2. period. Legend originated in the late Xia Dynasty and certainly prevailed in the early and middle Shang Dynasty. In some areas, it lasted until the end of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. According to unreliable legends, there were still remote areas that insisted on using Beibi in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties.
3. use. At that time, shell coins were mainly used as change, and shells were not used in bulk trade, but jade and jade articles were used instead, or they were directly bartered. Shells will probably buy a cage of steamed buns (well, steamed buns will also appear in the Han Dynasty and Song Dynasty), carriages, cities, handsome guys and beautiful women will still get jade.
Bone shell (absolutely testing the patience of craftsmen) Mid-Shang Dynasty 1. A hand-made imitation shell coin made of bones is mixed with natural shell coins. During this period, imitation shell coins such as pottery shell, stone shell, mussel shell, pine shell, ox horn shell and jade shell (true noble) appeared. There is a lack of seashells in the inland, and a large number of imitation shellfish coins appear. Perhaps the former natural shell currency originated from the coast.
2. period. In the middle of Shang Dynasty, due to the increase of trade volume and the shortage of natural shells, people began to imitate shell coins with various materials. This imitation coin was popular in the late Shang Dynasty and early Zhou Dynasty. Since the Spring and Autumn Period, bone shells have been gradually replaced by copper coins.
3. use. Like natural shell coins, people still use bone shells as change.
Northern Henan (the earliest local currency) merchants 1. Period. A treasure with both jade and imitation shell functions. Large currency prevailing in Shang and Zhou Dynasties. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the monetary function of jade shell began to be replaced by copper shell/gold-clad copper shell. In the period of cloth coins and knife coins, Yu Pei simply withdrew from circulation and became an ornament and treasure.
2. use. People may have invented the jade shell by combining the previous jade and shell coins. Jade shell with good color belongs to jade, which is a kind of high-value currency and is often used by nobles to reward courtiers. A jade shell of average color is worth about the same as a bone shell.
Stone shells are not as popular as bone coins. Copper shell series is unwritten. Copper shell made by 1 at the end of Shang Dynasty. A metal imitation shell, the shape of which is derived from natural shell coins. The name means no food, which is different from the bronze shells in the Spring and Autumn Period.
2. period. It appeared in the late Shang Dynasty and prevailed in the Western Zhou Dynasty. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it evolved into an upgraded version of Beibi coins such as gold-plated copper shells, gold and silver copper shells and ant nose coins.
3. use. In the Zhou Dynasty, five slaves were worth about 100 bronze shells. One gram today is about 300 grams. One hundred pounds is close to thirty kilograms. Considering that the average person left less than 1 at that time, all the belongings of twenty people were replaced by slaves ... well, it seems that slaves who poured tea for cats, shoveled excrement and knelt on the washboard were quite expensive.
Copper block and copper cake 1. Production. A weighing currency, which replaced jadeite as an expensive currency.
2. The Western Zhou Dynasty appeared and prevailed in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The Han dynasty gradually became a collection.
Although copper cakes have appeared in hymns, gold and silver cakes will not appear in large numbers until the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
3. Generally, it is used as a high-value currency when buying and selling livestock, land and weapons.
Figure-Copper cakes unearthed from Daye Lake, Hubei Province
Gold-plated copper shell Western Zhou 1. Production. Copper coins are made of gold.
2. period. It first appeared in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The communication between the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period took place in the Central Plains, and was replaced by small golden cakes (small golden tablets) after the Warring States Period.
3. use. It is luxurious and wear-resistant, unlike jadeite shells, which are easy to calcify and age, and gradually become the top currency for value preservation.
You Wen Tong Bei Chu Warring States 1. Commonly known as ant nose money. Chu, which prevailed in the Warring States period, was about before Chu and Shu divided coins. Prior to this, in the Spring and Autumn Period, the State of Chu was still using copper shells without writing.
At the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty, 1. Make hollow cloth. A kind of copper coin. This shape is derived from the farm tool shovel.
2. period. It began to appear in the late Western Zhou Dynasty and became popular in the late Spring and Autumn Period. Mainly used in early agricultural countries such as Zhou, Jin, Zheng and Wei in the north.
3. use. Maybe 1: 1 can be exchanged for the corresponding farm tools or obtained from the farm tools trade (no source, I guess).
Pointed foot cloth Jin Chunqiu 1. Production. A kind of copper coin. The shape is also a farm tool.
