Homer's Epic is a panoramic view of the early heroic era, and it is also a wonderful work in art. It takes the whole Greece and the surrounding Wang Yang Sea as the main plot background, showing the liberal freedom scene and setting an example for the moral concept of the Greeks in the future (and then for the moral concept of the whole western society). What followed was, firstly, a humanistic ethic of pursuing achievement and self-realization, and secondly, a liberal theology of the same sex between man and god, which stripped away the mysterious fear in the spiritual world. Homer's epic became the "Greek Bible".
ideologist
Confucius (55 BC1-479) was a thinker, philosopher and educator in China. He initiated Confucianism, which had a great influence on China's 4,000-year feudal culture and thought, as well as on the world culture and thought. When he was alive, he was known as "the sage of heaven", "the numerous heavenly eyes" and "the sage of the ages". He was one of the most learned scholars in the society at that time and was called the most holy (saint among saints) by later generations. He edited poems, books, rites, music, Zhouyi, Spring and Autumn Period. The Analects of Confucius is a classic work of Confucianism, compiled by Confucius' disciples and disciples. It is a book that records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples.
In the cultural history of China, Confucius was an absolute spiritual leader. It is no exaggeration to say that The Analects of Confucius is the bible of China culture and Confucius is the saint of China culture. Although western culture has had a strong impact on China's traditional culture in modern times, the times have changed, and many thoughts of Confucius, including his harmonious thought, are still respected and admired by people. Confucius' The Analects of Confucius is still widely regarded by Chinese and foreign people as the "oldest and most valuable collection" of China culture.
Plato
Plato, an ancient Greek philosopher (about 427 BC-347 BC), is also one of the greatest philosophers and thinkers in the whole western philosophy and even the whole western culture. He, Socrates, the teacher, and Aristotle, the student, are called the three great philosophers of ancient Greece. Plato is the founder of western objective idealism, and his philosophical system is extensive and profound, which has a great influence on his teaching thought. Plato believes that the world consists of "the world of ideas" and "the world of phenomena". Based on this, Plato put forward the epistemology of idealism and memory as the philosophical basis of his teaching theory.
Aristotle
Aristotle (384-322 BC), a native of Guidorat in ancient Greece, was one of the greatest philosophers, scientists and educators in the ancient history of the world. Marx once called Aristotle the most learned figure among ancient Greek philosophers, and Engels called him ancient Hegel. He advocates that education is the function of the state and schools should be managed by the state. He first put forward the viewpoint of children's physical and mental development stage; He is in favor of the education of Athens bodybuilding and harmonious development, and advocates that natural quality, habit formation and rational development should be the three sources of moral education, but he opposes women's education and advocates "elegant" education, so that education can serve leisure.
As one of the most encyclopedic scientists, Aristotle's contribution to the world is unparalleled. But his achievements are far more than that. He is also a true philosopher, who has contributed to almost every subject of philosophy. His works cover morality, metaphysics, psychology, economics, theology, politics, rhetoric, science, education, poetry, customs and Athens Constitution. One of his research topics is to collect and compare the constitutions of various countries.
In philosophy, Aristotle's greatest contribution lies in the creation of formal logic. This important branch discipline. Logical thinking is the pillar of Aristotle's outstanding achievements in many fields, and this way of thinking runs through his research, statistics and thinking. Of course, he also made mistakes, but surprisingly few.
Aristotle's thought has a profound influence on the basic tendency and content of western culture. In ancient and medieval times, his works were translated into Latin, Syrian, Arabic, Italian, Hebrew, German and English. Later Greek scholars studied and praised his works, and so did Byzantine scholars. His thought is the pillar of medieval Christian thought and Islamic scholasticism. Avero is the most important thinker in the Islamic world. He integrated the traditional Islamic theory with Aristotle's rationalism and formed his own ideological system. Maimonide, the most influential Jewish thinker, explained Jewish teachings with rationalism and made great achievements in reconciling science, philosophy and religion.
With the continuous discovery of Aristotle's works, a new era of studying Aristotemism appeared in the Middle Ages, and scholars used it as the basis for obtaining true knowledge in all aspects. Aristotle is used to criticizing past and contemporary theories in research methods, proposing and discussing theoretical blind spots, and using deductive reasoning to demonstrate in the form of syllogism.
