Li Shimin (599 -649), the second emperor of the Tang Dynasty, reigned for 23 years, with the title of Zhenguan. The name means "to help the world and the people", and Longxi became a man. Li Shimin was not only a famous politician and strategist, but also a calligrapher and poet. Born in the 18th year of Emperor Kai (599), he joined his father Li Yuan in Chang 'an in his early years and founded the Tang Dynasty in 618. He led his troops to the world and made great contributions to the unification of the Tang Dynasty, and was named King of Qin and General Tiance. After the Xuanwumen Rebellion took the throne in 626, he initiated the famous rule of Zhenguan. He was modest in coachable, frugal and frivolous, so that the people could rest and live in harmony, prosper the country and the people, expand the territory to the outside world, destroy East Turkistan and Xue Yantuo, hit Goguryeo hard, and set up four towns in Anxi, which was honored as Tiankhan by people of all ethnic groups, and later became Kaiyuan in the heyday of the Tang Dynasty.
Li Shimin's life
Li Shimin (599 ~ 649) was the second emperor in the Tang Dynasty, and his name means "saving the world and helping the people". Taizong was the temple name after his death. He was also a strategist, politician and calligrapher in the Tang Dynasty. He initiated the famous "Rule of Zhenguan" in history and pushed the feudal society in China to its peak.
Emperor Taizong was born in Jingzhao Wugong (now northwest of Shaanxi Wugong) in the 18th year of Emperor Kai (AD 599), the second son of Tang Gaozu Li Yuan and Dou Empress. In 615 AD, he married Changsun Shi, who was called the Grandson Queen after he ascended the throne. In 617 AD, Li Shimin, together with his father and Liu Wenjing, rose up against the Sui Dynasty, invaded Chang 'an and destroyed the Sui Dynasty. Li Shimin was made King of Qin.
After that, Li Shimin often went out to gradually eliminate the separatist forces in various places: breaking the Li track, killing Xue Rengao (the son of Xue Ju) and defeating Song Jingang and Liu Wuzhou. In the Battle of Tiger Prison, Wang Shichong and Dou Jiande, two separatist forces in the Central Plains, were wiped out in one fell swoop. Since then, Li Shimin's prestige has been growing, especially when he entered Chang 'an after the Battle of Tiger Prison, he was treated by some soldiers and civilians with the courtesy of the emperor. He was named "General Tian Ce" by Li Yuan.
Since then, the suspicion between Li Shimin and his brother, Prince Li Jiancheng, and his fourth brother, King Li Yuanji of Qi, has deepened. Ministers are in conflict with each other and divided into two factions. Prime Minister Pei Zhi, counselor Wang, Wei Zhi, East Palace guard general Xue Wanche and others followed Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji, while counselors Du Ruhui and Fang Xuanling, generals Qin Shubao, Wei Chijingde, Duan Zhixuan and Wang Junkuo followed Li Shimin. Minister Changsun Wuji and others secretly supported Li Shimin. General Li Jing, Xu Shiji, Minister Yu Wenshi and others remained neutral. In 626 AD, Li Shimin staged a coup in Xuanwumen, Miyagi, Chang 'an, killing Li Jiancheng, Li Yuanji and his nephew, forcing Gaozu to abdicate, and he ascended the throne as emperor himself, and changed his title to Zhenguan the following year. During the reign of Li Shimin, the national strength of the Tang Dynasty was strong, which was called the rule of Zhenguan. In his later years, he wrote a book "Emperor Fan" to teach the prince, which summarized his political experience in his life and also commented on his own merits and demerits.
during his reign, he carried out the system of government soldiers, rent-and-rent adjustment and land equalization, and actively promoted the imperial examination system.
in 63, he defeated the East Turkistan and was honored as "Tiankhan". In 641, she married Princess Wencheng to Songzan Gambu of Tubo.
In 649 AD, Emperor Taizong suffered from dysentery, but the treatment ultimately failed. He ordered Prince Li Zhi to represent the state affairs in Jinyemen. Li Shimin died in May, 649 in Han Feng Temple in Chang 'an. Buried in Zhaoling, a mountain more than 5 miles northeast of Liquan County, Shaanxi Province, China. Posthumous title was the "Emperor Wen".
Emperor Taizong was good at listening to the minister's criticisms and opinions, and Wei Zheng directly remonstrated his mistakes more than 2 times.