2. period. Jin State prevailed in the Spring and Autumn Period. During the period of Jin Wengong, with his hegemony (defending the Zhou Emperor), the scope of application expanded to the whole north.
3. use. When it was first released, it was very popular with the new rich at first because the old nobles of Jin State hoarded a large number of northern coins in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.
Square ruler cloth Zheng, Wei, Song Chunqiu 1. A kind of copper coin. At that time, currency distribution was not monopolized by the king. Governors, doctors and private businessmen can make their own coins.
2. period. Zheng, Wei and Song Dynasties prevailed in the Central Plains during the Spring and Autumn Period.
A round copper cloth coin of Jin and Warring States, which is round and slightly cute. Suspicion is developed from pointed foot cloth, which can't prick people after polishing. It was popular in Jin area in the early Warring States period.
Bridge foot cloth was also called Wei cloth during the Warring States Period. A kind of copper coin. It was popular in Wei during the Warring States Period. According to legend, Wei Wenhou ordered the casting of a large number of this currency. When the capital of Zhao was still in Jinyang, it was also a similar cloth casting of Wei style.
Three-hole cloth is a kind of Zhao copper coins in the Warring States Period. Popular in Zhao during the Warring States Period.
A copper coin with an acute angle in the Warring States, Qin, Han and Wei Dynasties. Popular in Korea and Wei during the Warring States period.
Chu-Shu cloth coin is a kind of copper cloth coin of Chu State during the Warring States Period. Mainly unearthed in the late Chu ruins in the southeast of China.
Copper coin card During the Warring States Period, there was a copper coin card with gold as a baht. The weight of this copper coin card itself is not one baht, but one baht. Maybe we can exchange a baht of copper in proportion.
In fact, the copper coin card is not the currency in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, but only appears sporadically. It didn't officially appear until after Qin and Han Dynasties, and it was only in the early Southern Song Dynasty and Liao and Jin Dynasties that a batch was issued on a large scale.
Knife Coin Series Qi Dao Coin Field Qi Warring States Period
1. production. A copper knife coin.
2. period. After Tian Daiqi, it was vigorously promoted. Previously, in the early days of Qi, when Chiang Kai-shek was in power, he used knife coins, cloth coins, coins and other currencies.
Sharp knife is a kind of copper knife coin in Yanzhong Mountain and Warring States Period. Popular in Yan State and Zhongshan State during the Warring States Period. The two countries may be influenced by Qi State and start casting knife coins.
Needle knife is a special pointed knife in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Also known as sharp knife. The shape comes from the weapon. The embryonic form was born in the Western Zhou Dynasty. During the Warring States period, it reappeared in Yan State and was widely used.
Ming Dao is a kind of bronze knife coin in Yan Warring States period. Also known as Ming Dow. There are many different variants. Popular in Yan State during the Warring States Period. The passage time is probably after the sharp knife.
Baicheng Dao is a kind of copper knife coin in the Warring States period. Casting of Zhongshan State during the Warring States Period. The shape is deeply influenced by Yan State.
Zhao Dao is a kind of Zhao copper knife coin in the Warring States Period. There are many different variants. Zhao started casting after moving the capital to Handan, and the casting time was later than that of Qi and Yan.
Series of round hole coins, one of the copper coins in Wei Warring States. It is more convenient to carry than knife coins.
The Zhou Dynasty took shape. Officially originated and prevailed in Wei State during the Warring States Period. Later, it was followed by Zhao, Qin, Qi, Yan and other countries and gradually became popular. Qin's half-Liang money is a kind of round hole money.
Square hole money series Square hole round money is a kind of copper coins in Qin and Warring States Period. Compared with round holes, money is easier to be fixed by ropes, and it is not easy to slide and roll, thus reducing mutual friction and wear.
Officially originated from the state of Qin. Qin Banliang money is the earliest square hole round money. When Shang Yang reformed, Qin started casting. Later, influenced by Qin, countries such as Wei began to cast square holes and round money.
After Qin unified the six countries, it ordered the abolition of all other currencies. Qin Banliang became a popular currency.
"Gold" appeared in the Warring States period, which can be regarded as an early golden cake. The state of Qin designated the golden cake as a large bill, which was used together with the Qin half copper coins. In the Han dynasty, golden cakes were still very popular. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty cast a large number of small gold cakes, commonly known as horseshoe gold and forest toe gold.
Lin toe gold is about 250 grams, a catty in Han Dynasty.
