Target reading method
Target reading method refers to a method of studying hard around the set goals in reading. In the process of reading, if you want to accumulate knowledge and use what you have learned flexibly according to actual needs, the most important thing is to establish reading goals. Learning with goals is the most beneficial, and accumulation with goals is the most fruitful. When you study, you can talk about planning only when you have goals. With a goal, it is clear what to accumulate. Not around the same goal, but lack of internal knowledge, or knowledge that is related but too far away from each other, which is inconvenient to accumulate and difficult to play a role; With a goal, we can judge the value of knowledge. Because the value of knowledge not only exists objectively, but also has different values for people who are determined to become different target talents. For example, ancient Chinese grammar is of great value to those who study history, traditional Chinese medicine and literature, but much less value to those who study modern chemistry. With a clear goal, we can master more knowledge in a short time. At present, there are many disciplines in the world, and according to statistics, there are more than 2,000 disciplines. The second is to be consistent with your own interests; Third, we must follow objective conditions and possibilities. Unrealistically choosing goals, transferring goals from one place to another, and setting goals in a hurry are not really implementing the goal reading method, and will never get the desired results. Xi Chunnian, the author of Learning from the Sea and Exploring the Pearl, said: "It takes a little self-knowledge to determine the goal." People with low self-esteem "can't be people who support heaven and earth", lack self-confidence, go with the flow, set their goals very low and achieve nothing. Like the famous popular science writer Asimov, we should choose the most promising road. "。
Reading method combining reading with thinking
In the process of reading, the method of combining reading and thinking from beginning to end is called the combination of reading and thinking. There are three specific steps: (1) Read the table of contents and think about the contents. When reading a book, first browse the contents of the book and remember the titles of the chapters. Then outline the structure of the book according to the title, imagine the content of the whole book, and compare it with what you imagined while reading. Think about the similarities and differences between yourself and the author of the book. (2) Reflection on positive reading. Correct reading refers to correctly understanding the original intention of the book, seeking truth from facts, and not exaggerating the author's thoughts and belittling the author's views. Reflection is to put forward opinions and arguments that are contrary to the author and conduct opposite arguments. In thinking, we will discuss with the author repeatedly, ask why, and finally decide to accept or reject. In this way, the purpose of absorbing the author's point of view is achieved instead of blindly following and abandoning the author's point of view. Putting forward your own views is targeted. (3) When reading a complete book, you should compare your own views with those in the book, or be convinced, questioned or corrected. This is a correct reading method, suitable for reading scientific theory books. Many scientists and thinkers have adopted this reading method. For example, Wang Chong, a famous thinker in Han Dynasty, adopted this reading method and wrote questions and questions on this basis.
read aloud
Reading aloud is a reading method put forward by ancient scholars in China. Sima Guang, a scholar in Song Dynasty, emphasized this reading method very much. He said: "A book can't be recited, or when you can't sleep at night, you can get more by reading its meaning." Reading aloud is also called reading aloud now, that is, when reading aloud, you can observe its words with your eyes, read its sounds with your ears, and think about its meaning with your brain.
The advantage of reading aloud is that it is impressive, helpful for understanding and deepening memory. All books read aloud can generally be kept in memory for a long time, even for life, and benefit endlessly. Sima Guang gained a lot by reading in this way. He was able to become a famous historian in ancient China, and wrote "Learning from the Same Resources as a Mirror", which was inseparable from his reading method. The disadvantage of this reading method is that it is too fast. Have a little reading. If you read a book of 200 million words in this way, you can't finish it anyway. At the same time, this way interferes with others' reading too much and is not suitable for reading rooms. The scope of application of reading method is narrow, and it is most suitable for literary books such as poems and songs and extremely profound theoretical books. There is no need to read other books by reading. For books that will be used for life, it is best to use the reading method.
"visiting" reading method
Reading in and out is a method put forward by Chen Shan, a scholar in Song Dynasty. He said: "The method of reading should be reading in and reading out. First you should seek what you want, and finally you should seek what you want, so that you can be friendly. This is calligraphy; What you got through was calligraphy. If you can't get into the book, you won't know the intentions of the ancients. If you can't publish a book, you will die in the text, but you know what you know is the best way to read. " The method of reading in and out is also called the living reading method. Its basic requirement is that you can read in and out. The so-called reading is to fully understand the book you read and accurately grasp the views, ideas, structure and style in the book. The so-called reading is to apply what you have learned to practice. On the other hand, we should test what we have learned with practice and not be bound by books. Reading in is the premise of reading out, and only reading in can read out. If we can't read it, we can't read it. Of course, it doesn't matter if you don't have income, theory or practice. Visiting reading is a dialectical reading method, which organically combines learning with application. All innovative scientists have used this reading method.
