Reading is the second thing for a scholar. Reading is the second meaning. Guy's life is complete, so he hasn't met many people who want to study. Sages read a lot of experiences and wrote them in books for others to see. Reading now is to see a lot of truth. Ignoring it depends on our own efforts, not the outside world.
Learning, on the one hand, means dealing with the party, and then reading is the second meaning. I have all the reasons at home, and I have never added them outside. But when the sage teaches people to read this book, he should take it as his own cover, and he must have experienced it before he can get it. After all, saints have experienced it. Learning, no virtue, no stupidity, no size, no dignity, is a truth that everyone knows. And if the sages are not born, there are not many books and inventions, you can't ignore them! You just need to pay attention. There are sages' words and many words today, but they don't do it. Mentors are just inventions. How can teachers and friends be effective if people don't make progress! It is very clear that sages teach people how to learn. Generally speaking, scholars should study hard. "Taoist inquiry" is a great event. Be sensible and be a man. When reading a book, you should read it again and again, pay attention to it paragraph by paragraph, step by step, word by word, and still participate in the explanation and preaching, so that the truth can conform to your heart. Reading depends on your own understanding. Du Yuan said, "Flexibility makes it self-seeking; If you hate it, you will follow it. Immerse it in the river and sea, moisten it with cream, let it go, and straight it will win. " It is very important to study today, but it depends on what saints teach people to do. If the disease is treated with drugs, it depends on how the disease occurs and which prescription is used for treatment; What medicinal materials are used in the prescription, what are the two kinds, what are the main points, how to cook, how to fry, how to cook, how to cut, how to fry, how to eat, that's all. Reading to see the sage; Because of the meaning of sages, we should look at the principles of nature. Read the sage's book carefully, and see that his meaning is similar to what he said to his face. The words of sages will always be passed on by the eyes in the future, and the words will turn to the heart. Opening a book is different from a saint, so I can't help pushing myself! The words of saints, heavy and heavy, must go deep into them. If you only want the skin, there will be mistakes, and you must go deep to get it. People only pay attention to words, not ask them twice. When reading, you must look at his seams to find out the truth completely. If there is no need to sew, there is no reason to go in. When you see the seam, the vein will open automatically. The word program pays attention to three or five places, which will be solved later. Literati suffer from frivolous, restless and unhappy.
Scholars only get a mixed story when they first read the text. For a long time, it was regarded as three or two pieces, so that it was more than a dozen pieces. If you know a lot about cows, you will find that there is no whole cow, yes. You must read through, read through. Just like human food, if you chew it badly, you can swallow it and then make it up. When reading the text, you must read it word for word. For example, before and after Mense's decision, it was even harder to go. Close the door, close the door, and the four roads are cut off. This is also when I am studying. Scholars only know how to read, but they don't know how to taste when there are four directions.
Scholars should think in tasteless places when reading. As for the suspicion and prosperity of the group, bedding and food are useless, but they can be washed. Because sigh: it is best to use the word "dash", so it must be. If you get some money, you can go in or out. If you stay, if you die, it's no good. It's no use winning a mile or two of land if we fight with each other. It takes a lot of killing to win. The same is true of learning. When reading the text, you must read it wonderfully for a long time. Cheer up, stand up, don't be sleepy, like a sword behind you! Just a paragraph. It needs to be thorough. You have to respond when you hit its head, and you have to respond first when you hit its tail. Don't press the pamphlet, if you cover it, you will forget it; When you read a note, you forget the text; when you read the text, you forget the note. You must read this paragraph before you can read the back sheet and the text. You have to sit in it and roll it around. You must be thorough to get rid of it. If you simply look at it, you may not be able to get rid of it after all, and you can't let go of this heart.
It is said that it is easy to study, which is one of self-laziness. If you don't know the truth after reading this book, you can't hurry or put it down. If you wander around all day, you are calm, but you have no time to do it. For example, the soup must be boiled with strong fire, and then simmered, but it may as well. It must be a stick and a scar! A slap in the face and a palm of blood! If you read others' words, how can you ignore them?
