First, look at the age from the texture of porcelain tires
According to the observation of ceramic materials, the texture of ancient Cizhou kiln pillows is characterized by loose carcass, but the glazed surface is well melted, which belongs to the state of immature glazed tires. The first reason is mud treatment; Second, it is caused by different firing systems. The thickness of clay used in modern imitations is different from that in the past. Careful observation shows that the molecular arrangement of green raw materials is different. So the plasticity of the mud between them has changed. The raw materials used in Song, Jin and Yuan Dynasties are mainly celadon, and there seems to be no big difference between rough and modern imitation materials. However, ancient and modern raw material processing methods are different. In the past, the donkey raked mud and turquoise mud flowed through the mud trough to achieve the purpose of screening the thickness. After a long period of ups and downs, the best mud performance has been achieved. Now modern mechanical equipment is used for processing, such as rapid grinding, rapid crushing, rapid mud refining, and then vacuum mud refining machine, so the whole processing cycle is accelerated. In addition, due to the use of ball milling, many other components are mixed into it.
Second, look at age from the modeling characteristics.
In ancient Cizhou kilns, square or round porcelain pillows were made by blank support method. That is, the mud is beaten into a mud cake, and then the blank is supported by a plain-fired mold, and then bonded. At present, some imitations and some use grouting technology in imitation. The traces left by plasma tires are completely different from those made by hand. The marks left are obvious, and it is easy to identify them as imitations.
The design of ancient porcelain pillow is concise and lively, and the structural proportion of each part of the work is reasonable and natural, which makes people feel comfortable. Some works leave handprints, such as scratches, which are naturally preserved. Modern imitations mostly use sponges to trim blanks. Some imitations are angular, round and obviously over-decorated. In the past, porcelain pillows were all trimmed with bamboo knives and leveled at one time, leaving natural traces after leveling. Rough and primitive beauty, leaving more manual traces. Modern imitations generally have no such traces. Some imitations are left behind or overweight, or the proportion of each part is out of balance, or the pillow surface collapses.
Third, look at the age from the difference of glaze color.
The glaze in Song Dynasty is thick and moist, and feels like ice and jade. Over the years, there have been slight cracks in the glaze. Modern imitations have no such characteristics. The processing of glazed porcelain pillows is now mechanical processing. In the past, large stones were used to grind the glaze. In addition, the glaze formula of Cizhou kiln transparent glaze seems to be different from modern pure broken transparent glaze. In the past, it was very likely that a small amount of ash was added to the natural glaze to form a thick and moist feeling of transparent glaze color. The white makeup soil of Cizhou kiln used to be very pure, so it was white and bright after firing. Although the white cosmetic soil used today continued to be used as a raw material mine from the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, due to the change of material position and stratum, the magazine components such as iron and titanium in clay changed. This will have a certain impact on the appearance of antique porcelain, such as insufficient moisture in glaze color and insufficient whiteness of makeup soil.
Fourth, look at the times from the differences between ancient and modern pattern painting.
The high development of painting and calligraphy in Song Dynasty and the rise of literati painting and calligraphy had a great influence on the ceramic decorative art in the same period. Judging from the black paintings on white background of Cizhou Kiln in Song and Jin Dynasties collected by museums at home and abroad, whether it is lifelike flowers and birds, lifelike animals, quiet and ethereal landscapes, vivid baby plays or vivid calligraphy works, their brushwork, composition, composition and charm, etc. Like the calligraphy and painting in the Song Dynasty, such as the Japanese collection of leaf-shaped magpie pillow sunshine art, the lion hydrangea pillow in the Palace Museum and knowing that you are empty-handed. Therefore, the author thinks that the painting and calligraphy decoration of Cizhou kiln with black flowers on white background was formed in Song Dynasty.
Wood is used as the main fuel for burning wood. When loading the kiln, the wood burning and the floor lamp are put in sagger, so it is mainly to isolate the floor lamp from wood ash and fire to avoid direct contact, so as to make the glaze color of the finished floor lamp as consistent as possible.
In addition to the traditional wood burning process, there is also electric burning.
