Chapter layout belongs to the category of calligraphy art creation, which is called "business position" in painting.
The writing content of a work is rich and simple, with few words, which embodies different emotions and styles. How to better reflect the writer's thoughts and feelings through the artistic treatment of the size, density and retraction of the whole word, with a high degree of change and unified formal beauty, and the harmonious combination of the two is the problem to be solved in the layout design of calligraphy works.
First, the white line in ancient calligraphy works
In ancient calligraphy works, although there are many forms, such as vertical lines or horizontal lines, vertical lines or horizontal lines, vermilion columns (silk woven with red squares or paper woven with red squares) and paintings, the word spacing and word spacing of various formats are also different; Some line spacing is wider than word spacing; Some word spacing is wider than line spacing; Some words are equally spaced. But in terms of style, it can be roughly divided into two categories:
In the first category, the white cloth on the branches shows a solemn and generous style. Since Han Li, there have been Shi Chenbei, Cao Quanbei and Confucius Temple. Because the official script is horizontal, although the vertical and horizontal lines are all on the same line, the word spacing is wider than the line spacing; The regular script and cursive script of Zhong You and Erwang are staggered vertically, and the line spacing is wider than the word spacing. Fonts are vertical and horizontal, such as Zhong You's table, Wang Xizhi's theory of music, and manuscripts such as Lanting Preface, Yuanguan Post and Cold Cut Post. Some inscriptions in the Northern Wei Dynasty are criss-crossed, with the same spacing, such as Stone (written in another case), the inscription on Mrs. Qiu Muling's portrait of Liang, and the epitaph of Zhang Xuan. Some word spacing is wider than line spacing, such as stele, Sui stele, Longzang Temple, Zhi Yong's Qian Zi Wen, Yu Shinan's Confucius Temple Monument in Tang Dynasty, Jiucheng Palace, Zhao Mengfu in Yuan Dynasty and Dong Qichang in Ming Dynasty. Although there are differences in style, the white layout of branches generally belongs to this category.
In the second category, branched white cloth shows rich and dense styles. Some of them are not arranged vertically and horizontally. For example, there are some Oracle Bone Inscriptions in the Yin Dynasty and some inscriptions in the Zhou Dynasty. Pictographic strokes are complex, curved and round, patchwork, dense and full, and interesting. Some are criss-crossed, such as "Shi Sanpan", "Great Yu Ding" and "Li Yin". Some also have squares, such as "Xiaodingke" and "Mount Tai carved stone" in the Qin Dynasty. Some are scattered in rows, such as the "Sangong Mountain Monument" in the Han Dynasty and the "Tianfa God Monument" in the Wu Dynasty. The works of Yan Zhenqing, Liu Gongquan in Tang Dynasty and Su Shi in Song Dynasty all belong to this category.
It can be seen that the layout of branches changes according to the style, content, style and length of the book. If there are many contents and words, but the space is limited and the book style is vigorous and open, then the branches will inevitably become dense. In this case, we should pay attention to dense and full, not crowded and disorderly. If it is official script or regular script, the branches generally use vertical lines and horizontal lines. The vertical line spacing of official script is wider than the horizontal line, and the vertical lines and horizontal lines of regular script are equal. Some branches also use Zhu Sizhu (painted with a brush or duckbill pen) or separate writing, and the words with beautiful font style are generally sparse. But official script and regular script also have dense white cloth, such as Yan characters. If the branches are evenly distributed and too dense, congestion may occur. If the white cloth is even vertically and horizontally, and the style is beautiful and sparse, more attention should be paid to the size of the font, the skew of the strokes, and the changes in opening and closing; If the cursive script is vertical and horizontal, there are complex changes such as density, strewn at random, danger and weight, opening and closing due to the changes of points and strokes. Branches can be laid out according to people's wishes, but as long as they are suitable, the changes will not be chaotic.
Second, several common formats
1. Write vertically and horizontally
Ancient calligraphy works are written vertically, rarely horizontally, only with plaques and horizontal stripes; Paintings and fan inscriptions, article titles, etc. It is also written horizontally. Usually from right to left. The white layout requirements of its branches are basically the same as those of vertical writing, but they are changed from vertical to horizontal. After modern books, periodicals and newspapers are changed into horizontal rows, their rows are from left to right.
2. Inscription and seal
Although the inscriptions and seals are attached to the contents of calligraphy works, they are an organic and important part of a calligraphy work, which plays a role in changing the reality of the picture and filling in the blank. Some works often don't pay enough attention to the inscription and seal cutting, which destroys the unity and change of the overall situation and damages the perfection of the composition and layout of the works.
