First, the basic meaning of words
see
1, view ~ solutions
2. look: look ~. Rare. ~ I know. ~ Be brave. ~ different thoughts move.
3, contact, encounter: afraid of the wind. ~ study.
4, I can see that it seems to be: ~ effect. It's dwarfed.
5. (text, etc. ) appear somewhere, which can mean ~. ~ down.
6. Meeting: Yes. Connect ~.
7. Observe, know and understand things: ~ Solution. ~ ground (view). ~ benevolence ~ wisdom (meaning that everyone holds different views on the same issue from different angles).
8, auxiliary words, indicating passive or how to me: ~ outside. ~ teach. ~ forgive me. ~ laugh (be laughed at).
Extended data
First, the evolution of glyphs.
Second, etymological explanation.
Classical Chinese version of Shuo Wen Jie Zi: I read it again and again. From the child, from the eyes. Everything you see belongs to you.
Vernacular version of Shuo Wen Jie Zi: Look, look, look. The glyph uses the meaning of "Er, Mu". All the characters related to the sword are bounded by the sword.
Third, word formation
1, jianbei Hebei
Death of the elder
2. Be good at Jian Chang
Have the ability to surpass others or the average in some respect.
3. see the name Jian nchēng.
Be praised.
Step 4 meet jiando
Meet, meet.
2. What does "look" mean in classical Chinese?
Oracle Bone Inscriptions-shaped, with "eyes" on the top and "people" on the bottom. Adding an eye to a person's head is to highlight the role of the eye.
Original meaning: see, see) with the original meaning [see; See you, too. -"Shuo Wen" did not see a gentleman.
-"Poetry Nan Zhou Rufen" Li Jian's adult. -"Ganyi" saw the dragon in the field.
-"Dry One" turns a blind eye, listens but does not hear. -"Book of Rites University" sees but does not see, smells but does not smell.
-"Everything goes wrong, the road leads" See the military post last night, Khan added soldiers. -"Yuefu Poetry Collection Mulan Poetry" saw two children arguing.
-Liezi Tang Wen The children don't know each other. -Don He Zhangzhi's Back to School Book.
-Liu Tang Zongyuan's "Three Commandments" are very common in Wang Zhai. -Tang Du Fu's "On Meeting Li Guinian Downstream" is another example: seeing men and women (see results); See people (witnesses); Seeing happiness (taboo statement of acne rash); See but (don't like; Mao); Know the end of the story (the metaphor is extremely clever); Meet [meet; Callon day] to see the king of Chu.
-Kim Gan Bao "Looking for God" See Cai Huangong. -"Everything is done by Yu Lao" revisited Bian Que.
Look at the Qinghe River. -"Shi Shuo Xin Yu" is another example: see the driver (see the emperor); Hanging one's feet when meeting (there is a custom in ancient times that when the bride meets her in-laws and sisters, she should give embroidered shoes as a meeting gift); Welcome ceremony (the ceremony of welcoming the DPRK); Satisfy [[〖eintocontacith；; Huasong's father saw Confucius' wife on the road.
-"Zuo Zhuan Huan Gong's First Year" is another example: this medicine is afraid of seeing the light; See teeth (show teeth); Visit (patronize); Seeing difficulties (encountering danger); Greeting (receiving courtesy) means death-mainly used in spoken English [kicking]. For example, the prince heard [[listen] out, but you didn't see Levin drinkers drafting, so he bowed to Shandong Longzhun in the east.
-Li Bai's Fu Liangyin is another example: seeing and saying (listening); Seeing words (listening and speaking) and observing; Know; Understand [[observe; Knowing the Tao is invisible. -"Everything is wrong, the avenue" doesn't make any sense, so I don't regard it as an empty official.
-Li He's "Feeling Irony" is another example: seeing a few (seeing the subtle tendency of things); Know (know); See it (where are you; Knowledge) competition; Matching [matching] such as: see the height; See the array (engagement, confrontation); Look at the battle (engagement), look at Ji' an's opinion, and dare to look at Chen Yu's opinion.
