Celebrity country: China
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Zhu Yunming (1460- 1527), one of Zhu Yunming's "four outstanding figures in Wuzhong" in Ming Dynasty, is as famous as Tang Yin, Wen Zhiming and Xu Zhenqing. His name is Xi Zhe, and he is from Changzhou (now Wuxian County, Jiangsu Province). Because of their congenial feelings with Tang Yin (word Bohu), there are various anecdotes about them among the people. His family has a history of learning and is good at poetry and calligraphy. Looking at his legacy, we can see that his traditional skills are extremely deep. He studied Zhong You and Wang Xizhi in small letters, which was cautious and complete, and his brushwork was steady; Huai Su and Huang Tingjian studied cursive script, and the cursive script in their later years is even more vigorous and elegant, which is valued by the contemporary world. He is generous, cheerful and unrestrained, which is vividly shown in Weeds. Although he occasionally loses his pen, his writing is relaxed and lively, which is worth learning from later generations. Ming Yingzong Tianshun four years (1460), Zhu Yunming was born in Suzhou to an official family. Zhu Yunming, whose name is Xizhe, has different fingers in his hand, so several fingers refer to life, mountain and so on. Zhu Hao, Zhu Yunming's grandfather, was a scholar in the Ming Dynasty (1439). He is the official chief secretary of Shanxi Province and participates in politics. After 60, he resigned and returned to his hometown. He is good at poetry and likes to write cursive script, seeking words from far to near. Scholars in Suzhou admire him very much, and dozens of people make friends with him. Chenghua Guimao (1483) died at the age of 79. Zhu Yunming's father, Zhu Sui, was not as famous as his grandfather and died five months earlier. Zhu Yunming was twenty-four years old that year. Zhu Yunming's biological mother died when he was sixteen. Therefore, Zhu Yunming's youth is very unfortunate. Grandfather Xu Youzhen (1407— 1472) was born in Wuxian, Suzhou. Ming Xuande eight years (1433), Jinshi. Later, due to his meritorious service in welcoming the restoration of English sects, he was appointed as the minister of war, a university student in Huagai Hall and an uncle in martial arts. Xu Youzhen's talent is unparalleled. He is proficient in astronomy, geography, Taoism and Buddhism, as well as technology. Calligraphy was good at cursive script, and Huai Su and Mi Fei's brushwork made him famous at that time. Zhu Yunming married the eldest daughter of China calligrapher Li Yingzhen (later promoted to Shao Qing Taifu). He gave birth to a son, and his name survived. He is a scholar of Zheng De, and was sent to Guangxi to be an envoy. Suzhou is Zhu Yunming's hometown and the main activity place of his life. Suzhou was a city with developed economy and culture in Ming Dynasty. The geographical conditions of Taihu Lake Basin make the agricultural production in Suzhou area, especially the production of cotton, sericulture and supporting handicrafts develop very well, so it has become a place where merchants gather and become extremely prosperous. In this case, scholars get together and various cultural activities are very active. There are "Wu Sijie" in the literary world of Ming Dynasty: Zhang Yu, Yang Ji, Gao Qi,. They are all literati who are proficient in poetry and calligraphy. In the early Ming Dynasty, the book circle was represented by "Three Songs". Song Ke, Song Guang and Song Xun were three great masters in the Song Dynasty, represented by Song Ke in Suzhou. Song was good at cursive and regular script, and his achievements in calligraphy directly influenced the later "Er Shen" (and Shen Shenyun). In painting, "Wu Pai" headed by Shen Zhou is on the rise. There are many painters in Taihu Lake Basin. Yuan Sijia has a great influence on Suzhou, and many people study painting. Later, Wumen became the painting center of the Ming Dynasty. At that time, Suzhou's arts and crafts were also very developed. "Ancient and Modern Books Integration" records that famous products such as fans, seats, copper incense burners, hemp towels, wax cards and rattan all have Suzhou origins. Calligraphy and painting engraving and mounting industry is also very developed. There are many collectors and traders of calligraphy and painting. Books and cultural relics are widely collected. At this time, there were many literati in Wumen, such as writers, poets, painters, historians, connoisseurs, etc., and naturally formed a group in mutual exchanges and exchanges, learning from each other's strengths, promoting each other, and being a mentor and friend. Because of the relationship between teachers, students and relatives, they formed a network of scholars. When talking about Suzhou in the Ming Dynasty, Huating people said: "Suzhou is a literati-style place, which greatly guided the predecessors to learn from