1. What does "LESS" mean in ancient Chinese?
Lesson kè
〈motion〉
(1) (phonetic) . Congyan, Guosheng. Original meaning: examination)
(2) Same as the original meaning (examination according to certain standards) [examine] lesson, test. ——"Shuowen" Those who use the power of killing are also those who teach the officials about their abilities. ——"Han Feizi·Dingfa" Don't use the finished equipment if you don't teach it, don't try it, don't hide it. ——"Guanzi·Qifa" If there are officials but no classes, there are no officials; if there are classes but no rewards and punishments, there are no classes. ——Su Xun's "The Emperor's Letter"
(3) Another example: teaching his career; class examination (test, assessment); class performance (performance appraisal)
(4) Supervise and urge the completion of designated tasks [urge] the class members to carry hundreds of kilograms of luggage and move around the house. ——"Book of the Later Han Dynasty"
(5) Teach or study according to the prescribed content and weight [teach and study] Give lessons with Miss Lu every night until three o'clock and four drums. ——"The Scholars" (6) Another example: Kezi (teaching children to read); Lesson Reading (teaching or learning according to the prescribed content and quantity)
(7) Collect taxes; send labor [ Levy] was the year when the expatriates in Xuzhou in southern Xuzhou began to rent classes. ——"Song Book·The Chronicles of Emperor Xiaowu"
(8) Another example: taxation (collecting financial taxes and assigning corvees); imposing heavy taxes
(9) Divination [divinate ] One day, those who can teach, and make them teach, will be successful. ——Huihong's "Leng Zhai Night Talk"
(10) Another example: lesson tube (divination tube); lesson language nonsense (nonsense) 2. What does the lesson mean in junior high school classical Chinese
Dual lessons (duo shu)
1. An old-fashioned set of exercises for learning words and phrases and preparing to write poems. For example: the teacher said "rain", and the students said "wind"; the teacher said "peach red", and the students said "willow
green".
2. A kind of homework in old private schools, that is, pairing. "The Second Episode of West Lake: Spring in the Yujun Palace of the Yujun": "The lesson will be learned at that time. How wonderful is the lesson he learned? Mr. Li said: 'A pair of zodiac geese are flying south.' Zhao Xiong Duo: 'Two roast geese are heading north. '" Cai Yuanpei's "My Experience in Education": "The duplication is similar to the current sentence structure. It is about one to four characters. The teacher comes up with the first couplet and the students come up with it. In the second couplet. Not only should the nouns be matched with the nouns, the static words should be matched with the static words, and the verbs should be matched with the verbs; within each type of word, the character should be similar. For example, if the word "山" is a noun, it should be used. The word sea or water came to him because they are both geographical nouns. "Lu Xun's "Morning Blossoms Picked Up at Dusk: From Baicao Garden to Sanwei Bookstore": "The lessons were gradually added, from three words to five words, and finally to the end. "Seven words." Dual lessons are one of the common and even required courses in private schools in the old days, and they are also an important means of traditional Chinese teaching in my country.
Duixi is Duizi, which is the literature and art of Chinese culture that runs through the past and the present in social life, has the widest application range, the strongest vitality, the most refined and the most economical and applicable literature and art. Also called couplets, couplets are an art form with national characteristics that is loved by our people. It is a perfect combination of language art, calligraphy art and decorative art. Couplets, commonly known as couplets, are also called couplets, couplets, etc. The so-called couplet refers to a type of couplet that is composed of two sentences, upper and lower, with the same number of words, related content, and emphasis on parallelism. Couplets are related to the traditional Chinese architectural format. In ancient times, a room was called a couplet. Couplets: refers to the pillars in front of the hall. Hanging or affixing couplets on the pillars is called couplets. Duizi is the customary folk name for couplets. Couplings are also related to rhythmic poetry, which emphasizes parallelism. The third and fourth sentences, and the fifth and sixth sentences are similar to two pairs of couplets. Therefore, couplets are known as "poems within poems", a wonder in Chinese language and literature, and a treasure in traditional Chinese culture. There have always been different opinions about the age of the couplets. The traditional view is that the earliest couplets began in the Five Dynasties. It is believed that the "New Year's Na Yuqing, the Festival Number Changchun" written by Meng Chang, the lord of Later Shu, is the earliest couplet in my country. Couples are also called couplets and couplets, and those affixed to the pillars are called couplets. 3. What does the classical Chinese in Deng Jiaxian’s class mean?
The translation is as follows:
Vast, vast! The empty desert is endless, and there is no human habitation in the vast desert. The river water curves and flows like a streamer.