-"Wang Jinshu Soul Biography" is another example: in my opinion; Political views; I see; Express one's views; Stick to your point of view; Stubbornness Independent knowledge [[view]. Such as: my humble opinion; Prejudice; See interest (see interest); Short- sightedness (short-sightedness) jiàn help means passive, which is equivalent to unprotected "be".
-"Mencius Hui Liang Wang Shang" sees sin and dies. -"Li Hanguang Su Jian Zhuan" I am afraid of being bullied.
-"Historical Records Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru" is sad and lonely. -Liu Tang Zongyuan's "Liu Hedong Ji" is another example: laughing at people; Laugh at people; More than I saw at the time; See hold (caught); Turn a blind eye (being framed and wronged); Seeing harm (being killed); Seeing money (gift) is used in front of verbs to show how to insult me and ask my elders.
-Don Li Weichao's Liu Yichuan is another example: see the report; See the sign; Teaching is used after verbs to express results. Such as: meeting; Smell; Hear and satisfy the existing [available] of Ji 'an shape.
Such as: seeing power (existing strength); Jianzi (existing son); See soldiers (existing soldiers); Seeing soldiers (existing soldiers) is obvious. Such as: witness; Meet people (witness) [dialect]: If [every] good brother is like this, it also means that your advantage is that you can see you often.
-"Water Margin" is another example: seeing the common (ordinary); See year (every year); See the world (every day); See day and night (day and night). See also xià n.
3. What does classical Chinese mean? The first "text" refers to a written article.
"Speech" means writing, expressing and recording. "Classical Chinese", that is, written language, is relative to "spoken language", which is also called "vernacular".
The last word "Wen" refers to works, articles, etc. , which means genre. "Classical Chinese" means "articles written in written language".
And "vernacular" means: "articles written in plain spoken language". In ancient China, it was different to express the same thing in spoken and written language. For example, if you want to ask someone if they have eaten, you can express it in spoken English as "Have you eaten?" And using books and language to express it is "rice?" .
"Fanbu" is classical Chinese. In ancient China, all articles were written in written language.
Therefore, now we generally refer to ancient Chinese as "classical Chinese". Classical Chinese is a treasure of China culture, and the ancients left us a lot of classical Chinese. In China, the study of classical Chinese plays a very important role in the Chinese curriculum in middle schools.
4. What is classical Chinese? Classical Chinese is relative to vernacular Chinese.
The first "article" refers to a written article. "Speech" means writing, expressing and recording. "Classical Chinese", that is, written language, is relative to "spoken language", which is also called "vernacular". The last word "Wen" refers to works, articles, etc. , which means genre.
"Classical Chinese" means "articles written in written language". And "vernacular" means: "articles written in plain spoken language".
writings in the vernacular
In ancient China, it was different to express the same thing in spoken and written language. For example, if you want to ask someone if they have eaten, you can express it in spoken English as "Have you eaten?" And using books and language to express it is "rice?" . "Fanbu" is classical Chinese. In ancient China, all articles were written in written language. Therefore, now we generally refer to ancient Chinese as "classical Chinese"
Classical Chinese is a treasure of China culture, and the ancients left us a lot of classical Chinese. In China, the study of classical Chinese plays a very important role in the Chinese curriculum in middle schools.
Of course, the ancients in other countries also left a lot of classical Chinese.
What is classical Chinese? What does classical Chinese mean?
1. Classical Chinese is wonderful. There is no doubt about it. Classical Chinese is an important part of China traditional culture. This shows that the history of modern civilization in China is still very short, and it is necessary to deconstruct or interpret the traditional culture, because the inheritance of traditional wisdom is based on the correct interpretation of classical Chinese.
2. Classical Chinese is knowledge. Yes, because classical Chinese is no longer a language, it is just a word. But classical Chinese is knowledge, and so is Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Why not learn from Oracle Bone Inscriptions? By the way, it is precisely because Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a relatively primitive writing, so classical Chinese is the basis for further study of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and other traditional advanced writing (learning).
3. Classical Chinese is also a skill. The expression, description, combination, transformation, metaphor, comparison and deduction of Chinese fully bear the style of Chinese civilization in ideological expression. Mastering the physical structure of classical Chinese has a profound understanding of modern Chinese, and there are "laws" to follow in the construction of new Chinese.