Reading must be like a warrior. It must be a fierce battle for a while, such as a cruel prison. You will never forgive him. Look at the words, just as the usage of cruel officials is profound and inhuman, and they insist on doing it to the end. If you just look around, what's the taste! Generally speaking, if you don't know something in your writing, you must work hard. As long as you see that the truth is your own bottom, you can live. Reading is like catching a thief. You must know where the thief happened and be able to tell more than one article about the crime of theft. If you just draw an outline, even if you know that this person is a thief, you don't know where it is. Reading, as tall and straight, sailing in the wind, traveling thousands of miles every day. Now I'm just away from Xiaogang. I'm shallow and helpful! These words don't work. Look at it this way. When reading and understanding meaning, we must be open-minded, aboveboard and down-to-earth. First, you can't be responsible. Only by being responsible for efficiency can there be sorrow. Even so, a piece of cake will stick into your chest. Let's mind our own business now and forget it. Only concentrate on thinking about righteousness, you will be fine; If you have a kind heart, you will be familiar with it. Read and relax, and the truth will come out. If sorrow is urgent, truth will never come out. When reading, you must know where you pass, and both east and west have to touch this barrier to get it. Just keep your head down and do it Don't think twice before you act. Now it's empty talk to say that it's never been done before, afraid that it's too late to do it, too difficult, too slow to remember. Just keep your head down and do it Mo Wen is slow, but he has his own position. As it has never been done before, we will try to fill it in today. Don't think twice about things, delay your life in a short time, and you don't even know your age!
[Note] The second thing: According to the author's thinking, the first important thing is practice. Guan: Now, at the beginning, originally. Yuan: Same as "original". Bottom: auxiliary word, the same as "de". H: I think so. Taoist inquiry: as opposed to respecting morality, it refers to seeking Tao through reading and learning knowledge. Ken: In this case, it means close integration. Jiā contact: achieve mastery through a comprehensive study. Du Yuankai (222—284): Du Yu, a minister and famous scholar in the Western Jin Dynasty, was born in Ling Du, Jingzhao (now southeast of Xi, Shaanxi). His Zuo Zhuan in the Spring and Autumn Period is an annotated edition of Zuo Zhuan. Yourou: carefree. Tired, tired (yù): It all means full. Processing: the traditional Chinese medicine is refined into fine products by roasting or removing its toxicity. Cause: according to, according to. Future: Bring it. Xià: a gap. Procedure: outline. Yan: The same as "pharynx". Xiaoke: Simple, ordinary. Backplane: Next page. Wandering: the original meaning is wandering, which means being at ease here. Sharon: That's right. Idle: relaxed and casual. υυυυυυυυυυυυυυυ▲93 Li: The key is the organ. Gossip: irrelevant words.
(Shi Zhonglian)
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[Appreciation] Zhuzi Genre is a classified compilation of Zhu's lectures, which covers philosophy, politics, economy, history, law, literature, education, natural science and other fields. It is divided into 26 branches with 140 volumes. On Reading Law is selected from Book 10, Learning Four. Most of the quotations in this article are more than ten words or crosses, which were originally memorized by different disciples at different times and on different occasions. In order to make the arrangement compact, the editor deleted the names of the disciples who recorded the words and put many quotations in one paragraph in the original order.
Zhu was an outstanding philosopher, scholar and educator in the Southern Song Dynasty. He was always deeply interested in all useful knowledge and studied tirelessly all his life until the last moment of his life. Therefore, he has accumulated a lot of valuable experience in reading methods, many of which are obtained through long-term and arduous exploration and thinking, and are the summary of his academic research. Because he is a profound thinker and persuasive educator, his views and descriptions of reading methods are both profound and vivid, especially the numerous figurative metaphors he uses, which not only make the conversation extremely lively and interesting, but also describe the reading methods incisively and vividly, which makes the audience or readers under his guidance suddenly enlightened and deeply inspired.
This text focuses on the following reading methods:
First of all, Zhu proposed that reading should have a strong internal motivation. To this end, he asked people to have a sense of learning and realize the importance of reading. In his view, the first important thing in life is practice, and the second important thing is learning. Because a person is subject to various restrictions, he has not experienced much and does not understand some important life truths. These life truths are things that people must strive to master, because only by knowing these truths can we be human. Therefore, Zhu stressed that no matter what people, regardless of virtue, ignorance, size, dignity, should learn this knowledge. Is that sages are not born, there are not so many books and explanations, so don't study! Still have to study, have to study. In his view, there are many sayings from saints, which provide such favorable conditions. We should study hard. In seeking the truth of life, the decisive point is to rely on your own desires and requirements to do it hard. Zhu pointed out that teachers and friends are just explaining that if people don't work hard, teachers and friends can work hard! Zhu quoted Du Yu's poem: "Flexibility makes it self-seeking; Tired of it, let it go. "Zhu knows that reading for knowledge and truth is an extremely difficult and long-term process. Without strong internal motivation, it is impossible for people to persist and achieve results.