By today's standards, some of Aristotle's ideas seem extreme. For example, he agrees with slavery and the unequal treatment of women, which is the arrangement of nature (of course, these thoughts are the portrayal of his time). But many of Aristotle's ideas are still very advanced today, such as "poverty is the mother of revolution and evil" and "legislators should pay attention to educating young people; Ignoring education will inevitably harm the country. " (Aristotle's thought on education is obviously ahead of time, because there was no public education in his time. )
Aristotle is knowledgeable and writes a lot. He studied the unclassified scientific departments at that time, such as politics, logic, ethics, history, physics (natural science), psychology, aesthetics, pedagogy, etc., and was praised by Marx as "the greatest thinker in ancient times". Aristotle's teaching thoughts are mainly scattered in his Politics and Ethics.
Aristotle's teaching thought is based on his theory of human nature, epistemology and his investigation of children's physical and mental development. He divides human soul into two parts, one is irrational soul, whose function is instinct, feeling and desire, and the other is rational soul, whose function is thinking, understanding and cognition. He believes that in the process of human cognition, the main function of the soul is feeling and thinking. The soul perceives external things with the help of sensory organs, and the perceived things are not transferred by human will, thus acknowledging the position and role of feeling in the cognitive process. But he thinks that feeling only plays an inductive role here, and truth and knowledge can only be obtained through rational thinking. So Aristotle's teaching purpose is to develop the rationality of the higher part of the soul.
Aristotle offered an encyclopedic course for his philosophy school. He advocates the all-round development of students' morality, intelligence, physique and beauty, with different emphasis in different periods. Early childhood is dominated by physical development (exercise); Music education is the core of adolescence, and moral, intellectual and physical beauty is the main content; Senior students should study grammar, rhetoric, poetry, literature, philosophy, ethics, politics, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music and other subjects. But in any case, the focus should be on developing students' intelligence. He particularly emphasized the role of music in cultivating children's comprehensive quality. It is believed that music has three functions: entertainment, temperament cultivation and rationality cultivation. It can relieve fatigue, cultivate the mind, mold the character, stir the soul, and then enter the rational and noble moral realm through meditation. In physical education, he doesn't agree that teachers should only let students have harsh and even painful training, and should teach "simple gymnastics" and "light martial arts", focusing on the normal development of children's bodies.
In teaching methods, Aristotle attaches importance to the role of practice and practice. For example, in music teaching, he often arranges children to perform on stage, experience the scene, master the technology and improve their level. In the relationship between teachers and students, Aristotle did not blindly listen to his mentor but only followed Nuo Nuo, but dared to think, stick to the truth and dare to challenge on the basis of inheritance. His character of "I love my teacher, especially the truth" inspired him to push Plato's teaching theory to a higher level.
Aristotle was another great teaching thinker in ancient Greece. His thought about the natural development of human soul has laid an epistemological foundation for the implementation of age-divided teaching. This is not only a good start for teaching to conform to nature, but also a preliminary attempt for teaching theory to be based on the laws of human development and education development. His naturalistic teaching view has had an important influence on the development of western naturalistic teaching theory and promoted the research atmosphere of natural science. He inherited and developed the intellectualism tradition since Socrates, established an encyclopedic curriculum system including natural subjects, and put forward good measures to pay attention to practice, leaving a rich educational legacy for future generations.
Aristotle showed a turning point in Greek science. Before him, scientists and philosophers tried to put forward a complete world system to explain natural phenomena. He was the last person to put forward a complete world system. After him, many scientists gave up trying to put forward a complete system and turned to study specific problems.
Aristotle devoted himself to the study of ancient knowledge. In the hundreds of years after his death, no one had a systematic investigation and comprehensive grasp of knowledge like him. His book is an ancient encyclopedia. Engels called him "the most learned man".
Copernicus
Copernicus (1473- 1543). Polish thinker, astronomer and founder of Heliocentrism. Copernicus's "Heliocentrism" dealt a heavy blow to the world outlook of the church and was a great victory in the struggle between materialism and idealism. Astronomy has been liberated from the bondage of religious theology, and natural science has been reborn, which is of epoch-making significance in the development of modern science. Copernicus, who wrote about celestial movements, was a devout Catholic from beginning to end. With scientific observation, he denied the old knowledge of the Catholic church that had no biblical basis but had far-reaching influence.