Elm pod is a semi-A Liang in the Western Han Dynasty, and one kind of copper is a semi-A Liang in the Western Han Dynasty. In the early Western Han Dynasty, Qin currency was used for casting. Because of its insufficient weight, it is as thin as elm pod, so it is called elm pod. This currency allows free casting everywhere, so it is varied. The middle cave between Guanzhong and the eastern coastal areas is relatively rich and developed, with a small area and more copper, while the middle cave has a large area and less copper.
Three baht coin A copper coin cast by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. The first time in the name of Thai baht. It is the prototype of the future five baht.
Five baht is a kind of copper coin of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. In some periods and regions, iron was also used for casting.
In 65438 BC+065438 BC+08 BC, Liang Wudi ordered the casting of five baht, which was more or less minted in later dynasties. This currency was not abolished until the Tang Dynasty in Tang Gaozu in 62 1 year.
Five baht was originally cast by the county, with different colors. Later, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty made five baht red and changed five baht in the county. In the end, Liang Wudi recovered the right to coin, and made the three emperors cast three emperors and five baht, which spread to the end of the Western Han Dynasty.
Five Thai baht coins with different shapes were minted in Guangwudi period of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wei Shu period of Dong Zhuo period, Three Kingdoms period, Eastern Jin period of the Western Jin Dynasty, the long-lasting regime of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and Sui Dynasty. Every casting can be regarded as lack of money, and additional issuance forces people to buy things.
White deerskin coins The white deerskin coins of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty are generally collected as treasures and are not circulated, which is equivalent to commemorative coins.
Five baht for wheel cutting, a kind of money for wheel cutting in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, due to the lack of metal, a five-baht coin with rough edges and large square holes was issued for cutting wheels. Dong Zhuo's five baht, his five baht and the formula money of the Liang Dynasty all belong to this kind of bad money.
Historically, from the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the heroic period, the quality of cast money was poor. The tripartite confrontation of the three kingdoms and the improvement of the western jin dynasty. Among them, Shu five baht is heavier, and Wei five baht is beautifully made. At the beginning of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the coins cast by the northern regime were exquisite, while the coins of the Eastern Jin, Song and Qi Liang in the south were of poor quality, except for the period of abolishing Emperor Liu before the Song Dynasty. In the Southern Dynasties, Liang Wudi issued very cheap small iron coins. Until the end of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the Northern Zhou Dynasty and the Northern Qi Dynasty were opposed to Nan Chen, and the coins of both sides became more and more exquisite. In the Sui Dynasty, the five baht finally reached the peak of its craft.
A large number of imaginary coins issued in the new Wangmang period seem to be beautifully made, but it is stipulated that a coin should be used as 55,000 baht. The original intention may be to save people the trouble of carrying a lot of money, but decoupling from metals may lead to excessive issuance, which in turn will lead to serious inflation.
During the period of Wang Mang, 500 new Wang Mang knives were cast. Set one piece as 5500 pieces and five baht.
Virtual currency after the death of Shu's master in the north. Set a value equal to 100 pieces of 5 baht. It's almost the same as Dingping 100.
It means to explain the value in words, not counterfeit money. Liu Huangshu does not make counterfeit money, even if burning money will really depreciate into a dog in the future.
Daquan is a virtual currency issued by Sun Quan in the last years of Wu State. One piece is equal to 1000 pieces of five baht. There are also two thousand springs and five thousand springs.
Kaiyuan Bao Tong, all kinds of ingots Tang Tang Taizu Li Yuan abolished the Sui five baht and cast Kaiyuan Bao Tong. Kaiyuan was named after "Bao" instead of "Zhu". Kaiyuan Bao Tong is beautifully designed, with smooth calligraphy on the front and moon and moire patterns on the back.
Kaiyuan Bao Tong is mainly made of copper, but there are also some gold and silver materials.
Li in the Tang Dynasty, an Anshi Rebellion, our envoy in the last years of the Tang Dynasty, five dynasties and ten countries, Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming, Dashun and Qing all issued similar gold ingots. The exchange ratio between Kaiyuan Bao Tong and copper is different.
This kind of Bao Tong usually has exquisite calligraphy on the front, which was even distributed in pairs for appreciation during Li Yu's period.
Yonglong Bao Tong Fujian was cast by Wang, the master of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. Divided into copper, iron and lead. Among them, iron money is the most. Obviously, iron is a relatively cheap material.