backwardness, while the younger generation also emphasized the first." In this atmosphere, Wu Pai gradually formed and developed. There are roots in family studies. When I was growing up in Zhu Yunming, my grandfather Zhu Hao and my grandfather Xu Youzhen had the greatest influence on him. These two elders are outstanding talents. When Xu Youzhen went to primary school at the age of twelve or thirteen, he already knew the ancient characters of China. When he was a little older, he followed the capital Wu' en' an and often made unexpected comments. Wu En 'an happily told people that he would succeed. On one occasion, Guo's son, Ann, drank alcohol and Hu asked him to write poems. He picked up a pen, straight, and very sophisticated in choosing words and making sentences. Zhu Yunming followed his grandfather when he was a child. Three years before Zhu Yunming was born, Xu Youzhen made great contributions to the restoration of Yingzong and was favored by the emperor. Cao Jixiang and Shi Heng, who contributed to the restoration together, were jealous and were framed and imprisoned many times. Later, Yingzong sent him home. When I got home, I closed the door and thanked the guests. I didn't start buying land and houses until Cao and Shi were defeated one after another and prepared to spend their old age safely. Zhu Yunming was only two or three years old at this time. Xu Youzhen is highly respected in the village. He is often asked to write a book on the stone tablet in Fu Xue, Suzhou, and he is often asked to be an epitaph. Therefore, in addition to grandpa, Zhu Yunming contacted many people and was constantly affected. Zhu Yunming was five years old, and his grandfather wished Hao to resign and return home. Although my grandfather is over 60 years old, he is in good spirits. He is good at talking, asking for advice and often joking. Everyone was willing to make friends with him at that time. Zhu Yunming was deeply impressed by his grandfather's witty and free-spirited personality and lively conversation. Zhu Yun has a good talent for tomorrow's life and is taught by two great scholars, so he showed his talent very early. At the age of five, he could write Chinese characters one foot square with ten lines at a glance. At the age of nine, he could write poems. When Zhu Yunming was thirteen, his grandfather died at the age of sixty-six. This year, Wumen produced a top scholar, Wu Kuan. Two years later, Zhu Yunming's teacher, Wang, won the third place in the trials, and the reputation of Wumen literati became more and more famous. In his youth, Zhu Yunming studied hard in order to achieve fame like his elders, which was the only way out for a scholar. Fu Xue, Suzhou, set up The Scholars and The Book of Topics written by his grandfather, which is the pressure and requirement for Zhu Yunming. Seeing that all his familiar teachers are first, he must also work hard. In addition to studying, Zhu Yunming also practiced regular script in the imperial examination. Zhu Yunming worked hard in strict accordance with the teachings of his predecessors. Zhu Yun Ming often studies by combining reading and writing. For example, when he was twenty-eight, he wrote a volume of Tang Song Four in regular script. At the end of the volume, he thought that his predecessors often recorded hundreds of ancient prose, and he could "have a general idea" by copying it once, so he also learned to do so. This learning method of reciting and recording by hand helps him a lot. For another example, at the age of twenty-seven, he copied seven articles of Zhuangzi (Free Travel, Theory of Everything, Master of Health, Human Life, Fu De Fu, Great Master, Ying Di) in small letters, and Dong Qichang was rated as "Li Miantie" and "Yin Yinni True Color". Zhu Yunming's poetry and calligraphy when he was young were very famous in the countryside, and everyone knew his talent, so Li Yingzhen, who was then a middle school student, betrothed his eldest daughter to him. Since then, Zhu Yunming's progress in calligraphy has been carried out under the guidance of his father-in-law. Li Yingzhen is good at calligraphy and has learned all kinds of things. He advocates innovation and is unique in practice. He was also a calligraphy teacher in Wen Zhiming, which had a great influence on the formation of Wumen calligraphy school. Zhu Yunming made many mentors and friends during his hard study. Among them, Shen Zhou,,, Chen Zhou, Zhu, etc. are all Suzhou celebrities. He worshipped Qin Wang, who was ten years older than him, as a teacher, became friends with Du Mu and Yang Xun, who were similar in age, and had more contacts with Tang Yin and Zhang Ling, who were younger than him. I often sing poetry and learn calligraphy and painting together, and I have deep feelings. Middle-aged people can't be ambitious or talented. After Zhu Yunming was in his thirties, his talent was quite outstanding. Many people asked