Inscription is the explanatory text of calligraphy works, including the description of writing content, for whom, creation time, place and author's name.
The inscription is divided into single and double paragraphs. The content is simple and complicated. If it is a single paragraph, just write the author's name or time; If it is a complicated writing, it is necessary to explain the content, such as the author of this poem (including epigraph), why it was written, when and where it was written, or the name of the study. The two paragraphs refer to the names of the patients, such as ×× Letter Instruction, Yazheng, Axe Correction, Wrist Correction, etc. The style of the inscription is generally a running script, the font is smaller than the text, and it is written on the left side of the text, which is equivalent to a line of words. Some inscriptions have a lot of words, but the words are not as many as inscriptions, so inscriptions are also part of the text layout. The text is large and sparse, and the inscription is small and tight, so that all changes are unified. If the number of words in the inscription is small, the distance between the inscription and the name and seal can be widened, but symmetry is appropriate. The place and seal under the name should not exceed the bottom line of the text, preferably half a word or one word away. If only a limited space is left for the inscription after writing, the inscription should be simple, with only the name, year, month and seal, or only the name and seal.
Although the seal is small, it cannot be ignored. In a calligraphy work, you can set off the atmosphere, adjust the layout, increase the changes, and play the role of finishing touch. Some works are well written in words and titles, but improper handling, skew, inappropriate position and size of seals will affect and destroy the perfect unity of composition and layout.
There are two kinds of seals: name seal and leisure seal. The name stamp is engraved with the author's name, or single surname, or alias, and is stamped under or next to his name. Depending on the size of the space on one or both sides, if the name is more than two-thirds of the longitudinal length, it can be stamped with seals on both sides. If the name is very low, there is no seal, and the space next to it is large, the left side of the name can be stamped. The content of leisure articles often entrusts the author's thoughts and opinions on art, which can help the audience understand the author's works. In fact, the leisure chapter is generally covered in the blank space on the right side of the line, also known as the "introduction chapter"; Cover the blank space after the title, also known as "foot stamp". The shapes of seals are square, round, oval or irregular, large and small. The size of the name stamp should be consistent with the font and book size of the work. Leisure articles can be slightly larger, but they should also be commensurate with the length and style of the book. In short, it should be coordinated with the composition and layout of the whole work. There are two kinds of printing: Zhu Wen and (there are also half-square Zhu Wen and half-square). Zhu Wen is a positive seal and a negative seal. According to the needs of layout, we usually use white articles in negative language.
3. Various formats
(1) Vertical, also known as banners, is a form of vertical writing, and those mounted into a shaft are called "vertical shaft" and "nave".
Actually, banners are different from nave. Nave hangs in the middle of the first wall of the entrance hall of a Chinese-style house, and often there is a pair of couplets on each side, the picture of which is relatively large. Banners are hung on the walls of the study, living room and bedroom, and there is not much space. If the vertical frame is written in regular script, official script and seal script, it can be arranged horizontally and vertically, and regular script can be arranged vertically and horizontally or staggered, so it is better to be neat, symmetrical and clear. If it is cursive, we should pay attention to momentum, change and integrity. But no matter what kind of book you use, it is to better express your feelings and your understanding of the content of the work. Writing format, the first word is not empty, there is no punctuation in the middle. If it is a song, you can leave a word-sized blank between the pen and the pen to show the difference.
2. Banners, also called horizontal curtains, are called horizontal axes after mounting.
The length of the banner can be large or small, as needed. Its format is roughly the same as vertical row, but it is changed from vertical row to horizontal row, with short vertical row and multiple rows. Therefore, the cursive writing space is not large, and the up and down momentum is quite affected. The vertical and horizontal line spacing of official script, regular script, seal script and running script is roughly the same as the vertical line. If the number of words is very small, only four or five to ten words, it should be arranged symmetrically, neatly, changefully and imposing.
(3) plaque, also known as plaque.
Used in shops, institutions, museums, rooms and restaurants to indicate names and font sizes; Used in courtyards, garden gates or rocks is the starting point of landscape. The name and font size of the plaque are also vertical, and the font is mostly used by official script and seal script. Generally, the number of words is small, the font is large, and most of them are official scripts. The layout should be carefully managed to increase the aesthetic feeling. Fonts should be dignified, symmetrical and diverse. The name is smaller than the original, and the seal should correspond. Too big will distract attention, too small will be uncoordinated.
(4) hand roll.
