Hard pen is relative to soft pen. It refers to a pen made of hard material. The biggest difference between soft pen and hard pen mainly depends on the hardness of the nib. According to this definition, hard pens should include pens, chalk, ballpoint pens, lettering pens, pencils, dip pens, iron pens, wooden pens, bamboo pens, feather pens, brush strokes, plastic pens and artistic pens. Hard-pen regular script refers to a kind of calligraphy made of hard materials and written by regular script writing techniques. Hard-pen calligraphy in a narrow sense refers to calligraphy that uses pens as the main tool to write Chinese characters. It is the most popular, extensive, convenient, vital and contemporary calligraphy expression in modern times. There is another problem to be explained here. It is whether ancient lettering belongs to hard pen calligraphy, but it is not by definition, because there was no hard pen at that time. Even if there is, it is carved with hard objects such as knives. It is more appropriate for us to classify this kind of female lettering as an important category of calligraphy: at the same time, it is also written on objects with a brush and carved with a knife and other hard objects. This kind of calligraphy uses a brush. This left me a suspense, when did hard pen calligraphy come into being? What kind of development process has it experienced?
Second, the emergence and development of hard-pen calligraphy
Although some people tried to trace the history of hard-pen calligraphy back to Oracle Bone Inscriptions and inscriptions on bronze, the main methods at that time were "carving" (chiseling, casting, etc. ) but rarely "write", and now the so-called hard pen is not produced at that time. It is more appropriate to classify it as "lettering". However, the hard-pen calligraphy preserved in Dunhuang documents overturns the previous statement that there was no hard-pen calligraphy in ancient China, and it is indeed appropriate to trace the history of hard-pen calligraphy in China back to more than 2,000 years ago.
According to many years' research on Dunhuang, there are more than 20,000 pages of hard-pen manuscripts in Dunhuang, most of which are paper manuscripts and some are silk manuscripts. There are Chinese characters and more than ten kinds of ancient flag characters; Writing content involves literary works, letters, essays and Buddhist scriptures; The use of calligraphy includes hard pen regular script, running script, running script and cursive script. From the perspective of stroke modeling, Dunhuang hard pen calligraphy has a flat font and uniform thickness, which is rich in the sense of "line" of modern hard pen calligraphy. It has no "face-saving" characteristics, such as raising a pen, shouting at the peak, combining fat with thin, and asking questions face to face. Obviously, it was written with a hard pen dipped in ink made of bamboo, wood, bone and horn.
Find enough writing tools, which is consistent with the written book. During the exploration and archaeological excavations in the 20th century, western explorers and China archaeologists discovered more than ten hard pens made of bamboo tubes, reed pipes, bamboo sticks, red willows and other materials in the west of China. 1906, an Englishman Stein found a reed pen at the Milan site in Ruoqiang County, Xinjiang. 1972, an archaeologist in China found a bamboo pen at the Xixia site in Zhangyibao, Wuwei City, Gansu Province. The two pens are very similar in shape. They are all finely ground with wooden materials. They have sharp pens and horse-eared tongues. Surprisingly, there is a gap in the middle of the tongue of these two pens, which is in the shape of a double petal tip, similar to today's tongue. 199 1 year, a miner found a Han dynasty enamel, two bronze arrows and a bamboo slip at the site of Gaowang Lane on the southeast bank of Lake Haranaoer in the northwest of Dunhuang City. This is the earliest bamboo cone pen found in China so far, which is nearly two thousand years ago. According to this, it is asserted that before the arrival of brush calligraphy in the Western Han Dynasty, there was a pre-Qin hard pen era in the history of calligraphy in China.