him to write epitaphs, inscriptions and calligraphy. At the age of thirty-one, he was hired as a preface to republishing Wang's works. Celebrities were often asked to engrave books for preface, which shows that people paid attention to him at that time. Zhu Yunming, Du Mu, Wen Zhiming, Tang Yin, etc. Often write ancient prose together. Tang Yin was clever since he was a child and became famous very early. Wen Zhiming was not very clever when he was a child. Later, he studied hard and got advice from Shen Zhou, Wu Kuan and Young-jin Lee. He has made rapid progress in writing, painting and calligraphy. Wen Zhiming is introverted, quiet and rigorous. Zhu, Du and Wen often write articles about Tang Yin's paintings. At the age of thirty-three, Zhu Yunming took part in the provincial examination, and won the examination. Examiner wang hong was very appreciative of his article. With his intelligence, Zhu Yunming believes that it is easy to take the exam in Beijing and be admitted to the high school. Who knows that the next seven attempts were unsuccessful. This is beyond his expectation. The setback and blow of official career played an important role in Zhu Yunming's later life, which greatly changed his mood and personality. Zhu Yunming's middle age was spent in such a transformation. In the first half of middle age, he worked tirelessly in the imperial examination, and his thought was Confucianism that actively entered the WTO. Then, after repeated wars and defeats, he became more and more disheartened, and gradually turned to the passive students of Lao Zi and Zhuangzi, and started the Dance Academy. His mood, except his daily behavior, can only be expressed by poetry and calligraphy. His calligraphy also gradually turned to cursive script. The development and success of cursive script after the age of 50 are inseparable from this mentality. The relationship between Zhu Yunming and Tang Yin is extremely close. When he was 37 years old, 27-year-old Tang Yin often indulged in drinking and playing with his neighbor Zhang Ling, instead of studying hard. After Zhu Yun knew it, he went to persuade him. Since then, Tang Yin has been studying wholeheartedly. He also accepted Zhang Ling as his student. When he wrote poems or books, he asked Zhang Ling to be next to him, so Zhang Ling also made rapid progress. At that time, Suzhou people called Zhu Yunming, Tang Yin, Wen Zhiming and Xu Zhenqing "the four gifted scholars of Wu". They all behave themselves and study for fame. In the 11th year of Hongzhi (1498), Tang Yin was elected as Xie Yuan of Nanjing at the age of 29. According to his talent, he is expected to win the championship in the exam. Wu Kuan, who served in the imperial court at that time, often praised him among officials and bureaucrats, making his reputation spread all over the capital. The following year, Tang Yin went to Beijing to catch the exam, and was jailed for bribing his colleagues to take the exam, cheating in the examination room and implicating Tang Yin. Later, through the mediation of Wu Kuan, he was pardoned. Tang Yin, who was full of ambition, suffered a sudden blow and his spirit was greatly stimulated. The lack of hope for his career caused the couple to turn against each other. His wife divorced him and married Du Mu, a scholar. These events greatly changed Tang Yin's outlook on life and personality. At this point, Zhu Yunming and Tang Yin are in the same boat. Their thoughts have changed from pursuing fame and wealth and managing the country through the world to being independent and a dance academy. In Zhu Yunming's poem "Arm in Arm Again", there is a saying that "teenagers are pregnant with the world and middle-aged people are born". Tang Yin, whose initial word was Bohu, became more afraid. Later, he came out from the number "Liu Ru lay man" and converted to Buddhism, while Zhu Yunming, as a Taoist, converted to Taoism. This is a pity, a pity of China people in feudal society! Zhu Yunming, who seeks career, seclusion and title in the book, is extremely contradictory after 50 years old. He is in his fifties and has no job, which makes him fidgety and extremely painful, and often drinks to drown his sorrows. At the age of fifty-one, he wrote a poem "Living in Autumn". In the poem, "It is easier to live in seclusion than to seek fame", and he sighed from the heart. These poems were written in cursive many times by Zhu Yunming after he was fifty-one. At the age of 53, his pain, anxiety and boredom almost reached the extreme. That summer, he often suffered from insomnia, and wrote two poems in succession, such as Tears, Sleepless in Ren Shen's Summer Night and Drunk. This poem is full of grievances and melancholy. But at this point, he still holds a glimmer of hope in his heart. At the age of 55, he was elected and finally got an official position, and was awarded the position of magistrate in Xingning County, Huizhou