Electric burning is to put the lamp in a closed small box and control the heating of the heating rod in the furnace through a microcomputer controller.
Compared with wood burning, the temperature and redox atmosphere are controllable and simple, and the output is slightly higher.
2. Pokemon Glass Beast
Pokemon glazed beasts are distributed as follows: Firebird-Ice Bird-Electric Bird at the innermost part of Meteor Waterfall on the first floor of Zhan Feng Cave-Dream at the first floor of Zhan Feng Cave-Water Army at the innermost part of Meteor Waterfall-Water at the innermost part of Meteor Waterfall (on the water surface).
Jinfeng-Shortcut to Huo Yan-Lucia-109 Waterway Celebi-119 Icicle-Look at the cave, engraved with the rock pillars of Lapras and Christmas Penguin-the first steel pillar in the cave on the front line of the war-the new silver leaf red water capital-/KLOC-0.
3. Pokemon Glaze-Zhou Mu Beast Location
God beast, ice elf, Pikachu, Raichu.
Vulpix, Jigglypuff and Wigglytuff, strolling on the grass.
Katie Dog, Little Fire Horse, Baishihai, Gilidan,
Little hippocampus, Lapras, Ibrahimovic (all), Snorlax
Frozen bird, Moltres, pitch, Bobby.
Berry sheep, beautiful flowers, Marill, king of bullfrogs.
Jumpluff, Baby Bear, Happy Egg, Celebi.
First, we are going to Dongxue Town. After arriving in Dongxue Town, we turn left and come to this house on 1 14 Road, which is the home of fossil lovers (the second fossil can be found here). We can get it by talking to children. Secret trick 28: Digging holes can be used in battles and some special scenes.
4. Pokemon glass beast introduction graphic introduction
The incense burner is not only a ritual vessel for worshipping Buddha or ancestor,
Or the beloved thing of literati,
Put it on the table in the hall or study,
When reading a book, you will smell a faint fragrance.
There is a wonderful artistic conception, tea in tea, reading at night.
The spiritual incense burner gives people more spiritual life,
It crossed just to visit,
And pursue and appreciate the profound history and culture.
Incense burners are incense sticks and indispensable tools for China. Ancient folk customs, religions and sacrificial activities. He has many uses, such as fumigating clothes and furniture, or offering worship to the Buddha. The shape is generally square or round, and the square incense burner generally has four legs; All round incense burners have three legs, one in front and two in the back.
The incense burners used in the past dynasties include Boshan furnace, incense bucket, hand furnace, horizontal furnace, incense cone and other incense burners with different shapes, as well as cigarette balls, incense boxes, incense clips, incense trays, incense spoons, incense shovels, incense cones and incense bags.
The history of incense burner culture in China can be traced back to Ding in Shang and Zhou Dynasties. The imperial incense burner in Guangxu period of Qing Dynasty was made of jade and very thin. You can see the light source outside by hitting inside with a flashlight.
Daming Xuande Furnace is the best in the furnace.
As early as before the Han Dynasty, incense burners made of pottery, porcelain, copper, iron and tile appeared. At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, with the rapid development of bronze casting industry, incense burners made of other materials were gradually replaced by bronze incense burners. Xuande Furnace is the first bronze ware made of brass in the history of China.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Daming Xuande Furnace became a leader among incense, which also established the status of bronze incense in China. According to historical records, when Emperor Xuande of the Ming Dynasty was in office, in order to satisfy his hobby of enjoying incense burners, he instructed court craftsmen to design and supervise incense burners with reference to the porcelain styles of famous kilns such as Ding, Ru, Guan, Ge and Jun in the palace, as well as historical records such as the Catalogue of Xuanhe Bo Gu and Archaeological Map.
Xuan Ming Decuo Yinyunlong Wentonglu
In order to ensure the quality of the incense burner, craftsmen selected dozens of precious metals such as gold and silver, and made them carefully for more than ten times.
This is the first time in the history of China that more than 40 kinds of bronzes with different colors and shapes were cast, which pushed the art of bronze incense burners to the peak of history and set off the imitation climax of later generations.