Second, Zhu repeatedly stressed that reading should strive to truly transform the knowledge in the book into his own understanding and thoughts. Zhu has seen that many scholars have read a lot of books, but they just learn other people's languages and repeat other people's opinions, but they can't say their own. Therefore, he paid special attention to turning other people's knowledge into his own knowledge and indirect experience into his own direct experience through reading. Therefore, when Zhu talked about the purpose of reading at the beginning, he proposed that the purpose of reading was to understand many truths. Only when they are understood, can the truth be integrated with themselves and themselves, and can they really learn something. More importantly, if you learn the truth, you must experience it yourself before you can really get it. In other words, only by putting it into practice can the truth in the book truly become its own.
Third, we should concentrate on reading, concentrate on studying hard. This is like what Zhu described, "Close the door, close the door, and cut off four roads. This is also when you are studying. Scholars only know how to read, but they don't know how to taste when there are four directions. " When reading, you have to forget all about eating and sleeping. He said, "as for those who doubt, it is possible to make rapid progress." Therefore, he opposes the view that reading should be leisurely and enjoyable, and thinks it is an excuse to relax himself. He hit the nail on the head and pointed out that if leisure is regarded as leisure, there is little time to do.
Fourth, we should grasp the key problem in reading, that is, what he called "sewing". He thinks that if you don't know how to sew, you can't go deep into it. If you see it, the thread will open itself. He also called such key issues "grand program" and advocated that great efforts should be made to study three or five of them, so the difficulties would naturally be solved. He also called this key issue "Guan Yi Zi", saying that all the truths in the book are related to it. If you understand it, you will get the effect of knowing everything.
Fifth, reading should be good at analysis, just like knowing cows and seeing if there are all cows. At first glance, he said, the contents of the book are messy. Careful analysis and research can be divided into three or four parts, or even a dozen parts, which shows that reading has made progress. When he talked with other disciples about this idea, he explained this truth with the process of doctors dispensing drugs. He described this analysis method very concretely: just like treating diseases with drugs, we must look at how diseases are caused and what methods should be used to treat them; What medicinal materials are used in the prescription, which is a few ounces, which is a few cents, how to fry it, and how to take these medicines. In fact, Zhu is here to teach people to analyze the causes of problems, the means and methods to solve problems, how to obtain such means, and how to grasp the discretion in quantity. There is no doubt that after such analysis, we can gradually understand and solve the problem.
Sixth, reading should not be taken lightly, and should not be satisfied with a little knowledge, but should be thoroughly understood and pursued for its deep meaning. Zhu used the metaphor of fighting to say that reading makes a little progress, if you don't advance, you will retreat, if you don't advance, you will die. This is useless. Just like fighting soldiers, occupying only 10 or 20 miles won't help. You must fight hard and push hard to win a real victory. He criticized some people for only looking at the surface of the text, not going deep into the text and grasping its core meaning. He believes that the meaning of the sage's words is layer after layer, and we must deeply understand its profound significance.
Seventh, reading should strive to achieve mastery through a comprehensive study. In his own language, this means "just a paragraph, you need to be thorough." You have to respond when you hit its head, and you have to respond first when you hit its tail. Zhu is a master who interprets Confucian classics and exerts Confucian principles, so he can express his personal experience in such wonderful language.
Eighth, don't be eager for quick success, but be eager to see results. He asked for reading and understanding, and his thoughts must be open, aboveboard and clear. If you must get immediate results, you will be sad if you can't achieve your goal. It's always been like this. Your breasts are like a cake you can't digest. He advocates minding your own business for the time being and not thinking about it. As long as you concentrate on understanding righteousness, you will master theory and thought.
In a word, fundamentally speaking, Zhu believes that reading, like doing anything, must be worked hard, always maintain a brave and energetic state, and have great spiritual strength. He said to "cheer up, straighten your bones and don't feel sleepy, as if there is a sword behind you!" " Zhu emphasized this idea in many ways on many occasions. As he said, reading "must be a stick and a scar! A slap, a palm of blood "! He added, "Look at the handwriting. It takes a while to fight like a warrior. If you are a cool official, you just carry out the investigation to the end, and you will never forgive him ... just as the usage of cruel officials is profound, you have no human feelings, and you have to do it to the end. ..... Reading is like catching a thief, and you will know where the thief is. If you have an article on theft, you will be worthy. " What is certain is that with this spirit, any difficulties in reading and learning can be solved one by one, and after a period of time, learning will make great progress.