Assimilation reading method
In the process of reading, we should carefully understand the ideological content in the book, ponder it over and over again, slowly digest it and absorb it into our own thoughts. This method is called assimilation reading. The advantage of assimilation reading method is that it can digest and absorb the knowledge in the book, especially the essence, remember it firmly, use it quickly, and even benefit for life. Macaulay once said, digest a page. This is better than reading a book in a hurry. Zhu, a thinker in Song Dynasty, attached great importance to assimilation reading. He said: "To learn to read, you should be patient, understand carefully and not be careless." He explained the advantages and importance of assimilation reading very thoroughly: "When you don't see the truth, you can't see it. I must go to a heavy one today and see another one tomorrow. " Go to the meat and see the bones; Assimilation is actually a kind of intensive reading. The disadvantage of assimilation reading method is its narrow scope of application. There is no need to use assimilation reading method for ordinary books. Only those masterpieces that have had a significant impact and change on the world are worthy of assimilation reading, for example, reading Copernicus's Theory of the Operation of Celestial Bodies, Darwin's Origin of Species, Marx's Das Kapital and patriotic Stein.
Scanning reading method
Scanning is a reading method, which belongs to speed reading. People's eyes do not read one word at a time, but a "word group" composed of several words at a time. The rule is "stare-jump-stare". To improve the reading speed and achieve the effect of radar scanning, we can shorten the time of each "gaze" and read as much as possible through recognition and reflection when staring. Of course, this must be achieved through exercise. Different people have different reading purposes and different reading methods. If you read poetry, you need to savor it carefully. Managers should try to skip irrelevant content and find "keywords". In general, "keywords" are nouns and verbs. As long as you identify the "keywords", you can understand the general content. This "scanning reading method" is the fastest reading method.
Reading method of examining questions
Exam-oriented reading refers to a reading method that strengthens the concept of title and thoroughly understands the spirit of title in reading, so as to read the whole book well. There are always headlines in articles, and there are many subheadings under the headlines of many articles. Each subheading plays the role of prompting and summarizing its content, and also reveals the theme of the article and raises thought-provoking questions. So you can use exam-oriented reading. First of all, it analyzes the topic, points out the scope of elaboration and reveals the following contents. It is best to conceive an essay outline according to the topic, according to your own thinking logic and material accumulation. On the premise of strengthening the concept of the topic, your study intention is highly concentrated. You will consciously analyze what problems are raised in the article, clarify what ideas and concepts, whether the imported materials and evidence are appropriate and accurate, whether they can serve the theme, what problems are finally solved, and what opinions and conclusions are drawn. After reading the article with the topic, you will have a clear understanding of the full text, thus gaining knowledge, being inspired and causing thinking. Because the idea of understanding the topic runs through the whole process of reading, you can consciously analyze the function of each paragraph in the article, learn from other people's composition methods, and of course you can find out whether the author has gone deep into the essence of the problem, deviated from the topic and theme, and so on.
Step by step reading method
The step-by-step reading method has the following two meanings: first, according to the order of scientific development, along the scientific ladder, first read the primary basic books, and then read the advanced professional books, just like climbing a mountain, we should rise step by step. In the education of various schools, students are arranged to study and study according to the principle of step by step. For example, you must learn elementary mathematics before you can read advanced mathematics. You don't have to read math and logic first. I don't understand mathematical logic. Liang Zhangju in Qing Dynasty attached great importance to this step-by-step reading method. He said: "reading should be gradual, and four books should be inferior." In the past, Zhu's quotations said that Lu Donglai was clever, but he didn't pay attention to arts and sciences. Like him, he studied history first, so he was careless. Stupid means reading history in its order. To test the law and people, first read Historical Records and Han Dynasty. If you want to know the changes of the world and study current events, you must first read the history of the Song and Ming Dynasties, from near to far. In fact, historical records and two Han books are the basis of historiography, so you must be eager to read them. " Liang Zhangju said here that although he studied history, it is also fully applicable to reading other scientific books. The second meaning is that when reading a book, he should read it step by step in strict accordance with the book system. Don't look at the following. In the Song Dynasty, Zhu once said: "The method of reading is gradual, and it is appropriate to be familiar and thoughtful." "If you don't get ahead, you dare not pursue it. If you don't get through, you won't dare to aim. " In other words, you have to push forward step by step, slowly and steadily. Step-by-step reading method is a very important method that any reader must abide by. In this sense, you can say it again.
