Seal script: It is said that it was written by Zhou Xuanwang when he was a historian, so it is also called seal script or seal script. In the Qin dynasty, it was called Da Zhuan, which was different from Xiao Zhuan. Hanshu? Yi Wenzhi's "Teacher Says Fifteen Articles" Tang Yan's note: "Zhou Xuanwang wrote" Fifteen Articles of Dazhuan ".
Question 2: When was Da Zhuan? In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, Chinese characters developed into Da Zhuan. The development of seal script has produced two characteristics: first, the lines with uneven thickness in the early days became uniform and soft, and the lines they drew with utensils were very concise and vivid; Second, standardization, the glyph structure tends to be neat, and gradually deviates from the original shape of the picture, laying the foundation for the square characters. The big seal is for the later small seal. In a broad sense, Da Zhuan includes Xiao Zhuan, pre-Oracle Bone Inscriptions, bronze inscriptions and six-country scripts. The big seal script here refers to the Qin script that prevailed during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. With the eastward move to Luoyang, Qin occupied the hometown of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and at the same time inherited the writing of the Western Zhou Dynasty, which was developed on the basis of inheriting the bronze inscriptions. Regional, some are difficult to identify.
Dazhuan, also known as Zhuan (zhòu) text. It was named after it was recorded in Shi Shuo pian. Hanshu? Yi Wenzhi: "There are fifteen stone books, and Mrs. Wang Shi's book in Zhou Shi is a big seal." There are 225 Shuo Wen, which was collected by Xu Shen on the basis of nine Shi Shuo, and it is the main material for us to study Da Chuan today.
The original seal script is generally considered as "Shi Guwen". At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, in the south of Chencang (now Baoming, Shaanxi Province) in Tianxing County, ten drum-shaped stone piers were originally unearthed, which were about three feet in diameter, small on the top and large on the bottom, flat on the top and shaped like steamed buns. It is engraved with ten four-character poems written by Qin Xiangong in the eleventh year, which is the earliest stone inscription in China. Lost and found, lost again. More than 700 words were originally engraved, and more than 300 words are now in existence. These ten stone cities exist in the Forbidden City. Because the content recorded the hunting, it was named "Hunting or Carving Stones Forever". Wei, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, thought this stone was shaped like a drum, so he renamed it "Shi Guwen". Now he is the representative of Da Zhuan.
Shi Guwen has a vigorous and dignified style. The font structure is neat, the strokes are even and round, horizontal and vertical, and the shape tends to be square. Da Zhuan largely retains the writing style of the late Western Zhou Dynasty, but slightly changes, making the strokes more neat and symmetrical. The strokes are round. The lines are more uniform than the bronze inscriptions, and the lines have reached a complete level, with no obvious unevenness in thickness. The body structure is more neat than the bronze inscriptions, and it began to get rid of the shackles of hieroglyphics, laying the foundation for square Chinese characters. There are few variants on the same object. The font is complex, the radicals often overlap, and writing is inconvenient.
Question 3: When did Da Zhuan come into being? In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, Chinese characters developed into Da Zhuan. The development of seal script has produced two characteristics: first, the lines with uneven thickness in the early days became uniform and soft, and the lines they drew with utensils were very concise and vivid; Second, standardization, the glyph structure tends to be neat, and gradually deviates from the original shape of the picture, laying the foundation for the square characters. The big seal is for the later small seal. The broad sense of seal script includes the previous Oracle Bone Inscriptions, bronze inscriptions and six-country scripts. The big seal script here refers to the Qin script that prevailed during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. With the eastward move to Luoyang, Qin occupied the hometown of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and at the same time inherited the writing of the Western Zhou Dynasty, which was developed on the basis of inheriting the bronze inscriptions. Regional, some are difficult to identify.
Question 4: When did Da Zhuan originate in the late Western Zhou Dynasty? Chinese characters evolved from Oracle Bone Inscriptions to Da Zhuan.
Dazhuan, also known as Zhuan (zhòu) text. It is the early script of Biography and the basis of Biography. Generally speaking, Da Zhuan is a popular Chinese character in the West and Qin during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. According to legend, this font was written by Zhou Xuanwang Taishi, so it is also called "Wen Shu". The physical structure of Da Zhuan is more regular and complicated than that of Six Kingdoms ancient prose. It inherited the inscriptions on bronze and seal script from the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period, and its development is clear and identifiable. The representative font of Dazhuan is "Shi Guwen" unearthed in the Tang Dynasty.
Question 5: Which dynasty did the official script of Da and Xiao seal come from?
In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, Chinese characters changed from Oracle Bone Inscriptions to Da Zhuan.
Dazhuan, also known as Zhuan (zhòu) text. It is the early script of Biography and the basis of Biography. Generally speaking, Da Zhuan is a popular Chinese character in the West and Qin during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. According to legend, this font was written by Zhou Xuanwang Taishi, so it is also called "Wen Shu". The physical structure of Da Zhuan is more regular and complicated than that of Six Kingdoms ancient prose. It inherited the inscriptions on bronze and seal script from the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period, and its development is clear and identifiable. The representative font of Dazhuan is "Shi Guwen" unearthed in the Tang Dynasty.