Specifically, the Renaissance brought two most immortal influences to medicine: humanitarianism and anatomy. The former enables doctors to improve therapy, innovate medical equipment and relieve patients' pain. For example, Paley, a barber-born surgeon, abolished the brutal treatment of burn wounds in order to alleviate the pain of patients. In addition, he invented many advanced and effective surgical medical instruments, such as hemostatic forceps. The latter was separated from surgery and became the most important branch of medicine. In the middle ages, there were five kinds of anatomical sketches of bones, nerves, muscles, arteries and meridians, but the printed things were unchangeable and very rough. By the15th century, Florence artists had become members of the Florence Association of Doctors and Pharmacists. They diligently study perspective painting, geometry and human proportions, provide accurate and perfect human anatomy maps, and finally get promoted. Among them, Leonardo da Vinci and the Belgian Andrews Zavili, known as the "father of anatomy", are prominent representatives. [⑤]
In astronomy, the contribution of the Renaissance is to tap the great potential of scholars engaged in astronomical research within the original church. It turns out that these astronomers have always believed that the world created by God is harmonious and perfect. Later, the call for understanding human rationality in the Renaissance made them no longer hold a fixed view of God, and they began to doubt some classical theories. Copernicus, a famous astronomer, was skeptical about classical theoretical works and finally came to the conclusion of "Heliocentrism". Such examples are not only in astronomy, but also in scientific discoveries or research progress based on new understanding of human abilities in any field.
bacon
Francis Bacon (156 1- 1626), a British thinker and philosopher, is the true ancestor of British materialism and the whole modern experimental science. Francis Bacon is a real modern philosopher. His whole worldview is secular rather than religious (although he firmly believes in God). He is a rationalist rather than a superstitious admirer, an empiricist rather than a sophist. Politically, he is a realist, not a theorist. His profound knowledge, coupled with his wonderful writing style, is integrated with science and technology.
politician
00 1- Lenin. The world's great proletarian leader, unprecedented great politician.
002- Genghis Khan. The conqueror of the ancient world, the giant who created a huge empire.
003-Qin Shihuang. The great emperor of the Chinese nation, the founder of the great empire, and the great politician.
004- Caesar. The most influential politician, strategist and dictator in ancient Europe.
005- Napoleon. The first emperor of France, a great strategist and politician.
In 2006, Alexander the Great. Great Macedonian conqueror, world-famous strategist and politician.
007- Stalin. Great anti-fascist leader, outstanding socialist leader of the Soviet Union.
008- Mao Zedong. The leader of the proletariat, the pioneer of socialism in China and a great politician.
009- Bismarck. Founder, creator and great politician of the German Empire.
0 10- Washington. The founder of the United States of America, a great politician.
artist
Zhang Daqian (1899 ~ 1983), a native of Neijiang, Sichuan Province, whose ancestral home is Panyu, Guangdong Province, is a great artist who is highly respected and sought after, especially in the art world. Artists have created many amiable and respectable "Zhang Daqian" in paintings and sculptures with sincere feelings, showing people a colorful artistic image of "Zhang Daqian". Zhang Daqian is the most legendary master of Chinese painting in China in the 20th century. He has paintings, calligraphy, seal cutting and poetry. In his early years, he devoted himself to studying ancient calligraphy and painting, especially landscape painting. After living abroad, the style of painting combined with words, heavy color and ink painting, especially splashing ink and setting colors, created a new artistic style.
wu changshuo
(1844- 1927), from Anji, Zhejiang. The first president of Hangzhou Xiling Printing Society. Jun, first named Chang Shuo, also known as Cang Shi and Cang Shi. Commonly known as Cang Shuo, Lao Cang, Lao Bian, Bitter Iron, Deaf, Buddha. China is a master of modern epigraphy, calligraphy and painting. He is the author of Lu Luji and Lu Luyin Village.
Li Kuchan
(1899~ 1983) is a native of Gaotang County, Shandong Province. China is an outstanding contemporary freehand brushwork flower-and-bird painter, calligrapher and people's art educator. Professor, Central Academy of Fine Arts.
Li Keran
(1907~ 199 1) comes from Xuzhou, Jiangsu. He studied under Qi Baishi and Huang, and devoted himself to the research and creation of national traditional painting. After the founding of New China, he devoted himself to the innovation of Chinese painting art, and took "courage is precious, soul is needed" as the motto, creating a generation of landscape painting masters.
Fu Baoshi
China famous painter, the representative painter of "New Landscape Painting". Formerly known as Changsheng and Rui Lin, he is the owner of Baoshizhai.
Due to the long-term observation of the true mountains and waters, the paintings are profound, the composition is novel, and the techniques of thick ink and rendering are used well, so that water, ink and color are integrated into one, and the magnificent effect is achieved. It is unique on the basis of traditional techniques and plays a connecting role in the landscape painting after liberation. His figure paintings are strong and vivid.