How to clean and maintain unearthed bronzes
There is a lot of rain in summer. If the bronzes are exposed in the air, they are easily corroded by water molecules in the air, thus changing the color and retaining the original material composition of the bronzes becomes very important. Generally, there is a covering on the outer surface of bronzes. How to remove these coatings?
Wash the corroded bronze ware with distilled water first, mainly aiming at the dirt, oil stains and some organic attachments on the surface. It should be noted that some special objects are often accompanied by some organic matter adhesion caused by their special uses, and the most common thing is that they are often seen on bronze mirrors? Cloth pattern? In fact, bronze mirrors are often wrapped in cloth during use. Although the cloth was completely corroded, some information was left in the process of corrosion because of its existence. Generally speaking, these should be kept, and those with pictures need special treatment.
2.Ag2O is used to partially seal the powdery rust area. The operation is to mechanically remove the source of powdery rust first. Cuprous chloride of beige wax was removed until copper was seen. Scrubbing the corroded area with acetone, then mixing silver oxide with analytically pure ethanol into paste, and filling it in the part where cuprous chloride is removed, so that the unwashed cuprous chloride reacts with silver oxide to form an angular silver film, thereby preventing chloride ion corrosion and stabilizing copper; It should be noted that if powdery rust unfortunately appears in the most exquisite part of this bronze, such as the area where the ornamentation and inscription are located, it can never be directly removed and needs to be modified.
3. Decompress the ethanol solution of 3% benzotriazole (BTA) in a constant temperature tank at 60℃ to make BTA fully penetrate into the corrosion layer of bronze ware.
4. Finally, the surface is sealed with ethanol solution containing BTA.
After this treatment, the bronze ware samples of Shang dynasty were placed at room temperature with relative humidity of 100% for 4 years, and no corrosion was found at 95%- 100% and 50℃ for more than 200 hours.
Because this method is troublesome for most people, it is not recommended for private use at home. It is suggested that it is best to use professional protection units to protect it. When storing bronzes daily, we must pay attention to moistureproof, especially remind everyone not to wipe them with tap water, because calcium hypochlorite is added to tap water, which is unstable and easy to produce chloride ions. Once chloride ion is brought to bronze ware, there will be endless troubles.
Copper products should be stored in a dry place. In addition to acidic substances, there are untouchable impurities such as salt water. Copper will turn black when exposed to air at high temperature, which needs attention.
Historical Development of Bronze Wares
First stage
Song Yuanming: Since the rise of epigraphy in the Song Dynasty, ancient bronzes have become research materials and artistic appreciation, and public and private compete to collect them, thus making bronzes have high economic value. So from the Song Dynasty, merchants began to forge. The fake of Song Dynasty has been found in the bronze description book of Song Dynasty.
stage Ⅱ
From the early Qing Dynasty to Jiaqing period: Due to the economic recovery and development, as well as the advocacy of the rulers, epigraphy had a new development, and imitation also flourished. At this time, it mainly imitates the catalogue of bronze wares in Song Dynasty. Its characteristic is that the whole device is fake, that is, the device is also fake, and the counterfeiting technology is low and easy to identify.
The third stage
From Daoguang period to the end of Qing Dynasty: on the one hand, epigraphy scholars attached importance to inscriptions, on the other hand, it was laborious to distinguish forgeries. Therefore, most merchants in this period turned to copying fakes on real ships to make profits. In addition, since 1840 Opium War, especially after 1856 ~ 1860 Second Opium War, foreign invaders plundered China's cultural relics, which stimulated the great development of fakes and exported them in large quantities. There are many fakes in Chinese bronzes collected by foreign museums. The fourth stage is the early years of the Republic of China. Due to political corruption and warlords' scuffle, not only the wind of grave robbery prevailed, but also the wind of counterfeiting intensified. Shanghai, Suzhou, Beijing, Xi 'an, Weixian and other places are centers of counterfeiting, and there are many experts in counterfeiting. At this time, due to the introduction of western science and technology, businessmen used new technology to make fakes, which greatly improved the level of counterfeiting. For example, using rubbings of real inscriptions to make a plate and then using chemical etching to make fake inscriptions is much more realistic than the fake inscriptions cast or carved in the past. The forged inscription by chemical etching is quite similar to the original inscription, and it is impossible to know its forgery unless it is carefully identified. At the same time, because foreigners like novel shapes and patterns, fake novel shapes and patterns are popular. At this time, books describing bronzes are often mixed with a large number of fakes.