The main materials used in incense burners are copper, ceramics, bamboo, gold and silver, enamel and jade.
Bronze incense burner
Copper stoves have been popular since the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Copper furnaces are not afraid of heat and their shapes are changeable.
Nail-bean-shaped copper inlaid glass incense burner Tang Dynasty bronze ware
This furnace is beautifully shaped, bright and bright, and the combination of copper and glass is simple and elegant. It should be a boutique, high grade. Copper bottom column, glazed furnace body, two ears on both sides, one ring each, two circles of copper edge divide the furnace body into upper and lower parts, several circles of protruding dots float on the surface of the furnace body, and the holes carved randomly near the top of the furnace cover are antique, as if you can see wisps of incense scattered with it.
Gold-plated embossed flower pattern three-legged bronze furnace Ming Dynasty bronze ware
This furnace is straight and cylindrical, with a wide mouth folded inward, three feet long and a cloud shape. The whole stove is dignified and regular, which is a typical incense burner type in Ming Dynasty. There is a circle of tattoos near the mouth and bottom. The abdomen is cast with patterns such as lotus, plum blossom and peony. At the bottom of the mouth, there are lotus flowers in the belly, all three feet are gilded, and there are four-character seal characters made in Hu Wenming at the bottom.
Three-legged bronze furnace with staggered silver plum pattern Ming dynasty bronze ware
The mouth of this incense burner is wide-band, straight-bellied, three-legged, cloud-headed and flat-bottomed. The copper color is black with red, and there is a wrong silver Shi Sou seal script at the bottom. Mainly decorated with staggered silver technology, there is a circle of lines on the wide side of the mouth and a circle of strings near the bottom of the abdomen, and the outline of the three feet is satisfactory.
Rosewood, gold and silver, bronze censers, Ming bronzes.
This incense burner is from Xuande Furnace Spectrum, which is classic in style and originated from the reed in the bronze Yi ware. The cold end has elegant and meaningful quality. It is a fine product in the bronze incense burner handed down from generation to generation. For example, the body, feet and ears of dragon objects have S-shaped tail patterns, and they are decorated with gold pieces to increase the beauty of viewing. The stove base and the stove cover are all intact original mahogany, which are exquisitely carved and antique, and complement each other with the calm and simple furnace body.
Gold-plated, gluttonous, three-legged bronze incense burner to clean and dry bronzes
This furnace is made of copper and black paint, and the embossed pattern is gold plated. Plate edge, square lip. Big belly. The first foot of the three dragons. The lips and bent ears are relief clouds. It has a big breastplate pattern on its neck. It is a kind of belly relief gluttonous pattern, and the patterns on the surface of the vessel are all gold-plated. The whole device is magnificent, gorgeous and solemn, simple and dignified.
In the Qing Dynasty, gilded bronze censers and bronzes with double ears were cut.
This incense burner has bridge ears, straight mouth, unkempt belly and three breastplates. The whole body has no casting lines and welds, and should be made by lost wax method. The body should be polished and smooth, and the age should be in the middle of Qing Dynasty. There are four begonia-shaped open frames in the abdomen, in which bas-relief plum blossoms, peony and pine trees are cast.
Lion tread hydrangea, gilded flowers, bronze incense burner, bronze wares of Qing Dynasty.
This incense burner has three legs, and the cover, mouth, neck, head, shelf and three legs are all plated with gold. Draw the abdomen. The cover is cast as a hollow flower pattern, the cover button is a lion sitting statue, and the left foot steps on the hydrangea. Carve a palindrome on the side of your mouth and tie your neck straight. There are two layers of raised lotus petals on the shoulder, and there are begonia-shaped open frames on both sides, in which there are relief patterns such as magpie climbing branches.
Jade buckle, eight halberds, golden rooster's hoof and foot bronze stove, bronze ware of Qing Dynasty.
Thin-walled, curled lips, knotted neck, bulging abdomen, atlas base, three.