Prefecture, Guangdong Province. He took office the following year. Xingning county has bad folk customs and bad public security, and robbers often go out of the valley to set fire to rob. Zhu Yunming sighed after taking office, and a poem said: "When Tao Hui rewards, JiNing is restless." Zhu Yunming treats people with courtesy, and education guides folk customs. As for the robber, he tried to capture more than 30 people in one morning, and the county has been relatively stable since then. Xingning County is getting better and better under the governance of Zhu Yunming. But Zhu Yunming didn't win the boss's favor. In the winter of fifty-seven, rice was stopped because the autumn tax was not effective. This year, he was ordered to compile "Xingning County Records", entitled "Zheng Dexing Ning County Records". Although it is routine to be ordered to compile local chronicles, the manuscript of this preface to county chronicles has changed from a running script to a cursive script, and finally became a weed and a treasure handed down from generation to generation. Zhu Yunming is an official in Xingning. Although my political achievements are good, I feel homesick after a long time. Mainly because I don't like the disadvantages accumulated in officialdom. As an educated scholar, although he hopes to be reused, his conscience prevents him from integrating into the officialdom. This is a pair of contradictions. When his cousin came to visit him, he wrote a poem saying goodbye to money, which showed this mood. In the first year of Jiajing (1522), 63-year-old Zhu Yunming was transferred to Nanjing to be the judge of Jingzhao Yingtianfu, so people later called him "Zhu Jingzhao". In the face of official corruption, he couldn't bear it, and finally made up his mind to resign and go back to his hometown Suzhou to spend the rest of his life. 64-year-old Zhu Yunming built Huaixing Hall in his grandfather's old house. This year, his good friend Tang Yin, a brilliant wit, passed away at the age of 54. Zhu Yunming was heartbroken and wrote an epitaph for him with tears in his eyes. He wrote "Two crying sons are afraid" and later wrote "Holding my son and being afraid". Between the lines, there is a feeling of lamentation and pain. Another year later, his teacher Wang Hao also died at the age of 76. Zhu Yunming produced the Official Document of Sacrifice to Wang Wenke. He is ashamed of not doing what the teacher expected. The death of two teachers and friends cast another shadow over his old age. When he was sick, he remembered his bosom friend. No matter how young he was, whether he hid it or not, he wrote one for eighteen people and two for Wang Chong, so he left nineteen poems about his bosom friend. The bleak life made him more bohemian in his later years and expressed himself frankly and truly, so he made more excellent works of weeds. Zhu Yun's economic situation will be poor tomorrow night. At the age of sixty-six, Wen Jia, the second son of Wen Zhiming, learned about him, arranged silk paper and fine pen and ink in his study, and invited him to admire him. Zhu Yunming wrote Nineteen Ancient Poems in cursive script, which is a masterpiece, and Wen's father and son were deeply impressed. Later, it was engraved in Wen Zhiming's "Stop the Cloud Pavilion". At this time, although Zhu Yunming was hidden in the village, his title was greatly improved and he was recognized as the leader of the Wumen book circle. In his later years, Zhu Yunming also wrote a cursive script Shu Shu, which expressed his views on calligraphy and became an important part of his few calligraphy works. People loved Zhu Yunming's calligraphy so much that a large number of fakes appeared shortly after his death. The counterfeiters take advantage of this to make profits, which brings certain difficulties to future generations to study Zhu Yunming. Among them, his grandson Wu Xue likes his calligraphy best, which can be confused with truth and falsehood, and even experts can hardly distinguish it. On December 27th, the fifth year of Jiajing (1527), Zhu Yunming died at the age of 67. Calligraphy leaders died of poverty due to illness. With his own practice, Wu School of Calligraphy reached its peak in its rise and formed the romantic style of calligraphy in Ming Dynasty. He became the chief calligrapher in the middle of Ming Dynasty, which had a great influence on the development of calligraphy in Ming Dynasty. Zhu Yun left many poems in his life in the Ming Dynasty. The book "History of the Ming Dynasty" is said to have written 60 volumes of poems and essays, and the others are mixed with 100 volumes. Among them, 30 volumes of Zhu Ji and 30 volumes of Huai Xing Tang Ji are the most famous. This is another cultural heritage besides his calligraphy works. Zhu Yunming was born in Suzhou with a strong cultural atmosphere, and his calligraphy career began with the example of his predecessors. Among them, his