It was cast in Song, Yuan, Song and the founding of the People's Republic of China, and it was divided into two types: copper and iron. Ten iron coins are equal to one copper coin.
During the period of Song Renzong, banknotes with 20%, 30% and 50% discount gradually appeared. Relatively speaking, the basic copper coin is called Xiaoping coin. Fifteen coins appeared between Hongwu and Yongnian in Ming Dynasty.
The Mongol khanate in Genghis Khan called itself a great dynasty. This was the casting at that time. Since then, Mongolian and Chinese coins have appeared in the Yuan Dynasty.
Bao Tongming, Chongzhen Bao Tong is extremely diverse in shape and variety, ranging from fine to thick.
There is a discount of 14 yuan during this period.
Guangxu Bao Tong was issued in Guangxu period of Qing Dynasty. After the introduction of western mint. Calligraphy is varied, including Manchu, Chinese and other languages.
The legal tender of the Ming Dynasty has always been paper money and copper coins. Although gold and silver are still used in large-scale transactions most of the time, gold ingots and silver ingots have never been officially valued. Therefore, the silver ingots in the Ming Dynasty were generally cast by the people.
Gold and silver trade is prohibited in Ming Taizu. After the lifting of the ban, Yingzong began to use silver to collect taxes and use silver to price money, grain and metals.
The Qing dynasty stipulated that one or two pieces of silver were equivalent to one thousand copper, and silver ingots were cast as legal tender. Among them, the household warehouse is flat and wrapped in silver. Local officials and people can also cast ingots, but they need to be converted after color identification according to household tattoos.
After the silver ingot is used as currency, the "two" in silver is divorced from the meaning of weight, but has the color of virtual silver units. The ingots with the same "two numbers" in different places have different exchange ratios because of their different colors from the home tattoo silver.
Silver dollar in the late Qing Dynasty, due to a large number of foreign trade, the Qing Dynasty officially recognized silver dollar in Daoguang period.
Mexican eagle ocean, Dutch silver coin, Spanish silver coin, French franc gold and silver coin and other early silver coins. Among them, Mexican eagle ocean accounts for about one third. In the late Qing Dynasty, the major banks in Shanghai issued paper money on the basis of Eagle Ocean, which was more stable than the monetary system in Qing Dynasty.
Zhang Zhidong in Yang Long is named after the dragon pattern on it. Zhang Zhidong invited the imperial court to make coins on the grounds of boycotting foreign coins. At that time, the provinces followed suit, never thinking that the colors of the provinces were different, so it was better to use the previous silver dollar.
Yuan Datou Yuan Shikai was named after Yuan Shikai's head. Issued during the Yuan Shikai period.
Beiyang Silver Dollar The Beiyang government promulgated the Regulations on National Currency, issued silver dollars as a symbol of silver, and gradually unified silver dollars in various places. However, for fear of inflation and high exchange costs, Beiyang government did not abolish the banking system. Silver coins and silver ingots can still be used as money.
The silver dollar issued by the Republic of China and the government of the Republic of China in the 1930 s. You can exchange silver at face value at first. However, the world soon entered an economic crisis, and countries deliberately decoupled from the gold standard, so that currency depreciation stimulated exports and economies. Worried about the outflow of precious metals, the Republic of China, which is dominated by silver, immediately announced that it would stop exchanging silver dollars and prohibit the use of silver. The gold ingots and silver ingots that continued from the Ming Dynasty came to an end.
In the Tang and Tang Xianzong dynasties, there appeared a kind of paper money, which could deposit and withdraw money in different places, but it had no monetary function.
Jiaozi was invented by Sichuan businessmen in the Northern Song Dynasty. Sichuan is sometimes called Yin Qian. First, I made my own billing statement, and then a dozen big businessmen jointly made this kind of communication. They agreed with each other that they could freely exchange back copper coins according to the amount written above.
The government of the Northern Song Dynasty thought it was profitable, so it took back jiaozi's distribution right on the pretext that businesses were spamming. However, the efforts of the Northern Song Dynasty to promote Jiaozi outside Sichuan failed, and the residents outside Sichuan did not recognize this kind of paper money.
During the Southern Song Dynasty, the government continued to issue jiaozi, but the exchange period was extended again and again until it was never exchanged.
In the mid-Southern Song Dynasty, due to frequent wars, the government subsidized finance excessively, which led to inflation.