The recent research results of China experts show that the ancient hard pen in China is closely related to the modern pen. From the similarity of the shape and principle of the tongue, we can see that the ancient hard pen in China is closely related to the modern western pen, at least it is its "distant ancestor". With the wide application of brush and the invention of paper, brush calligraphy finally dominated the calligraphy field in China, and the "pre-Qin hard pen era" that once appeared disappeared. /kloc-with the spread and use of western pens in the 0/9th century, the Chinese brush, which has been used for more than 2,000 years, gradually retreated to the "second line" in practice, making hard-pen calligraphy sprout. From the beginning of the 20th century to the 1980s, pen calligraphy was finally pioneered by some people of insight. Some monographs and copybooks explaining the writing style of pen and ink came out one after another, which laid a good foundation for the popularization and development of hard pen calligraphy.
From the early 1980s to the present, the hard-pen calligraphy contest was first launched, followed by exhibitions, lectures, inspections, seminars, newspapers, monographs and copybooks. The hard-pen calligraphy activities in full swing were vigorously carried out in China. Hard-pen calligraphy has expanded the field of traditional calligraphy in China with its diverse styles, popular aesthetic taste, fresh vitality and novel sense of the times. Finally, it occupies an important position in the magnificent art hall of China's calligraphy.
Third, the difference and connection between hard pen calligraphy and brush calligraphy
Hard pen calligraphy and brush calligraphy are cross-developed. Although the artistry and expressive force of brush calligraphy are far greater than that of hard-pen calligraphy, the pen regular script copybook www.shufaai.com >: Cai Yong wrote in "Nine Potential": "Therefore, the trend is unstoppable. The trend is unstoppable, but the pen is soft and strange. " However, from a practical point of view, hard pen calligraphy has become a powerful new force in calligraphy art, and with the rapid development of hard pen calligraphy (especially pen calligraphy), the characteristics of this art itself are becoming more and more prominent. Then, what is the difference and connection between hard pen calligraphy and brush calligraphy?
(1) The root of the difference between hard pen calligraphy and brush calligraphy lies in the difference of writing tools.
1. The lines formed by different writing tools have different textures. Brushes are mainly made of wool from sheep, rabbits, chickens, weasels and other animals. In addition, the lines formed by the amount of ink used by the pen have different ink colors, and their lines are soft and rich in texture, and the strokes are floating or healthy. There is rigidity and softness, and there is flesh and blood. Hard pen is made of gold, copper, iron, iridium and other hard materials, so the writing is solid, slender and powerful.
2. Due to the flexibility of the brush, the strokes are wide and narrow, with different sizes, and the lines and faces are used together, which is rich in performance; However, the hard pen has smaller opening and closing ability, uniform stroke thickness and bright and concise lines.
3. Brush calligraphy is generally large in font, large in space and easy to appreciate. However, there are more artistic creations now, but fewer applications. In addition, the cost of writing with special paper such as Xuan paper and wool paper is also very high. Hard pen calligraphy is small and exquisite, easy to write and change, basically not limited by paper, and widely used in all walks of life.
(2) Contact information
Hard pen calligraphy is called calligraphy because it is closely related to brush calligraphy.
1. are all based on Chinese characters, that is, Chinese characters are the object of expression.
Although their brushwork is different, their structural rules and composition are basically the same.
3. The line expression of hard pen can learn from the brushwork of brush. For example, in hard pen calligraphy, the method of integrity and priority of pen fluctuation is used for reference to make the strokes more colorful.
From the above analysis, we can see that hard pen calligraphy and brush calligraphy are two different and related arts. Differences make them relatively independent art forms, and connections make them closely related. We can learn more from the experience of Chinese calligraphy in hard pen, but we don't have to learn Chinese calligraphy first to write hard pen. China brush calligraphy has developed into a wonderful art, because it has a history of two thousand years as a practical writing of the Chinese nation. Nowadays, hard-pen calligraphy has taken over the original "practicality" of Chinese calligraphy, and has become a medium for national cultural exchange and dissemination. Practical advantages will also make hard pen calligraphy develop into a superb art like brush calligraphy.