4. "Classical Chinese" is the antonym of "vernacular Chinese". The structure of this word is as follows: classical Chinese-Chinese. The first "text" is "writing" and "speech" is language. "Classical Chinese" refers to "written language". It explains two meanings: first, it points out that classical Chinese is a language; Secondly, the language was written later. "Written" language also has two meanings: one is a culture that can have language without words, for example, most ethnic minorities only have language without words; Secondly, the function of language quits life and becomes history in the form of words.
The literal meaning of "classical Chinese" should be: the written language style. The latter's "text" refers to style.
So does classical Chinese have a "future" besides archaeological research? In other words, what life application value will it have? I think there is. When the traditional life style fades out of modern society, people just ignore the social life in some marginal fields, which leads to the suspicion or neglect of classical Chinese in modern application. For example, in religious buildings, some inscriptions will still be written in classical Chinese, or in calligraphy and engraved with tools. The application of seal script is also mostly the same.
Let's take a look again. Classical poetry belongs to the category of "classical Chinese", and they have not left us in life. Only in the form of language, even people have left the oral language, and after it has become a text, there are obviously certain normative requirements for the elaboration of skills and the expansion of ideographic expression. Its "future" lies in its application and its ability to awaken vague etymologies and allusions. It can be said that the future is promising.
The word "classical Chinese" can also include the relationship between language and writing in cultural history. In a certain form, once a language, including dialects, has "culture" and written language, its language charm will be reduced, while the function of written language will be doubled. Because language is usually passed down orally and closely related to life, language has not yet entered the cultural state. It is the retention of life experience, without the expansion of words.
In the process of reading classical Chinese, we will inevitably have an illusion: did the ancients say so? I think this can be "felt" through the differences in the expression of written and spoken languages in the present tense, and there is not much difference in the structural rules between them. It can also be speculated that the ancient people's speech is just more casual, albino and popular than classical Chinese, and "three words and two beats" can also be used as a reference. As for reading classical Chinese now, of course, it does not mean repeating the words of the ancients, but reciting or silently reading a style.
Reading classical Chinese is a very clear way of thinking, just like reading the works of western philosophers occasionally, it is very solemn.
5. What do you mean by meeting in classical Chinese?
Verb meaning:
1, recognize the word. The same is true of China's ancient literature. Pressing the button also means a lot. Original meaning: meet.
Yes, yes. -"Shuo Wen"
Yes, get together. -"Guang Ya Shi San"
There will be crimson. -"Poetry Xiaoya Car Attack"
I'll stop talking. -"Poetry in Tang Feng's Travel"
It will be clear. -"Poetry, Elegance and Daming"
Can count its coins. -"Rituals and Bridal Gifts"
To meet the hiding of heaven and earth. -"Book of Rites, Moon Order and Qiu Ji"
Then the world will be one. -Liu Zongyuan's feudalism
Touching guests, poets, will be here. -Fan Zhongyan's "Yueyang Tower"
2. goodbye; See you later.
See you later. -"Zhou Li Taizong Bo"
Meet in a strange place. -"Book of Rites Quli"
What meeting will be held, and the speech will be made. -"Biography of the Ram, Ten Years of Huan Gong"
Leave it to the inheritance and it will expire today. -"Yutai Xinyi, ancient poetry is Jiao Zhongqing's wife"
Meet the prince. -"Historical Records Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru"
3. Make it consistent; Meet.
The rhyme is clear and clear, revealing a strong femininity. -Wu Liangjun's "Continued Harmony"
4. Pay (especially in restaurants and teahouses). Like money, money.
5. understanding; Got it.
6. should; Should be required. If necessary: if necessary; should be Huiying: Yes.
Noun meaning:
1, the lid of the vessel.
Book of Rites: The lid of the vessel is called Hui, which is a combination of upper and lower parts. -"Shuo Wen Hui Zhu Duan"
Dunqi Conference. -"Rites and Burials"
Life with food will begin the meeting. -Yi Li Li Shiyu
2. Business, social or other gatherings.
Will talk about danger. -"Biography of Li Hanguang"
To explain things. -"Historical Records Chen She Family"
This is a strike. -"Purple Tongzhi Sword"
3. Timing. If it happens at the right time.
4. The place where people gather; Major cities-usually administrative centers. Such as Huiyuan: provincial capital; City.