From the history of counterfeiting, it can be concluded that the basic situation of counterfeiters is:
(1) The whole device is fake. For example, Hou Ping Rong Pan in the Jin Dynasty was a fake during the Qianlong period. Originally collected in Yiwangfu, Beijing, 1870 flowed into Britain. It is now in the Victoria and Albert Museum in Britain. Outside the abdomen, the upper part is decorated with milk ding pattern and the lower part is decorated with animal face pattern. The ears are neither fish nor fowl, and the feet are welded and forged obviously. There are 23 lines and 550 words in the disc, which is the longest inscription in the known forgeries. The content is like Shangshu and Zuozhuan, and the font is like Pan. If the handwriting is poor, you can see its falsehood at a glance.
(2) Some cultural relics are fakes. For example, a Shang Dynasty animal tattoo in Shanghai Museum is genuine, but it is unnecessary to add a stream to the spout.
(3) Piece together the pieces of the real device to make a fake device. For example, Pan Kuiding 1 1 recorded in Xiqing ancient mirror is specious and consists of the upper half of Xi and three legs.
(4) The equipment is really forgetful. This includes two situations. First, the inscription is completely false. Either carved with a chisel or etched with chemicals. The content is either an imitation of the real inscription, or a patchwork or even a random fabrication. Second, in addition to the real inscription, add a fake inscription. For example, what is hidden in Zhenjiang Jinshan Park now? Open the tripod? It was recorded as 32 words in Shi Yi's Sketch, but there were only 9 words. Later, the word 124 was forged before and after it, and the inscription was increased to 133.
(5) Ming is true and false. For example, the original Chen Dun in the Chinese History Museum was destroyed by fire in the early years, leaving only fragments of inscriptions at the bottom. Later, the merchants embedded the fragments in the fake fragments and made an authentic Chen Dun.
The equipment is real, but the pattern is fake. In other words, fake patterns are carved on bronzes that are really plain or have few patterns. For example, the bird pattern statue of the Western Zhou Dynasty in Shanghai Museum originally had a bird pattern belt on its shoulder, and later it was engraved with banana leaf pattern and bird pattern. Others added turquoise to the original pattern.
The Use of Bronze Ding in Shang Dynasty
1. Cookware. Ding, originally very common, is just a cooking thing, similar to the current pot. Xu Shen said in Shuo Wen Jie Zi:? Ding, three feet and two ears, the treasure of five flavors. ? The three legs of the tripod are the mouth of the stove and the bracket. The fire burns under the belly and is used to stew and hold fish. ? Tinker bell jade? Zhong Ming Shi Ding? Idioms like this illustrate the luxury of ancient aristocratic life. At that time, princes and ministers all liked to eat meat and often cooked it with a tripod. Different kinds of meat are put in tripods of different sizes and eaten directly after cooking. Eat while standing still? That scene is really spectacular.
2. Specially used for sacrifice or ceremony, which is a symbol of status.
After the bronze tripod appeared, it added another function and became an important ritual vessel for offering sacrifices to gods, which was difficult for ordinary people to enjoy. Because of the high casting cost, it is also a symbol of aristocratic status and class. Your position depends on how many pots you have at home. Emperor Jiuding, seven governors, five doctors, three yuanshi county Ding or one Ding? This is the etiquette system formulated by the Zhou Dynasty.
3. It is regarded as a weapon of the country.
Since the birth of Jiuding legend, Ding has grown from an ordinary cook to a national heavyweight. The country was destroyed, Ding moved, Xia dynasty was destroyed, Shang dynasty was prosperous, and Jiuding moved to Beijing. After the demise of Shang Dynasty, Xing He Jiuding of Zhou Dynasty moved to Haojing, the capital of Zhou Dynasty. From the calendar, what is the name of the capital or dynasty from Shang Dynasty to Zhou Dynasty? Dingding? .
Is there one in history? Win the championship? Allusions, language "Zuo Zhuan"? For three years in Gong Xuan, Chu Zhuangwang came to Luoyang to crusade against foreign enemies, and inspected the army in the territory of the Emperor of Zhou. King Ding of Zhou sent Doctor Wang to comfort him and took the opportunity to ask about the size. Wang Yue: The government is virtuous, the tripod is small and heavy, the monarch has no way, and the tripod is big and light. The Zhou Dynasty made a tripod for the Central Plains, and its power was a godsend. The weight of the tripod is not appropriate. Chu Zhuangwang won the championship, which means replacing the Zhou Dynasty. The result was severely reprimanded by the king's angel. Later called conspiracy to usurp the throne? Win the championship? . ? Win the Central Plains? Take the top three? It directly shows the importance of tripod to the country.
China's traditional culture is extensive and profound, and there is so much knowledge in just one pot. My life is endless, so make a bowl of knowledge soup and let us become the most reliable partners in the circle of friends!
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