Small/small seal characters
"Turn" is originally a combination of small turn and big turn. Because it is customary to call Wen Zhuan Da Zhuan, later generations often call him "Wen Zhuan". Xiao Zhuan, also known as Qin Zhuan, is a font that was omitted from Da Zhuan. It originated in the Qin State at the end of the Warring States Period and prevailed in the Qin Dynasty and the early Western Han Dynasty. During the Warring States period, countries were separated, and their characters were not uniform and their fonts were quite complicated. So Qin Shihuang unified the world's characters with Qin's characters, abolished all kinds of forms different from Qin's characters in the six-country characters, and omitted and deleted the original characters of Qin. At the same time, he absorbed some simplified and popular fonts in folk characters and standardized them, thus forming a new font-Xiao Zhuan.
China characters developed to the stage of Xiao Zhuan, and gradually began to finalize the outline, strokes and structure. The pictographic meaning is weakened, which makes the characters more symbolic and reduces the confusion and difficulty of writing and human reading. This is also the product of the first large-scale use of administrative means to standardize writing in the history of China. The Qin Dynasty unified the national characters with the sorted seal script, which not only basically eliminated the phenomenon of different lines of characters in different places, but also greatly changed the situation of different fonts in ancient Chinese, and played an important role in the development history of China characters. In addition to Xiao Zhuan, it also includes Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jinwen, collectively referred to as Chinese characters; The development of ancient philology had a great influence on the study of ancient history, philosophy, economy, law, culture, science and technology in China.
official script
There is a legend about the emergence of official script, which was created by Cheng Miao. Cheng Miao, a disciple of Qin Dynasty, was imprisoned for offending Qin Shihuang. He found it troublesome to write prison officials' waist tags with seal script, so he rounded them into squares and created a new style of writing. Qin Shihuang appreciated it after reading it. Not only was he pardoned for his crimes, but he was also made an empire, and it was stipulated that this font should be used in official prisons in the future. Because this new style of calligraphy was originally used by officials, and Cheng Miao was an official, it was called official script, or Zuo Shu and Zuo Li. Of course, this is just a legend, because, in fact, any kind of representative calligraphy can't appear out of thin air, nor can it happen overnight. It will take quite a while to form gradually. As for a person's contribution, it is generally just a comprehensive arrangement and a collection of achievements. This is true of official script, and so is the production technology of regular script, running script and cursive script.
Archaeological data prove that the ink on bamboo slips from the Warring States to the Qin Dynasty has become commonplace, with fewer strokes and longer and flatter glyphs. In addition to the above-mentioned "pure officials", many figures began to appear, calling them "Qin officials" (in the name of "Qin officials" to distinguish them from mature ones), and a large number of ink calligraphy, such as silk books of Mawangdui in Changsha (such as Lao Zi Jia Ben and Zi Yi Ben), bamboo slips of Chisongshan, and bamboo slips of Juyan, etc. , which has obvious official script meaning, not only shows how the simple official script with seal script meaning evolved into the elegant and free and easy standard Han Li, but also allows us to truly appreciate the elegant demeanor of official script. From the end of the Warring States Period to the Qin Dynasty, although the official script had already appeared and was used by the people, it occupied a dominant position independently, but in the Han Dynasty, especially in the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was regarded as an official script from Emperor Huan of Han Dynasty (147- 167) to Emperor Ling of Han Dynasty (168- 189).
The appearance of official script, like later regular script and cursive script, is a major change in the history of calligraphy in China. Judging from the history of writing, the appearance of official script ended the pictographic characteristics of ancient Chinese characters and entered the field of writing symbolization. From the perspective of calligraphy history, it is a major milestone in the history of calligraphy development that official script inherits seal script and opens regular script. The pen used in official script broke through the monotony of the pen used in seal script. These points are clearly defined, and it is very important that Fiona Fang is harmonious with each other. On behalf of the main pen "Swallowtail Silkworm Head", there are twists and turns.
In addition, Han Li's bold and simple style reflects the magnificent scene of the Han Empire from one side. Unfortunately, the creators of such brilliant art and the calligraphers who wrote calligraphy at that time did not leave their names, and even the relevant historical records were pitiful ... >>
Question 6: What are the common exam syndromes? The main manifestations of exam syndrome are: during the exam, before and after the exam, students have a serious field of tension and fear, accompanied by exam syndrome such as blushing, sweating all over, shaking hands, palpitation, chest tightness, dizziness, inattention, and slow thinking, which makes them unable to "recall" the memorized review content for a while, leading to the failure of the exam. Some students may also have nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, frequent urination and urgency. In severe cases, they may sweat profusely, their heads roar, their fingers tremble and even collapse and faint.