Rough reading and intensive reading
Rough reading and intensive reading are two diametrically opposite reading methods. Rough reading, also known as browsing and extensive reading, refers to reading the whole book at a very fast speed, so as to have a general understanding of the contents of the book, know the outline, and grasp what is discussed in each chapter. It's like watching an exhibition. First, you look at the exhibits in general and know the general situation, but you don't look at every part of the exhibits carefully. Intensive reading is also called intensive reading. It refers to delving into the contents of the book at a normal or extremely slow reading speed in order to have a comprehensive and thorough understanding of the contents of the book, master every argument, argument and argumentation method in detail, and clearly outline the structure or plot of the book. It's just like watching an exhibition. You should watch every part of the exhibit carefully and understand its nature, structure and use. Some books can be read roughly, but some books can be read after rough reading. Intensive reading is also necessary. In this sense, rough reading and intensive reading are interrelated. Introducing his reading method, Dietzgan, a German worker philosopher, said, "When I read a book about a topic I don't understand, the method I use is to get a superficial view of the topic, then browse many pages and chapters, and then re-read it from the beginning to get accurate knowledge." Of course, on the basis of intensive reading, you can also do rough reading. At this time, rough reading is no longer to understand the outline of the book, but to grasp the author's structure, plot, system and methods as a whole. In the letters from 1858 to 14 to Engels, Marx talked about the benefits of browsing. He said, "I took Hegel's logic again.
Card reading method
Card reading method refers to a reading method of mastering knowledge, storing knowledge and using knowledge in reading. Scholars in Qing Dynasty attached great importance to reading and making cards. Many people have a large information cabinet, just like the medicine cabinet in a Chinese medicine shop, which is divided into many small drawers and labeled in different categories. They read books every day, make cards every day and put them in different small drawers. After reading for a long time, I have accumulated more cards. Whether you are studying or writing a paper, you need all the knowledge you need, which is very convenient. Wang Li, a famous professor, said that it is necessary to develop the habit of reading and making cards. If you find important information, opinions and meaningful problems in reading, you should extract or copy them in time and make them into cards for classification and preservation, which will not only avoid forgetting, but also be very beneficial to your future study and work. Some comrades don't have this habit. They just watched it yesterday, forgot it today and watched it again today. I forgot again tomorrow. If you study like this, you will be on an empty stomach all your life. When talking about my self-study career, Xiao Bing, a famous scholar, said that copying and accumulating cards are the basic forms and cells of my academic life. My book and my card together constitute the proof, foundation, motivation and hope of my existence. My micro analysis and macro summary are based on these.
Note reading method
Note reading refers to a reading method of taking notes while reading. Many scholars attach importance to writing reading notes while reading, and regard it as an important method to evaluate the ideological achievements of predecessors, temper their intelligence and express their thoughts. Lenin, a proletarian revolutionary tutor, attached great importance to writing reading notes while studying. What about his wife? Kang? Krupskaya recalled: "ilych wrote down detailed reading notes for every book he read. In his own words, he wrote down some basic ideas of the author in his notebook, or wrote down some of the most important places in the book. " Revolutionary Laffargue said that Marx had a habit of rereading his notebook at long intervals and marking places in the book to enhance his very agile and accurate memory. Although it is stupid to do, it is very effective in strengthening memory and is of great help to exercise thinking, organization and writing skills. Intensive reading and note-taking, especially brief note-taking, means simply repeating the contents of the book in your own language through your own understanding, and you can also find the way for the author of the original book to study and describe the problems and learn from the author's research methods. In short, reading, supplemented by writing, can make people think and work hard. Make the knowledge you have read work as much as possible. There are many kinds of reading notes, including summary notes, reading essays and special notes. Comparatively speaking, which form is good depends on the theoretical level of reading itself and the specific purpose of writing notes, but no matter which form is adopted, there are several problems to be overcome, and the experiences of some celebrities have given good answers. For example, Jiang Xuemo, a famous economist, thinks that notes should be simple rather than complicated. Krupskaya, a Soviet educator, thought that it was best to take notes according to his own memory, then compare them with the original text, and then write down the exact original text according to his own memory, so as to improve the skills of accurately conveying other people's views; British scholar Robert? Ballas suggested that when taking reading notes, you should first determine what information you need, and then find out the relevant contents in books and articles, and link the information and opinions you read with what you have seen and heard, but you don't need to copy them from books in large chunks, because books can still be consulted after all.