5. A group or organization established for a certain purpose. Such as guild hall, guild hall: the place where the envoys of various countries were received in the Ming Dynasty.
6. disaster; Bad luck.
There must be a meeting in 160 years, and "Guo" and "stripping" will be a disaster. -"The History of the Later Han Dynasty: A Praise for Dong Zhuo"
7. A small-scale non-governmental economic mutual assistance. Generally, the sponsors will gather several people to pay the same amount on schedule, which will be used by the sponsors for the first time and will be used in turn according to the agreement or the order decided by lottery.
I make reservations in various bookstores, and each store has three or two. -The Scholar
8. Names of meridians and acupoints in traditional Chinese medicine.
Bian Que made disciple Ziyang sharpen his knife to win the Three Yang and Five Clubs. -"Historical Records Biography of Bian Que and Cang Gong"
9. The ancient calendar in China used the unit of 10800.
Thirty years is a lifetime; The twelfth year is 360 years, which is luck; Thirty years is 1800, for a while; 12. accounting for129,600 years is one yuan. -Shao Yong's "Huang Jijing's Poetry Book"
Interpretation:
1, inevitably; Absolutely.
I have lost my gratitude and won't agree with you. -Peacocks in Gulefu fly southeast.
One day I will ride the wind and waves. -Don Li Bai, It's Hard to Go
2. It happened; Just right.
It will rain heavily. -"Historical Records Chen She Family"
Will be angry. -"Historical Records of Xiang Yu"
You will be lucky in the garden. -Wang Song Shu's "Tang Yulin Elegant"
It will rain heavily because I stay in the temple. -"Xu Xiake's Travel Notes, Visiting Huangshan Mountain"
Hold a grand banquet for the guests. -"Preface to Autumn Poetry, A New Record of Yuchu"
3. Indicate the scope. Equivalent to "all" and "all".
String, hum, sheng, spring, can keep the drum. -Book of Rites
Conjunction:
1, equivalent to "and", "with".
Assistant Minister Martai was sent to Chalang River to govern the country according to law, and Yu Yi took over the office. -"Liu Chuan Qing History Draft"
Yes: kuai
Verb meaning:
1, recognize the word. Original meaning: calculation; Total. This refers to the year-end settlement. After referring to accounting.
Yes, yes. -"Shuo Wen"
Yes, I will. -"Jade"
Yes, big plan. However, if you count zero as a plan, it is always worth it. -"Mencius Zhang Wan" Justice
Everything that cashiers in the field and warehouses do in their official positions is calculated on a monthly basis, tested on a quarterly basis and held at an annual meeting. -"Rizhilu" Volume 24
At the end of the year, yes, but not for the king and queen. -"Zhou Li Tianguan"
Listen to the meeting. -"Li Xiaozhou". Note: "The monthly plan is important, and the annual plan is in a meeting."
6. What is the meaning of "zhi" in classical Chinese (all meanings must be)? Note: Bold examples are examples in Chinese textbooks for primary and secondary schools [4]. Give examples to modern China people: ① Try to plow with human servants and drop out of school to farm.
-Sima Qian's Historical Records Chen She Family in the Western Han Dynasty (2) I don't know what to do. -Zhuangzi pronoun 1. The third person pronoun is translated as "he" (they) and "it" (they).
Be an object or part-time language, not a subject. Example: ① Everyone hangs up.
-"A blessing in disguise is a blessing in disguise" (2) I am exhausted and I am profitable, so I will overcome it. -"Cao Gui Debate" (3) Mother got wind of it and the hammer bed was furious.
-"Peacock flies southeast" (4) The king was given a seat. -"The Hongmen Banquet" (5) Cut the wolf's head with a knife and kill it with several knives.
-"Wolf" 6 came, it was safe. -"The Analects of Confucius General Ji's Chop" 2. Demonstrative pronoun, this example: ① The second policy is to be equal, and it is better to lose Qin Ge.