Also known as long scrolls, written on narrow strips of paper, the content is mostly long literary works. This kind of long scroll can be written in one breath later, so most of it is cursive, such as Su Shi's "Dongting Spring, Zhongshan Songlao", which consists of seven pieces of paper, with a length of 28cm and a width of 300cm, totaling more than 670 words. There is an inscription by Su Shi after the text. Long scrolls also use seal script, but rarely.
5. Couplets, also known as couplets, are a traditional form with a wide range of uses.
According to legend, there was a big peach tree on Mount Tussaud in the ancient East China Sea of China. There is a tea tree and a gloomy Er Shen under the tree, which can eat all kinds of ghosts. So on the first day of the Lunar New Year, Er Shen was painted on it and hung on the portal to ward off evil spirits. Therefore, every year during the Spring Festival, "Taofu" should be changed to exorcise evil spirits, so as to be auspicious and form a long-standing national custom. As early as the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Chronicle of Jingchu written by Liang Zonggu in the Southern Dynasties has been recorded. According to Zhang's Shu Lang, after five dynasties, Meng Chang, a great scholar in Shu, wrote a couplet "Happy New Year and Happy Holidays". Changchun "dormitory door, which reads" Fu Tao ". This is the beginning of couplets, which were later written on paper and posted on the portal, called "Spring Festival couplets". There is also writing couplets on the pillars, called "couplets". Many pagodas and temples have such couplets. Couplets became more and more widely used, and later they were used for funerals and happy events. Usually, couplets are hung in the study, bedroom and hall, which not only embellishes the atmosphere, but also maintains people's thoughts and feelings, stimulates fighting spirit and expresses their wishes.
Couplets are divided into left and right couplets, the first couplet is called upper couplet, the second couplet is called lower couplet, and the two couplets are symmetrical. There are four, five and seven characters, and some of them are as many as dozens of horizontal characters, which are called "long couplet". For example, the famous long couplet in Daguanlou, Dianchi Lake, Kunming, has a single couplet of 90 words, * * * 180 words, also known as "Long Mendui". The conjunctions are rigorous and pay attention to antithesis and rhyme. When writing couplets, we should not only pay attention to the symmetry, change and consistency of the layout of couplets, but also align and bottom couplets, so it is more difficult to write couplets. In order to unify and improve, we should carefully manage the layout in advance. Before writing, you can fold it into a square according to the length and width of the space, or you can fold it into six squares and write according to the center line. The upper and lower half squares are reserved for the ends of heaven and earth, or they can be folded into five squares, and written by squares. Generally, a single cell is difficult to fold. You can leave a middle cell after half folding and then fold it into a double cell. But the upper and lower couplets should leave room for the left and right questions. The upper part of the upper and lower titles is in the right space, slightly above, and the lower part is in the left space, slightly below. If it is a single paragraph, write it in the left margin of the lower part. Write a couplet and put it aside, so write down the couplet reference, so that the two pairs are United into a perfect whole. The purpose of overlapping words is to have a good idea when writing, and it is not necessary to copy them mechanically, especially cursive scripts, which can be lengthened or shortened by breaking lines, mainly depending on the content of the words and the author's mood.
[6]. puzzle.
There are many kinds of fans in China with a long history. Cui Bao, a native, recorded in Notes on Ancient and Modern that "Shun is a five-Ming fan" and "Yin has a pheasant tail fan", indicating that there were fans in Xia and Shang Dynasties, which has a history of three or four thousand years. But at that time, the fan was a "etiquette fan", held by the waiter to shelter the emperor from the wind and rain, and the material of the fan was mostly feathers. During the Three Kingdoms period, Zhuge Liang held a "feather fan" in his hand, which was used to fan the wind, fly, cover the sun and dust, and Kong Ming also used it to direct the war. During the Han and Tang dynasties, round fans and hexagonal fans made of white Russell silk and blue yarn were popular, embroidered with landscapes, flowers and figures, which have been combined with painting and become the theme of poets' poems. The poem "Tuan Fan, Tuan Fan, Beauty Cover Your Face" is contained in the Tang Dynasty's "Teasing Order". Liu Yuxi also has a poem reciting fans: "The reunion fan is a reunion fan, which will clear the Summer Palace for you. The autumn wind enters the court tree and never meets. " I guess there was a poem on the fan. Later, fans became a kind of daily necessities that integrated the art of poetry, calligraphy and painting with practicality. The popular folding fan, also known as folding fan, was called bone-gathering fan in ancient times, which was only introduced in the Northern Song Dynasty. It was not until the Yongle period of the Ming emperor that it became popular from the palace.