Fourth, the writing tools of hard pen calligraphy
Confucius said, "If a worker wants to do a good job, he must first sharpen his tools." To learn hard-pen calligraphy, we must first understand the writing tools and be familiar with the writing materials. Only in this way can we learn the skills of controlling tools and master the basic creative methods of hard pen calligraphy as soon as possible. The tools of traditional calligraphy are pen, clay, paper and inkstone, which is called "Four Treasures of the Study". Because hard pen writing rarely uses inkstone, it is omitted here. It can be said that these things are easy to get. Just pay attention to the selection when you buy it. Just choose the tool you are satisfied with.
(1) pen
There are many kinds of hard pens. When choosing, you should choose your favorite pen according to your own needs, from the aspects of hardness, advantages and disadvantages, writing conditions, needs and so on. Hard pens are generally divided into ink and ink-free. Those with ink are called ink pens, and those without ink are called inkless pens. For artistic pens, it should be noted that the pen tip is different from ordinary pens, and the actions of starting and closing pens will be different from other common hard pens, so it is necessary to make some distinctions in the writing process and not generalize. This course focuses on the general hard pen. Because the general hard pen is often contacted and used by everyone, while the artistic pen is only used by a few people or on special occasions, we don't take the brushwork of the artistic pen as the basic brushwork.
1. Selection of ink pen
The following points should be paid attention to in the choice of ink pen: ① nib. The choice of pen tip is the most important content in pen selection. A good pen tip generally meets the following conditions: first, the pen tip is symmetrical, the petals are the same size, and the thickness is equal; Second, the written points are of the same size, uniform shape, perfect fit and smooth without paper pulling; Third, the elasticity is moderate (it means that you can feel some toughness by gently pressing the pen tip with your fingers). Two skins. The most important thing to check the skin is water absorption, that is, feel the elasticity with your hands, which is good in elasticity and water absorption; On the contrary, the water absorption performance is poor. ③ External structure. The external structure is perfect, including the pen holder, the performance of each opening and closing position is intact, and the sleeve is complete. 4 appearance. Appearance is whether the shape and color of the pen are pleasing or not.
2. The choice of ink-free pen
When choosing an inkless pen, you should pay attention to the following points: ① Choose according to your needs. For example, pencils, depending on the model, do you want 2B or HB, and so on. (2) When trying to write, the pen should be hard, not easy to break, delicate and soft in texture, and feel good. The lines that come out should be even, and there should not be too many unsmooth pens and impurities, such as chalk. 3 appearance, that is, whether the shape and color of the pen are pleasing to the eye.
3. Maintenance of pens
A satisfactory pen becomes your favorite thing after you buy it back. In order to prolong its service life and make this lovely pen write more lovely words, we need to pay attention to the following points.
(A) the maintenance of ink pens
One is front writing, that is, when writing, the pen tip is straight to the front. This is not only beneficial to the opening and closing of the pen tip, but also beneficial to the expression of lines, avoiding the mutual friction between the two petals of the pen tip and reducing the damage of the pen tip. Second, don't use too much force when writing, and use both light and heavy to avoid the deformation of the nib due to overweight. Third, the ink should always use the same brand, so as to avoid chemical reaction between inks and affect the smooth flow of the pen tip. The fourth is to form the habit of covering the pen immediately after use, so as to avoid the pen tip drying up or the pen rolling down and breaking. Fifth, pay attention to cleaning the nib frequently. Generally, when the ink is used up or it is found that the ink is not smooth, it should be cleaned in time to keep the pen smooth when writing.
(2) Non-ink pen maintenance
First, pay attention to saving. Don't break it at will. Second, don't cut the pencil too long. The nib breaks easily. Third, don't sharpen your pen too sharply, or you will easily cut the paper. Fourth, pay attention to the angle of writing and try not to cause more waste because of improper use.