-Sima Qian in the Western Han Dynasty "Historical Records and Biography of Lian Po" Lin Xiangru (2) The disciple of Scorpion is not as good as Confucius. -"Teacher's Theory" ③ How much do you know about Erchong? -"Xiaoyao Tour" 3. Use it as the first person, me.
Ex.: I didn't expect the general to be so generous! -"Historical Records Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru" (2) Will you be sad? -"The Snake Catcher said" (3) So I know that my son hates it again. -"Historical Records Biography of Wei Gongzi" 4. In the prepositional object sentence, it can be used to refer to the object after the verb.
(1) There is a saying in the wild language-"Autumn Water in Zhuangzi" (2) It really transcends the boundary of death! -Preface to the South Guide ③ There are all kinds of treasures-the auxiliary word of Historical Records of Xiang Yu 1. Structural auxiliary words are equivalent to "de". Example: (1) Nineteen people near the traffic jam died.
-"A blessing in disguise is a blessing in disguise" (2) Although a small prison is not inspected, it must be treated with affection. -"Cao Gui Debate" (3) Whether we can compete with the people of Wu and Shu in China.
-"Battle of Red Cliffs" (4) Cut fertile land in the east and collect key counties in the north. -Jia Yi "On Qin" 2. Symbols of structural auxiliary words and preposition objects.
For example: ① What was the crime of the Song Dynasty? -"Public Loss" 2 What's the matter? -"Humble Room Ming" ③ I don't know what to read. -"Shi Shuo" 4 Chrysanthemum Love.
-"Ailian said" 3. Structural auxiliary words, used between subject and predicate, play the role of canceling sentence independence, which is the same as modern Chinese explanatory auxiliary word 2. Example: (1) There is Kong Ming in solitude and water in fish.
-"Longzhong Dui" 2 There are no confused ears. -"the humble room inscription" (3) is like a reed.
-"Red Cliff Fu" (4) Who gave it to you? Palace (Yuan Keli) Yi Temple. -Chen Ming Jiru "The Story of Yuan Gong's Family Temple" 4. Structural auxiliary words, post-attributive.
Example: ① Ling was at a loss. -"Red Cliff Fu" 2 Earthworms have no advantage.
-"encourage learning" 5. Structural auxiliary words and complement symbols can be translated into "de" For example, the ancients' views on heaven and earth, mountains and rivers, vegetation and birds and beasts often gained something and sought the depth of thinking without exception.
-"Journey to Baochan Mountain" 6. Syllable auxiliary words are meaningless. Example: Fill in 1.
-"Mencius Hui Liang Wang Shang" 2 For a long time, people can be distinguished by their footsteps. -"Ji Xiang Xuanzhi" 3 Gong will drum up.
-"Cao Gui Debate" [5] Four hectares, Yan Yan Zhang Tian. -"Battle of Red Cliffs" 5 The beauty of my wife is me, and I am also private.
-Zou Ji satirized Chabr, the king of Qi, with extraordinary meaning and Mozi Daqu: "A saint is also the world." The previous sentence also means "zhi".
Everything is done by Han Feizi to get rid of the old: "Invisibility also hurts people, that is, ghosts hurt people ..." "Jia Zi Zheng Da": "The decline of a gentleman is countless." The last word "ye" is used as an auxiliary word of positive tone, and the other two words "ye" both mean "zhi".
—— Huang Xianfan's "A Preliminary Study on the Interpretation of Ancient Books —— Selected Academic Papers of Huang Xianfan" The usage of classical Chinese in junior high school Chinese textbooks is complicated, and some of them are used as pronouns, auxiliary words and verbs; It's hard to tell the difference. If you learn by rote, it will take a long time and the effect is not good.
The author explores a set of effective methods to distinguish the usage of "zhi" in teaching, and encourages them with everyone. 1. "Zhi" is used as a pronoun in many textbooks, such as the following "Zhi": 1. Follow the policy, face the policy directly, and say, "All good things must come to an end."
(Ma Shuo) 2. Who's the name? Monks in the mountains are also wise and immortal. ("Drunk Pavilion Preface") 3. Because its territory is too clear, you can't stay long, but remember it.