Comparative comparison method
Contrastive comparison refers to a method of paying attention to the use of association and contrast in reading, so as to deepen learning and understanding. If you want to study, you must cultivate the habit of being good at comparison. Only by comparison can we know the difference, and only by comparison can we see the advantages and disadvantages. If you study a problem, you should look for books of the same kind related to it, and Trishki should read them. Because of the different experience levels of the authors, the arguments and arguments used in discussing the same issue are often different. Some books. Some books are informative, some are theoretical and some are illustrated. Through comparison, we can find the similarities and differences, and then further discuss what is reasonable and what is unfounded from the differences, and then put forward our own conclusions. The famous writer Biyo's reading method is "screening by comparison, writing while reading". He insisted on "comparing" and "screening" what he needed to improve the reading effect. He compared famous books with ordinary books. Compare famous books with famous books and find out their own characteristics; Compare the works of great writers before and after, and summarize the law of their artistic maturity. In reading, we can brainstorm, inspire us to think from different angles, avoid one-sidedness, improve our ability to distinguish right from wrong and deepen our understanding of the problem. For example, in Lu Xun's novel Kong Yiji, Kong Yiji described the action of paying for wine twice, first "platoon" and then "touch".
Group mutual benefit law
Group mutual benefit method refers to a reading method of collective learning and mutual communication in reading. People usually think that reading is the most basic method, but it is not the only one. In today's knowledge explosion, a person's knowledge is limited. Taking effective collective activities is the characteristic of our times, which has been proved to be an effective reading method. Many people have adopted the "group mutual benefit method" and set up reading groups, amateur interest groups, foreign language self-study groups and special research groups. These groups are composed of several people with similar ages and different knowledge structures, but they all have the same desire for knowledge and success. We get together regularly, exchange reading experience, discuss problems or cooperate to tackle key problems, and learn from each other's strengths.
Variable speed reading method
When reading, the method of reading different parts of a book at different speeds is called variable speed reading. Any wooden book has opinions and materials, and there are differences between main parts and non-main parts. For a reader, any book has the difference between "information" and "non-information", as well as "key information" and "general information". Therefore, you must read different parts at different speeds. For ideas, main parts, "informative" and "key information", as well as difficult and wonderful parts, we should read slowly and intensively, read back and forth and experience repeatedly, so we must leave more time. Emerson said: "When reading, I would like to stay in front of every beautiful thought, just as I stay in front of every truth." For materials, not. You can skim, read ten lines at a glance, or even skim. If you also read these mediocre parts intensively, it will be a waste of time. Variable speed method is a scientific reading method. Its advantage is that it can organically combine rough reading with intensive reading, which can not only broaden your reading horizon, but also grasp the essence of the book. There is quantity and quality. Many scholars and thinkers use this variable-speed reading method. When reading Hegel's philosophical works, Marx, Engels and Lenin repeatedly read and carefully studied the essence of Hegel's books, that is, the reasonable core of dialectical methods, while the dross of the books, that is, the idealism, browsed the past at a fast speed.
"Time effect" reading method
"Time effect" reading method, also known as "every once in a while" reading method, refers to the method of reading a new book every once in a while. After reading a book, leave it for a period of time, or months or years, and then reread it, you will have a new understanding and experience. This is because during the period of shelving, you have rich experience, increased knowledge, improved understanding and undercurrent of thinking. Or because reading from different needs and angles expands the three-dimensional face of thinking. When using this reading method, you should take reading notes every time. The "time effect" reading method is a scientific method. Its advantage is that through this method, you can constantly dig out the treasure of truth from books with profound thoughts, profound interests and exquisite art, so many scholars in ancient China attached great importance to this method. Su Shi said, "Old books are never tired of being returned." Confucius read the Book of Changes many times in his life. Marx reread the books he had read every few years, also using the "time effect" reading method. This reading method is only suitable for world famous books, not ordinary books.