(2) Ink
Ink is produced with the production of pens. At the beginning, there were only two kinds of inks produced in China, red and blue, both of which were chemical raw materials. In recent years, the variety of ink has gradually increased. There are various colors in the county, especially carbon ink, which is popular. Carbon ink contains a large number of plant components, which has the advantages of strong specific gravity, bright handwriting and permanent preservation, and has become a necessary thing for ink pen writing. At the same time, it also has some shortcomings. If it is easy to solidify, the pen is often blocked, indicating that the quality of the pen is slightly wrong and the ink is difficult to flow smoothly. Based on this, I suggest you use some good quality black ink to solve the problem of poor ink output. At present, there are many kinds of carbon inks produced in China. Representative ones are "Shanghai brand ink", "Beijing brand ink" made in Shanghai and "ostrich brand ink is the most watery" made in Tianjin. The three kinds of kicking water have their own characteristics. Authors can choose them according to their own preferences and creative requirements. If you have black ink, I suggest you be the "boss brand black ink" in Sichuan.
(3) Paper
What kind of paper is the best for hard pen writing? This also varies from pen to pen. If you write with a bigger pen, the requirements for paper are not particularly detailed. Even thicker surfaces can write better results. If it is a miniature pen, the requirements for paper will be higher. At least make a sword like this: first, it can "stay in the dark." Because the strokes themselves are very narrow and small, the created line shape cannot allow unnecessary changes such as paper diffusion, otherwise it will be unrecognizable. Second, the paper is delicate. There can't be a fiber hanging pen in the line pen. The third is light but not slippery. Paper is shiny, but not too oily. The choice of paper and the mastery of its performance need us to explore constantly in practice.
Five, a brief description of the chalk word
Chalk regular script is an essential skill for teacher education. With the popularization of computers, the use of chalk has been greatly reduced, but it is impossible to make chalk disappear. It is a part of China library culture and an art category. It will exist in China for a long time, and teachers have the important task of inheriting culture. There is a requirement to improve the quality of teaching, so normal education must master this skill.
Chalk is a hard pen. It plays an important role in education and teaching. It has certain particularity, so it is introduced separately. Chalk is a round hammer-shaped solid hard pen made of gypsum and other raw materials, which is about 1 1 cm long. Use this hard pen to write beautiful chalk marks on the blackboard according to the writing rules of Chinese characters, which is called chalk characters. Chalk characters have a long history in China. As early as ancient times, our ancestors painted on cliff walls with white powder stone. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, the ancestors used white sand stones to write on hard objects such as cliff stones. In modern times, after the Revolution of 1911, the feudal dynasty closed its doors for a long time. Under the advocacy of new education, chalk characters appear in school teaching classes to assist teachers in teaching and improve teaching quality.
Chalk characters have the dual attributes of practicality and artistry. At present and for a long time to come, its practicality is more important than its artistry. But we can't ignore its artistry, especially its artistic influence on students. Because chalk is widely used in classroom teaching in various schools, a person will be influenced by the teacher's chalk characters from childhood literacy to college graduation. First of all, no matter whether calligraphy is advocated or not, a teacher who writes well in chalk can bring out a group of students who write well. This subtle influence is very important to students. Secondly, writing chalk words well is also an aspect of improving our own quality, which is one of the manifestations of our quality, especially the quality of teachers, so it is also an important aspect of improving our own internal quality. Finally, it can improve the quality of education and teaching, and make every publicity and education and teachers' classroom receive better results. Now all schools, especially primary and secondary schools, pay more attention to the training of chalk characters. Some schools will also assign writing tasks to teachers to further improve the teaching effect. It is very important for everyone, especially teachers, to practice chalk writing well. To practice chalk writing well, we must strengthen the study of its writing methods and basic requirements.
1. We should constantly improve our writing skills with brush and other hard pens. Chalk writing, writing brush and other hard pen calligraphy arts promote and benefit each other. If you have the writing foundation of brush calligraphy and other hard pen calligraphy, writing chalk characters can complement each other. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the training of hard pen characters such as writing brush and lay a solid foundation for chalk characters.
2. Choose the right position. Posting is the only way for every writer. Be sure to do a good job of selecting posts before posting. Improper use of posts will affect the writer's writing effect. Therefore, job selection is particularly important for writers.
3. Stick to more stickers and persevere. .
4. Read more, think more and compare more.
5. Use more and communicate more.
6. Enrich the cultivation of extracurricular work.