grandfather Xu Youzhen and his father-in-law Li Yingzhen had the greatest influence on him. Xu Youzhen is good at cursive writing. His cursive script was mainly imitated by Huai Su in Tang Dynasty and Mi Fei in Song Dynasty. It is gorgeous with a tall and straight, unique structure, colorful, very simple. When Zhu Yunming was two years old, Xu Youzhen was sent back to Suzhou to live in seclusion, and Zhu Yunming always accompanied him. Until Zhu Yunming died at the age of thirteen. Therefore, Zhu Yunming began to learn calligraphy under the enlightenment of his grandfather, and Xu Youzhen's calligraphy style had a great influence on him. Li Yingzhen is also a famous calligrapher. Zhu Yunming has been guided by Young-jin Lee. Li Yingzhen studied calligraphy with her father-in-law for more than ten years, which played a great role in the development of Ming calligraphy in Zhu Yun. According to Wen Zhiming's records, Li Yingzhen told him in his later years that he had studied calligraphy for 40 years before he began to gain income, and also explained many calligraphy truths to Wen Zhiming. His letters are beautiful and elegant, with natural and generous strokes and vivid horizontal strokes. The size and thickness of words naturally change. His lyric cursive script also has a deep influence on Zhu Yunming. Zhu Yun Ming himself talked about learning calligraphy when he was a child, saying that his predecessors wouldn't let him learn modern Chinese characters, and all he saw was the copybooks of Jin and Tang people. It should refer to the study of regular script. It should be said that under the guidance of two predecessors, Zhu Yunming laid a good foundation and paved the way for future development. At the same time, their advantage of book style was also passed on to Zhu Yunming. Zhu Yunming's calligraphy thought takes "God" as the final destination. To achieve this goal, he believes that "sex" and "work" must be equally important. "Sex" refers to people's spirit, and "Gong" refers to the ability and kung fu of calligraphy creation. He believes that there is no spirit if there is only skill without spiritual realm, but with noble spiritual realm, if there is no effort to express it, then the spirit can't really appear. Both are indispensable and must have both. This is how he dialectically revealed the law of this artistic creation. As for "merit", Zhu Yunming believes that it can only be obtained on the basis of learning from predecessors. Therefore, he was indignant at the statement that the Japanese did not want to study the tradition well and called it "slave book". Specially wrote down the "slave book order" to refute. At this point, in his later years, he also criticized his father-in-law Young-jin Lee in Shushu. His emphasis on "traveling along the Jin Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty" stems from his deep understanding of the history of calligraphy. He thinks that calligraphy theory is extremely superior to Zhang Zhi, Wang Xizhi, Zhong You and Suo Jing, and later generations just follow their laws and cannot fundamentally change them. He believed that the Tang people could follow the principles of their predecessors and write according to the laws of the people at that time; The early Song Dynasty was not so bad, but it still had some merits in the middle Song Dynasty, and then it changed the tradition greatly, and the ancient laws were corrupted, mostly evil laws. Only in the Yuan Dynasty did Zhao Mengfu reverse his fashion and return to the Jin and Tang Dynasties. Unfortunately, he became a slave because of his weak personality. Therefore, you should know that calligraphy was originally intended to learn from the Jin and Tang Dynasties. After learning and being familiar with the tradition, its techniques must be unique, which is Zhu Yunming's further requirement for "work". In The Book of Songs, he said that he disdained to follow in the footsteps of Zhong You, Suo, Xian, but wanted to learn from the bravery of Xiang Yu and Shi and create himself. Therefore, he not only opposes modern people's neglect of tradition, but also emphasizes that he can't really become a "slave book". Zhu Yunming didn't talk much about "sex". His advocacy of "elegance and vulgarity" obviously refers to cultivating temperament and purifying the soul with knowledge and accomplishment, so as to reach a higher spiritual realm. With the above two points, you can create excellent works with spirit in the state of "forgetting me". His interpretation of "trance" is "temporarily out of the grid". Only by transcending all kinds of constraints can he "relax in the window" and express himself naturally. Zhu Yunming's requirements for calligraphy theory not only conform to the law of artistic creation itself, but also conform to the aesthetic requirements of literati painting and calligraphy, thus making his calligraphy achievements reach a high level.