Tracking reading method
Tracking reading refers to a reading method of constantly tracking problems in reading. The problem is often the golden key to open the door of books, the step to pursue truth, and the road sign to explore and forge ahead. If you don't follow the problems in reading, your mind will not be able to grasp the set goals, and it will be difficult to achieve results in learning. As the saying goes, "grasp the topic if you don't understand it." The basic steps of tracking reading are as follows: First, read according to the "topic". Advance reading step by step and grasp the essence of books as a whole. Second, seek "subject" knowledge, that is, in view of the problems in daily study and work, especially the new problems in various fields, consult the corresponding books and periodicals in time and seek solutions until you get satisfactory answers, so as to update your knowledge at any time. Third, seek reference for the "topic", that is, mainly look for problems from a book, and then read with reference to similar and related books. Abandon the prejudice and fallacy in the book, and gradually form the advantage of your own knowledge accumulation. Fourth, discuss the topic in depth. This is the highest level of tracing the source of reading method, that is, to grasp the problem, conduct in-depth exploration and investigation, so that you can break into the door of creation as soon as possible.
Query reading method
Questioning method refers to a reading method that advocates asking more questions in reading. Ask questions when you learn. You can't learn if you don't ask to learn. Learning and questioning have been related since ancient times. How to ask and what to ask is also the art of reading. Mr. Tao Xingzhi, a famous educator, wrote a poem "Eight Consultants", which said, "I have eight good friends who are willing to guide me in everything." Who is he, where is he, when, where and where to go? Like brothers. There is also a western school called Geometry. If you often ask the Eight Immortals Temple, a fool can't make mistakes. "This provides a good clue for us how to set questions. Every book can be asked eight times, or just a few times. The key is what books to read and why. Ask all the questions and get a wide understanding. If you ask questions intensively and understand them deeply, these eight consultants are like eight consultants, that is, they advocate not following blindly, not deceiving themselves, not pretending to understand, not being unwilling, and leaving nothing unknown about the important knowledge they have learned, forming a rough meal of mastering knowledge. You should ask more questions until you understand it, so as to cultivate a virtue of "being eager to learn and not ashamed to ask questions".
Three times reading method
Three-time reading method refers to a method of reading books with emphasis and reading them at least three times during reading. For three times, it can be understood as three steps. Many modern experts and scholars advocate the three-time reading method. Mao Dun, a master of modern literature, believes that the first time is a "overlooking" style, that is, read the book as a whole quickly and let the outline of the article be printed in your mind; The second time is "intensive reading", that is, careful taste word by word, and some key points have to be tried again and again; The third time is "digestion", that is, the spirit of the whole work is thoroughly understood, from emotional infection to intellectual emotion. Modern writer Wang Dui made three readings and another division of labor. The first time I entered the article, I felt incisively and vividly. The second time is "disassembling eight parts", that is, studying the performance of each part and understanding the relationship between them; The third time is to browse it again to get a three-dimensional, thorough and complete impression. Professor Su, a famous scholar, also believes that the first reading is rough reading, the second reading is deepening understanding, and the third reading is real digestion. Reading it three times is actually reading it many times step by step. There is an old saying in China called "Review the past and learn the new", "Read a book a hundred times, and its meaning will show itself", which means that you have to read more books to understand and gain more.
Three-question reading method
Three-question reading method refers to a reading method with questions and in-depth learning at different levels. Asking is the basic skill of scholars. As the saying goes, breaking the casserole model (asking) in the end can spur the brain, study hard, integrate and gain more. Yu Guangyuan, a famous economist, said, Why is the question mark written as a hook? This hook is mainly a hook answer. The more question marks, the more answers. Second, ask how to write; The third is to ask why you wrote it. For example, if you read Lu Xun's Diary of a Madman, you must first make it clear that you are writing about people who woke up on the eve of the May 4th Movement and expose the tragic fact that people in feudal society ate people, so as to lash out at the decadent traditions and traditional evils in feudal society. The second question is that the theme of the book is mainly expressed through the confession of a psychopath. He stripped off the disguise of "benevolence, righteousness and morality" and accused such cruel crimes as "changing children for food", "eating meat and lying on the skin" and "cutting shares for relatives", pointedly pointing out that the history of China for thousands of years is a history of eating people; Three questions learned that in the dark society at that time, Lu Xun used sharp brushstrokes, detailed descriptions and thrilling examples, mainly to reveal the essence of feudal society in China, so as to alert and cure the numb people. Obviously, the process of "Three Questions" is a step-by-step process from content to theme, from form to technique, and from shallow to deep, which conforms to the cognitive law of reading and is the basic method of reading articles or literary works.