Great achievements
The use and leadership of talents have reached a very high level;
He has a unique eye, sees the deficiency of personal strength, fully realizes that only when a king is like a stone and a good minister is like a craftsman can beautiful jade come out, and adopts the progressive words of the minister with an open mind;
The political management system of separation of powers and mutual supervision among the three institutions of Shangshu Province, Zhongshu Province and Menxia Province has been initially established, stipulating that decrees and even their own (the part that affects national policies) will only come into effect and be issued after being examined and countersigned by the Menxia Province, thus ensuring the feasibility, timely discovery and correction of policies. To a certain extent, the harm and influence of bad policies on the country and people have been eliminated;
Recognizing the legal and political policy that people's lives are too important to be killed indiscriminately, it is stipulated that the death penalty can only be executed after three repetitions (five repetitions in other places) are reviewed and approved. This is not difficult to remind people that only 29 people were sentenced to death in the fourth year of Zhenguan (63), 39 people were sentenced to death in the sixth year of Zhenguan (632), and all 39 people were ordered to go home for the group year and come back after the autumn harvest next year.
Taizong dynasty's martial arts flourished, except for the strategic victory in Koguryo War, which was achieved brilliantly (East Turkic, Tuguhun, Gaochang, Anxi four towns, Mobei Xueyantuo, etc.), which was inseparable from the important factors such as the national strength, army combat effectiveness, overall strategy, tacit understanding of personnel selection, and consistent process. Therefore, Zhenguan dynasty was among the famous soldiers in Chinese history.
Li Shimin has swallowed up the world's "Tiankhan" temperament, and many times, the classic battle was to scare off 1, fine Turks riding in Weishui. What a world of difference it is to compare Song Zhenzong's reluctance to arrive at the south city of Ji Zhou under the protection of the army at Kou Zhun's repeated insistence and request, and to be afraid to go back soon!
With the overall situation in mind, the national and foreign policies of the Taizong Dynasty have won brilliant victories. As long as all the countries in the world know that China's efforts are attached to it, they are proud of Tang and are not happy to think about Shu, they can not only live freely like the Tang people, but also be officials. Ashina, a well-known general of ethnic minorities, made outstanding contributions to the Tang Dynasty, such as thinking about mo, losing strength in thinking, He Li, Hei Tooth Chang Zhi, and even Gao Xianzhi and Li Guangbi in later generations, which just reflected the brilliance of Li Shimin's ethnic policy, and the people of the Tang Dynasty and Chinatown were vivid portrayal of the prosperous, powerful and civilized country at that time.
Perfect the imperial examination system, vigorously set up schools, attach importance to educational activities, popularize the selection of officials, and there were many schools in the country at that time, so it was not difficult to remember the education at that time. At the same time, the imperial examination was standardized and the examination was fair, and the Jinshi branch was the most outstanding. Only in this way did Taizong see the new scholars filed out and said happily, "Heroes of the world, joining us."
As for industrial calligraphy and rich words, Emperor Taizong's personal cultivation and talent are extremely high, and he is also quite famous for his calligraphy words. With his vigorous promotion and encouragement, calligraphy, literature and art flourished in the Tang Dynasty.
Advocating clean government, frugality, simplicity and attaching importance to irrigation and water conservancy, Taizong Dynasty was quite successful in building a clean government. Instead of severely punishing corrupt officials like Zhu Yuanzhang, he established a clean and law-abiding team and attached importance to the election of local governors. At that time, many ministers in the imperial court were poor, including Wen Yanbo, Dai Zhou, Yu Zhining, Wei Zhi and Zhang Xuansu. Emperor Taizong also paid more attention to thrift, did not abuse the people's power, and paid attention to rest with the people. At that time, the society formed a simple and realistic style; Emperor Taizong also attached great importance to agriculture. Emperor Taizong, who toured Beijing outside Beijing, first asked about this matter, which was changed because the crown ceremony of the prince violated the farming season.
Due to social stability and the development of commercial economy, many commercial cities have sprung up all over the country, and their urban industries have developed considerably. The economies of Guangzhou, Hangzhou, Yangzhou, Chengdu, Jiangling and Liangzhou have developed quite rapidly, so it is self-evident that Chang 'an and Luoyang are world economic metropolises, which laid the foundation for the summit of ancient feudal economy.
The support for Xuanzang's Buddhism and the affirmation of the westward journey opened up and maintained the Hexi Corridor-Silk Road and the East Link with Silla and Japan, which promoted the cultural exchange and economic development between China and the West. Princess Wencheng married Tubo, which made Tubo enter the feudal society from a slave society and developed and promoted the development of * * *;
To sum up, Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong, was a great politician, calligrapher, outstanding leader and outstanding figure who influenced the process of China and even the world in ancient China. He made great contributions to ancient China, so he was revered by people. Mr. Zhu Dongyang said, "He is one of the greatest men in China after Confucius.
Emperor Taizong can appoint virtuous people, take good advice, and change as soon as he hears about it. Treat people like children, regardless of Chinese and foreigners. Create a "rule of chastity". He is a good emperor praised by China people for thousands of years.