(Biography of Pond) 4. Hearing the sound of water, such as singing a bell, makes you feel happy. (Biography of Pond) 5. Take the screen down and have a look. Just one person, one table, one chair, one fan and one foot.
("Stomatology") 6. Look at it. Look at it again. (Cao Gui Debate) 7. Gong () said, "I'll do it myself!" (Biography of Our Time in Daozhou, Huang Ming) From the analysis of the above examples, we can see that when "zhi" is used after a verb, "zhi" is a pronoun and the object of the verb before it.
Second, "zhi" is used as a verb. Look at the following example: 1. What about the South China Sea I want? ("Shu Bi Two Monks") 2. Goodbye Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou ("Goodbye Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou") 3. Farewell to Vice Governor Du for his post in Shu. Try to plow with human servants and give up farming. (The Chen She Family) 5. In the country of the axe king, Paifu sent a rider to help out.
(Mingji Chen Rufu's The Story of the Temple of Yuan Keli) Analyzing the above examples, we know that "zhi" as a verb has rules to follow. The verb "zhi" is usually followed by a place noun, such as Nanhai, Guangling, Zhou Shu and Langshang. There are names or personal pronouns in front of them, such as "I", "Meng Haoran" and "Du Shaofu". Although there is no direct name in Example 4, it is obvious that Chen She was omitted from the inheritance.
The whole sentence should be "someone goes somewhere" Third, the usage of "zhi" as an auxiliary word "zhi" as an auxiliary word is more complicated. There are roughly three kinds of junior high schools: 1. The solution of "zhi" as a structural auxiliary word "de"
[6] For example: ① When you see a small thing, you must carefully examine its texture, so you will find it interesting from time to time. ("Children's Fun") With the strength of old age, you can't destroy a hair on the mountain. What are things like dirt and stones? ("Yu Gong Yi Shan") Three customs pass the pheasant dove, in Hezhou.
("Guan Yu") 4 prisons, large and small, although unobservable, must have feelings. ("Cao Gui Debate") (5) The intention of losing the child is only to kill the minister.
("Lost") 6 I want to live in peace and tranquility in a place of 500 miles, and Anlingjun can promise me! From the analysis of the above examples, we can see that the words after "zhi" are nouns (such as "Xi", "Zhou", "prison", "Yi" and).
7. What does classical Chinese mean? An overview of the famous linguist and educator Mr. Wang Li pointed out in Ancient Chinese: "Classical Chinese refers to the written language of ancient Chinese formed on the basis of pre-Qin spoken language and the language in the ancient works of later writers." Classical Chinese, that is, articles written in classical Chinese, that is, ancient classical Chinese works and works imitating it in past dynasties. Classical Chinese, as a written stereotyped writing language, has been used for two or three thousand years, from pre-Qin philosophers and poems in Han Dynasty to ancient Chinese prose in Tang and Song Dynasties and stereotyped writing in Ming and Qing Dynasties. In other words, classical Chinese is the ancient written language of China and the source of modern Chinese.
The first word "Wen" means beauty. The word "Yan" means writing, expressing and recording. The word "classical Chinese" means written language. Classical Chinese is relative to spoken Chinese, which is also called vernacular Chinese. The last word "Wen" refers to works, articles, etc. , and represents the genre.
"Classical Chinese" means "beautiful language articles", which is also called stylistic writing. And "vernacular" means: "articles written in ordinary and plain oral language", such as "have you eaten?" .
In ancient China, it was different to express the same thing in "oral language" and "written language". For example, if you want to ask someone if they have eaten, you can express it in spoken English. Did you eat? And expressed in written language, it is "rice?" . "Fanbu" is classical Chinese. Here, the noun "Fanbu" is used as a verb, which means to eat.
Before 19 18, China's articles were all written in classical Chinese. Now we generally call "ancient Chinese" "classical Chinese".
In the history of China for thousands of years, great changes have taken place in spoken English, but the classical Chinese has always maintained a similar format. Classical Chinese can make users of different languages "talk in writing", which is a fixed format but not very difficult way of communication.