Interestingly, in the Southern Song Dynasty, the use of copper coins was once banned in the Huaihe River Basin and Huaihe River Basin, in order to prevent copper coins from flowing to the State of Jin. But then I met with resistance and gave up. Jiaozi copper coins passed between Huai River and Huai River, which caused currency confusion in Huai River and Huai River.
Kublai Khan, a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, abolished the passage of silver and unified the use of this kind of paper money, but Kublai Khan allowed the paper money to be exchanged for the corresponding amount of silver.
The payment of paper money continued until the end of the Yuan Dynasty. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, it was possible to issue paper money indiscriminately, which caused inflation. It can be seen that this new invention of paper money, if there is no supporting guarantee, will sometimes hinder and disrupt the economy.
During the Hongwu period, Daming banknotes were issued, while gold and silver currencies were prohibited, and only treasure banknotes were used as the only currency. However, due to the emptiness of the national treasury in the early Ming Dynasty, it was not necessary to use the same amount of money as a guarantee, nor could it be converted into money.
After several generations of emperors, it finally depreciated. During the period of Yingzong and Xiaozong, paper money basically lost its credit and was no longer used. Yingzong and Xiaozong had to acquiesce in ingot casting to some extent.
Precious paper money in the Qing dynasty rarely issued paper money in the early Qing dynasty. Until the Xianfeng period, in order to annihilate the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, a large number of Qing Dynasty banknotes were issued to raise military expenses. Of course, the economy was quickly disrupted by the indiscriminate issuance of paper money. During the Tongzhi period, it was announced to stop using it.
At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, especially during the Guangxu period when the Westernization Movement was at its peak, the southern businesses were extremely developed, and the banks were rich in financial resources, and each issued flower tickets as currency. The money can be exchanged at the designated bank.
Bank notes of commercial banks Bank notes issued by China's earliest new bank, Shanghai Sheng Xuanhuai-China Commercial Bank, can be exchanged for currency and have the function of currency.
This currency exchange certificate was issued after the reorganization of the Qing Bank into the Qing Bank. It can be used as money.
During the world economic crisis of Chiang Kai-shek in the Republic of China, Comrade Kai Shen ordered to stop the exchange of silver dollars, which did not fundamentally reverse the currency outflow. Thus, in 1935, the government of the Republic of China issued legal tender to recover the silver dollar. Soon the legal tender was linked to the pound and the dollar, and finally remained stable. It can be seen that legal tender was conducive to stabilizing the economy at the beginning.
However, on the eve of the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, the pound and the dollar were successively decoupled from gold, which led to the instability of the value of the French currency linked to it. In some areas, the phenomenon of returning silver dollars appears sporadically.
During Chiang Kai-shek's civil war in the Republic of China, Comrade Shen Kai issued a large number of legal tender to raise war funds, which led to soaring prices. The post-spy consultant gave Comrade Shen Kai a suggestion: issuing gold certificates will definitely bring back gold, silver and foreign exchange and stabilize prices. Keshen adopted it. Unexpectedly, this move led to greater inflation.
Bank Currency in Liberated Areas During the Liberated Areas and the War of Liberation in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the Liberated Areas were isolated from each other, and the currency issuance was relatively independent. Many banks and trading companies have been established in the liberated areas, which independently issue currency and trade vouchers.
In the late civil war, in order to cope with the excessive issuance of legal tender in Kuomintang-controlled areas, various liberated areas also issued excessive money to raise war funds. Although this move has also triggered a sharp rise in prices in the liberated areas, most of the liberated areas are rural areas dominated by natural economy and have not been hit hard. At the same time, because the reputation of legal tender has stinked, everyone thought it was legal tender.
In order to eliminate excessive inflation, the central government decided to take back the right to issue money in the liberated areas. The People's Bank of China was established at the beginning of 1949. It is responsible for issuing RMB and recycling bank goods in the Liberated Areas in proportion.
Initially determine the exchange rate of RMB against Jinan bank currency, Beihai bank currency, Huazhong bank currency and Zhongzhou farmer bank currency as1:100; The exchange rate of RMB against the bank currencies of Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region, Northeast Bank, Jehol Province and Great Wall Bank is1:1000; The exchange rate of RMB against the currency of Northwest Farmers' Bank and commercial negotiable instruments in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region is 1: 2000. ? It is the lowest near Beiping, followed by the northeast of North China and the highest in the northwest. The level of inflation everywhere can be seen.
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