Flat round three-legged bronze furnace with neck in Qing Dynasty
Relief gilded bronze incense burner Qing Dynasty bronze ware
White hat, animal ear, three-legged stove, Qing bronze ware
Porcelain incense burner
Northern Song Dynasty glazed lotus incense burner porcelain
This incense burner has a square lip, a straight mouth, a low collar, flat shoulders, a bent abdomen, a belt and a high-legged trumpet-shaped platform. Gray tires, good quality. The glaze color is bluish green and slightly gray, the glaze color is even and smooth, and there is no glaze opening. This kind of glass is hard and glazed at the bottom. The outer wall is covered with lotus petals, which are thick and protrude from the shoulders. Two gentle edges are raised on the trumpet-shaped foot surface.
Jun porcelain applique setting furnace Yuan dynasty porcelain
The mouth of this incense burner is flat, the neck is straight, the abdomen is protruding, the bottom is flat, and there are three trunk-shaped feet. Two symmetrical rectangular ears are attached to the mouth and neck, and the middle of the ears is connected to the shoulders with animal-shaped ears. The neck is decorated with six flower-shaped drum nails and the abdomen is symmetrically decorated with two groups of animal face rings. The incense burner is elegant in shape, and the glaze color is soft and moist, which is more exquisite. Henan jun kiln firing.
Jun porcelain big incense burner yuan dynasty porcelain
The incense burner is sky blue, with three unicorns embossed on the neck and an inscription in the center of the front, which is an inscription in regular script. It was built in Yuan Wuzong for nine years (1309). The incense burner is huge in shape, thick in glaze color and bejeweled, showing extraordinary demeanor. It is a rare treasure of Jun porcelain in Yuan Dynasty.
Peacock glaze incense burner porcelain in the middle and late Ming Dynasty
The mouth of the stove is straight, the lips are wide, the neck is straight, the belly is flat, and the three packs are full; A pair of banded ears are attached to the neck. Peacock blue glaze, partial peeling, lion buckle, tire opening.
Doucai _ Longwen Three-legged Incense Porcelain in Wanli Period of Ming Dynasty
This incense burner is a three-legged melon with high ears and high ribs. It has a diamond-shaped truncated body cover with crouching beasts on it. The watch is painted with dragon rhyme patterns of blue, red, ochre, yellow, green, purple and black. The color points are rotten and bright, and the layout is compact and compact. There are blue patterns on the neck and palindromes composed of blue and white, red and green on both sides.
Blue-and-white figure story incense burner picture Qing Kangxi porcelain
This incense burner has a round lip, an open mouth, a short neck, an inner bundle, a bulging belly, a flat bottom, a short round foot on the outer second floor, and a bare sole. The neck is double-round, the bottom is a single round blue flower string pattern, and the inside is a cirrus jumbo pattern; The picture shows the seven sages of the belly blue-and-white bamboo forest; There is a blue and white single ring string pattern on the shoulder. The fetal quality is hard and dense, and the fetal color is white and pure. The glaze is transparent and shiny. Blue and white flowers are bright and colorful. The folk kiln in Jingdezhen, Jiangxi Province was fired in the middle of Kangxi.
Gold powder, flower pattern, incense burner, Qing gan long porcelain.
This incense burner has square mouth, square ears and four feet. It is covered with plastic animals, with pastel flowers in the beads, and the bottom of the animal's mouth and ears is painted with gold. Its shape is regular and magnificent.
Jun porcelain incense burner yuan dynasty porcelain
A white glaze stove, two bottles and three Yuan Dynasty porcelain articles.
White, green, ganoderma lucidum, three-legged incense burner, Ming Chenghua porcelain
Yuxianglou
Animal buttons, elephant ears, three-legged jade incense burners, Qing dynasty jade articles.
This jade incense burner is double-ring like an ear, covered with dragon patterns, and topped with magnificent beasts. There are two elephant ears hanging in the middle of the stove. Two long ear protectors with square folds at the top. The tripod body is decorated with animal patterns, and the tripod body is decorated with Swiss animal patterns.
Feng Huan Yi sheng Qing jadeware
This incense burner is made of jasper, helmet-shaped, engraved with cirrus and animal face patterns, and the top is engraved with dragon buttons. Square mouth, pattern, bas-relief animal face pattern of furnace body, ruyi cirrus pattern. A crowned phoenix with a living R engraved on its side.