The folding fan uses white bamboo, purple bamboo, square bamboo and torreya grandis bamboo as fan bones, and also uses advanced materials such as ivory as fan bones. Use clay gold, cold gold, stationery, white paper and alum as paper. Because the fan is wide and narrow, there are naturally broken lines, and some fans are covered with incense, so it is difficult to write, and the arrangement of rules is also very particular. Especially paper fans with bones, it is difficult to write because of uneven paving. The arrangement of rules and regulations is based on the principle of sequential change. When writing, according to the content, you can arrange two words along the fan edge; Or write a full line of pages; Can also be long and short layout; If the number of words is less than four or five words, you can also write the whole page from right to left along the upper half of the fan center line. But no matter what kind of layout, it requires changes in reality and neatness. If you write two characters in each line, you can typeset along the lower position of the edge of the sector according to the radian of the sector. The first character is slightly horizontal and the second character is slightly vertical, so as to adapt to the form of expanding the sector from the center point of the upper width to the lower width. There is no limit to the style of this book. If you use regular script, it should be neat, symmetrical and changeable. The inscription and seal requirements of the inscription fan are the same as the vertical axis and the horizontal axis. In short, it is more difficult to write a model. Before writing, it should be carefully arranged according to the content and the number of words, so as to make the layout perfect. When writing, you can press the lower part of the fan with your left hand and write with your right hand.
At one time, the combination of painting, poetry, books and painting was a remarkable feature of Chinese painting.
Painting is to inscribe poems in the proper position of the picture, which is not only an accessory of painting, but also an organic part of the picture. Topic painting is to deepen and highlight the theme and artistic conception of the picture, supplement and increase the realistic changes of the picture, and become an indispensable part of the vivid and perfect layout of the picture. According to "Mountain Residence Graph Theory" in the Qing Dynasty, "The inscription painting started in Jiangsu and Rice, and gradually increased in Yuan and Ming Dynasties. People who paint landscapes with the position of inscriptions will also benefit from the inscriptions. High emotions and easy thinking, the lack of painting, the work of the title, the origin of later generations. " Zhang Yanyuan's History of Famous Paintings in the Tang Dynasty also recorded that Wang Kun, the uncle of Wang Xizhi in the Jin Dynasty, wrote a painting praise in the Picture of Confucius' Ten Disciples, saying that "painting is my own painting, and the book is my book". "If you want to learn books, you will know that the accumulation of knowledge can be far-reaching, and learning painting can help your brother know his own way." It can be seen that some people have inscribed pictures before and after the Jin Dynasty. In Song Dynasty, Su Shi and Mi Fei regarded it as an organic part of painting, and consciously combined words with painting. After the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, with the development of literati painting, the form of inscribed poems became more popular. So it has a long history.
The title painting combines literature, calligraphy and painting, which increases the artistic appeal of the picture and produces intriguing and unforgettable effects. So the content, form and position of the painting are very important. The content of the inscription should be based on the principle of highlighting and strengthening the theme, ideological content and artistic conception of the picture and making up for the deficiency of the image of the picture, or poetry or words, or prose or essays, or long and short sentences or long articles. For example, in Qi Baishi's "Making a Rich Map", only an abacus is drawn in the lower right corner of the map, but a long paragraph is written: "At the beginning of May, Ding Mao had a guest, and he said that he would draw a rich map. Yu Yue: There are too many ways to get rich. What should I do? Yue: bother your aunt! Yu Yue: Do you want to draw Marshal Zhao Gong? Yue:No. Yu also said: knives, guns, ropes and so on? Yue:No. Yu also said: bath painting, printing, clothes and so on? Yue: No. What about the abacus Yu Yue: Good people! It is a good deed to want money without danger. I did it with a wave of my hand, remember. The guests are in the back, and I draw this hidden bottom. The 300-year-old lithograph millionaire also wrote the original record. " After reading this postscript, look at the abacus in the picture, and its theme and profound meaning are highlighted, giving people a feeling of endless speculation. The position of the painting depends on the specific picture. Some words are written all over the face, and some only write a font size on the trunk stone. Or vertical or horizontal writing, ever-changing, improper handling will have the feeling of gilding the lily and destroy the unity and harmony of the picture. For the font size, all kinds of books are ok, but there are many cursive scripts, so you must prepare in advance and know well.
As a book title.
Modern book titles are widely used. The titles of book covers, columns and newspaper titles are generally written in regular script, including true, cursive, official and seal script, which can be used in any style, horizontal and vertical, requiring unity and solemnity, and taking aesthetics and easy thinking as the principle. Generally anonymous, some require to be named, so the position of the named seal can be left at the lower part of the vertical direction, and the position of the named seal can be left at the end of the horizontal direction.