Hanging reading method
Hanging reading is a reading method that depends on suspense guessing in reading. The author who writes Zhang Hui's novels often sells a "lock" at a certain point: "If you want to know what will happen next time, listen to the next decomposition", which comes to an abrupt end and gives people suspense. After reading this, a good reader will not rush to see the following, but hide his own thoughts: how will the plot develop? If I did, what would I do? After this suspense speculation, no matter what you think or measure is right or wrong, it will help you to continue reading. When the author is similar to what he thinks, there is a sigh of "great minds think alike"; When the author disagrees with his own ideas, he will naturally weigh the gains and losses and find the gap; You will be amazed when the author finds a new way out beyond his expectation. Therefore, if you can deliberately set a "lock" when reading, stop at the key joints, think back and forth, and then stop and think again, isn't this also a desirable reading method, which is based on righteousness?
Query reading method
Query reading method refers to a reading method of constantly asking questions and solving problems in reading. Questioning is to ask questions you don't understand on the basis of mastering the main contents of the book, and find the correct answer through thinking, consulting materials and consulting teachers, thus broadening and deepening your horizons. Zhu, a philosopher in the Song Dynasty, believed that reading should be taught if there is doubt, and should be taught if there is doubt. It is usually the difficulty or key point in the book, and it is also the threshold that can be attracted to the next level. People who are good at reading are often quick-thinking and open-minded, so they think more and ask more questions, go deep into them, and achieve such and such goals, from the outside to the inside, get rid of the rough and get the essence, and get rid of the false and keep the true. The so-called "small doubts and small progress, big doubts and great progress" is also the same. Whether reading is in doubt is also a test of whether the reader is sincere. There is no doubt that nature can be qualitative. The process of reading is the process of "questioning-solving doubts". To advocate reading doubts means to let doubts go in and out, so the process of questioning is not only the process of asking questions, but also the process of solving problems. Some of them have been thinking repeatedly to gain insight into the mystery in the book, "failing to understand themselves"; There are also those who have been repeatedly sorted out and checked by many parties to eliminate mistakes and correct mistakes. Learning from the research method of "learning needs to be suspicious" aims to break free from the shackles of other people's thoughts and be brave in innovating. Whoever is good at questioning can master the initiative of reading.
Transcription reading method
Copying reading method refers to copying books while reading, so as to deepen understanding and strengthen memory. In ancient China, there was a saying that "it is better to read it ten times than by hand". Copy reading is a traditional reading method in China. When Su Dongpo, a great writer, read Hanshu, he copied this masterpiece three times. After reading Zi, the great scholars in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties not only asked themselves to finish it, but also copied it word for word. Zhang Pu, a scholar in the late Qing Dynasty, loved reading. He had to copy all the books he read in person, and he had to copy every book six or seven times. Therefore, his study was named as "Seven Records Study". Liang Qichao, a famous scholar, said, "You asked me how to study, and I want to record you. what can I do? It is copying books or notes ... This kind of work is stupid and bitter, but people who really learn can't get out of this road. " Copying books is obviously a method of doing research. Other scholars have also talked about the specific experience of copying books, which can be used as another explanation of Liang Qichao's exposition: "Copying books by yourself can make you unforgettable when you concentrate." Of course, it is very different from ordinary readers. It is impossible and unnecessary to copy it every time. General books can be browsed and widely read, but classic works, important papers, well-known poems and songs, amazing ancient and modern masterpieces are still worth copying. You don't have to copy all the books, otherwise how many books can you copy in your life! You can take the method of excerpt and choose from the full text to deepen your understanding in the choice. It is of great benefit to extract and sort out philosopher's aphorisms and national quintessence, read them at ordinary times and learn knowledge. If you want to extract correctly and copy profitably, you must understand, infiltrate and integrate what you have learned, take its essence and improve reading efficiency.