This is a Haitang-shaped furnace body, with winding flowers and lotus petals painted on its shoulders; Two circles of ears are erected along the upper and lower sides of the chessboard, and the ears are decorated with small flowers; There are four cloud-shaped holes for incense in the lower tripod cover, and flower-shaped top buttons and decorative patterns are painted on the blue floor.
Tongtai Cloisonneenamel Cilonger incense burner dried Qinglong enamel
This bronze tire is rigid in shape, with double bronze gold-plated dragon ears, and the mouth and bottom of the furnace are copper gold-plated hollow lotus petals and tangled flowers. It has four bronze gilded animal faces and feet, and its abdomen is covered with blue glaze. Decorate patterns such as red, white, green flowers, birds and butterflies with copper wire binding technology. The pattern is vivid and smooth, the thread is delicate, and the copper tire is heavy.
Pinch silk enamel, burn Islamic incense burner, burn enamel.
Wide gilded mouth, tied neck, bulging belly, three breasts and feet. The inside of the incense burner is light blue. There are marks of seawater and gobang on the neck. Below the sea pattern, there is a circle of Ruyi Yuntou outlined by two lines, the two lines are dark blue, and Ruyi Yuntou is black and red gobang. There is a box with three openings in the abdomen. The box is filled with red, the background color of the box is white, and there are black Arabic characters in it. The three open frames are separated by lotus patterns, and the flowers are filled with various colors such as pink, white and green. The frame and chest and feet are light blue. Each of the three milk feet has a peony pattern, which connects white and pink with red and makes a natural transition.
Pinch enamel, twine branches, lotus pattern, straight ear, hoof and foot incense burner, Qing dynasty enamel
Two straight ears are high, connected with the mouth edge and slightly inclined inward. Wide mouth, neck, ball belly, three hooves and three feet. Ears, mouth, feet and inner walls are all gilded, and some have peeled off. The surface of incense burner is decorated with enamel cutting technology, but there are many bubbles on the glaze and the color is uneven. The background color of the whole utensil is light blue, with flowers on the neck and legs and lotus patterns on the abdomen. Twisted flower branches are an important basis for judging the age of enamelware: single-line strings were used in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, and double-line paintings were used after Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, with colors filled in the middle.
Gold-plated blue enamel flower three-legged incense burner Qing dynasty porcelain
Incense burner made of other materials
Red three-legged incense burner ear cover for lacquerware cleaner
This incense burner is carved with red removal technology, with three legs and two ears. It is exquisitely carved and exquisitely made. Lacquerware products in Qing dynasty are mainly complicated and exquisite, and usually a variety of painting techniques are integrated into one thing, and the workmanship is the best.
Stone carving incense burner Qing dynasty stone tools
This stone censer is made of a whole stone and divided into two parts. The upper part is a stone incense burner and the lower part is in the form of a console table. The top of the incense burner is carved with lotus gossip, and the furnace body is carved with dragon patterns and longevity characters. Leg making is a common form of furniture table. The incense burner decorated with grass has a very high position in furniture making, which has been highly valued by dignitaries and literati in past dynasties. It's even harder to make it out of stone.
Pottery turtle carrying four monkeys incense burner Liao Tao shallow
This is a light gray flat-bottomed turtle pottery. Its body is flat, its head slightly protrudes from its body, its eyes are wide open, its facial features are clear, its front and rear feet are retracted into the shell, and each foot has five claws. There is a tail on the turtle's back, and a censer is on the turtle's back. The incense burner is concave and round. At the top of the incense burner, there is a triangular protrusion on the head facing the tortoise, and there are a pair of plastic monkeys on each side.
Funiu Mountain Shuanglong Earring Incense Ceramic Crafts Ming Dynasty Ceramic Crafts
This incense burner is quaint in shape. Using applique decoration technology, there is a round carved lion on the furnace cover, and simple petals are hollowed out on both sides of the cover to form air holes for cigarettes to overflow; Ears are shaped like two.