Question 7: When were the official scripts of Da Zhuan and Xiao Zhuan in Oracle Bone Inscriptions? Almost every font has a legendary creator, but their life experience is unknown. Historians believe that Oracle Bone Inscriptions emerged from the existing relics in the Xia and Shang Dynasties. Bronze inscriptions, also known as Wen Shu or Da Zhuan and Zhong Dingwen, reached the end of Shang Dynasty and prevailed in Xiao Zhuan in the Zhou Dynasty, which was formed in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. After the unification of the Qin Dynasty, Lisi sorted it out and shaped it into a national regular script official script, which existed in the Warring States period, such as the Qin bamboo slips of Sleeping Tiger Land. The simplified Chinese characters of Han Dynasty were specially written for the convenience of communication after the founding of the People's Republic of China. 1February, 956, the first batch of 260 simplified words were implemented, including 230 simplified words outside the scheme and 30 radical analogies; 1June, 956, the second batch of 95 simplified characters was implemented. 1958, implementing the third batch of 70 simplified characters; 1959 There are 92 simplified characters in the fourth batch, and 54 simplified character radicals are added. Four batches of 5 17 simplified characters are used now.
Question 8: The narrow sense of Da Zhuan refers to the characters of various countries during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Right? The narrow sense of seal script refers to the characters of various countries during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. (10)
There is a difference between a broad seal script and a narrow seal script. In a broad sense, the big seal script refers to all the characters in the pre-Qin period, including Oracle Bone Inscriptions, bronze inscriptions, bronze inscriptions and six kinds of characters (such as seal script, silk script, tile script and coin script); In a narrow sense, Da Zhuan refers to the figures of Qin in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, generally represented by Wen Shu and Shi Guwen.
Attachment: The Art of Da Zhuan and Xiao Zhuan
The development of Da Zhuan includes Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty, bronze inscriptions in Zhou Dynasty and Shi Guwen in Pre-Qin Dynasty. The narrow sense of Da Zhuan refers to Jin Wen and Shi Guwen. Broadly speaking, it refers to the characters before Biography, including Oracle Bone Inscriptions, (Zhong Dingwen) and Six Kingdoms. As the main part of seal script, bronze inscriptions have the characteristics of calligraphy elements of seal script. The brushwork of Da Zhuan is simple, heavy, smooth and simple. The structure is uneven in density, moderate in opening, orthogonal and oblique, which is a secret, clear in opposition and easy to escape. The representative works of Da Zhuan include the inscriptions of Shi Guwen and Qin Gonggui.
Shi Guwen is the most famous stone inscription in the pre-Qin period, which belongs to the seal script system. It comes down in one continuous line with Yu Ji's Bai Pan and Qin Gong Gui in the Warring States Period. Without pictographic meaning and complicated fonts, it retains the characteristics of Da Zhuan. It is the representative work of the transition from the mature big seal script in the Western Zhou Dynasty to the small seal script in Qin Dynasty.
The Qin and Han Dynasties witnessed the most dramatic changes in China characters. After the provincial reform, Da Zhuan created Xiao Zhuan. Xiao Zhuan is an official script of Qin Dynasty based on the characters of Qin State. During this period, Prime Minister Li Si was the organizer of Xiao Zhuan. According to legend, the existing representative works "Taishan Stone Carving" and "Langyatai Stone Carving" were written by him. The characters were rectangular, with rounded pens, symmetrical structure, thin and elegant brushwork and elegant posture. Xiao Zhuan in the Qin Dynasty mostly created norms and emphasized uniformity. Although it clearly reflects the era of the early Qin Dynasty, from the point of view of calligraphy art itself, there is almost no room for modification and development, which is worse than Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Jinwen and Six Kingdoms. The power and quantity of the Qin dynasty, and the small seal characters used in the imperial edicts, came from the hands of folk and low-level officials or craftsmen, and also showed a strong personality.
From the big seal of Shang and Zhou Dynasties to the small seal of Qin and Han Dynasties, and then through the changes of dynasties, it was rarely used in calligraphy writing, but widely used in seal cutting and calligraphy art.
Question 9: When was the earliest seal script? Seal script is big seal script and small seal script. . It was the Xia Dynasty at the earliest, right?
Dazhuan is a widely used font in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and it is said that it was created by Boyi in the Xia Dynasty. According to the different writing media, there are differences between bronze inscriptions (or "Zhong Dingwen") and bronze inscriptions.
After Qin Shihuang unified China (22 1 year ago), he implemented the policy of "the same language in words, the same rail in cars", and the policy of unified measurement was in the charge of Prime Minister Li Si. On the basis of the original seal script used by Qin, it was simplified, and the variant characters of other six countries were cancelled, creating a unified Chinese character writing form. It was popular in China until the end of the Western Han Dynasty (about 8 AD) and was gradually replaced by official script. But because of its beautiful font, it has always been favored by calligraphers. Because of its complex strokes and peculiar forms, it is possible to add twists and turns and seal cutting at will, especially the official seal that needs anti-counterfeiting. Seal script was always used until the collapse of the feudal dynasty and the emergence of modern new anti-counterfeiting technologies.
Question 10: When did the bronze seal script come into being? When did it end? Dazhuan refers to the Qin script which prevailed in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Legend has it that it was created by Boyi. In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, Chinese characters developed into Da Zhuan. After the reunification of the Qin Dynasty, seal script was used uniformly, and later it was changed to official script.