The mountains intertwined like canine teeth. The darkness is so miserable and desolate, the bright wind howls, and the sky is dim. The flying back was broken, the grass withered, and in the morning as cold as frost, all kinds of flying bodies had nowhere to live and were scurrying around in the sky. Many monsters fought fiercely and ran away from the group.
The director of the pavilion told me: "This is like an ancient battlefield! Often the entire army of the losing side is here at night, and the sound of ghosts crying can often be heard. Whenever the sky is cloudy, You will hear it more clearly."
Original text
How awesome! The flat sand is endless and there are no people in sight. The river is lingering and the mountains are in dispute. It's gloomy and miserable, the wind is sad and the sun is shining. The awnings are broken, the grass is withered, and it is as cold as frost in the morning. The birds cannot fly, and the beasts are desperate. The chief of the pavilion told Yu: "This is an ancient battlefield! The three armies are often surrounded. Ghosts often cry, and when the sky is cloudy, they can be heard!"
Extended information
Creation background
Selected from Tang Dynasty·Li Hua's "Diao Ancient Battle Texts". "Diao Ancient Battle Essay" is selected from "Complete Tang Dynasty Essays" and is a parallel poem written by Li Hua, a poet of the Tang Dynasty. The article describes the desolate and miserable scenes of the ancient battlefield, revealing the cruelty of war and the suffering it caused to the people.
This article was written by Li Hua of the Tang Dynasty because he felt that Emperor Xuanzong of the late Tang Dynasty did not repair his internal affairs and was reckless in his conquests. In November of that year, the author was ordered to go to Shuofang (today's Lingwu area of ??Ningxia) to patrol the border and inspect military affairs. He witnessed the flying sand in the desert, wind and snow on the river, and the bitter cold of the soldiers at the border fortress. He was moved by the scenery and wrote this article.
During the Tang Tianbao period (742-756), because Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was so fond of great achievements, he even provoked his generals lightly and provoked others. To 11 million, "public and private labor costs, the people began to suffer" ("Tongjian").
In the northwest, in the eighth year of Tianbao (749), he ordered Ge Shuhan to attack the Tubo Stone Castle, and more than 60,000 soldiers died.
In the ninth year of Tianbao's reign (750), Gao Xianzhi attacked Shiguo in order to ask for help, brutally killed the old and the weak, captured its young men, plundered its gold and treasures, and captured and killed its king. This led to the rebellion of all the barbarians in the northwest and led to great chaos. When the food came to attack, only a few thousand of the thirty thousand people were left.
In the northern border, from the ninth year of Tianbao (750) to the eleventh year (752), Anlu Mountain conquered the Khitan, and the entire army of 60,000 people was wiped out.
In southern Xinjiang, from the tenth year of Tianbao (751) to the twelfth year of Tianbao (753), Yang Guozhong sent Xian Yu Zhongtong and others to conquer Nanzhao. Two hundred thousand people died.
Li Bai, Du Fu, Gao Shi, Wang Changling, etc. issued an angry rebuke for this unjust war that wasted people and money. The author also issued an anti-war voice through this article. 4. Translation of classical Chinese
Translation of Xue Yi
Yi Qiu is the best player in the country at playing Go. Let Yi Qiu teach two people to play Go. One of them concentrated on listening to Yi Qiu's teachings; while the other person was also listening, but in his heart he always thought that a swan was about to fly by in the sky, and he wanted to shoot it with a bow and arrow. Although this person studied with the attentive person, he did not learn as well as the previous one. Can it be said that his intelligence is not as good as the previous one? The answer was: Not so.
Translation of "Two Children Debating the Sun"
Confucius went on a study trip to the vassal states by car. When passing by the entrance of a village, he saw two cowherd boys arguing over something with red faces. Confucius asked them the reason for their dispute. A little boy said: "I think the sun is close to people when it first rises, but it is far away from people at noon."
Another child thought that the sun was far away from people when it first rose, but it was far away from people at noon. The sun travels far away and is close to people at noon.
A little boy said: "When the sun first rises, it looks like a round hood. At noon, it looks like a pan. Isn't this how small it is when it is far away and how big it is when it is close? ?"
Another little boy said: "When the sun first comes out, it feels cool and cool. At noon, it feels as hot as putting your hand in hot water. It's not hot near but far away. Is it cold?"
Confucius frowned and thought for a long time, unable to judge.
The two little boys were very happy and said: "Everyone says that you are a knowledgeable scholar who knows everything, but you can't even answer our children's questions. What is going on?" 5. The meaning of classical Chinese in the first lesson of the second volume of the sixth grade
Chapter 1:
"Xue Yi"
Original text:
Yiqiu is the person who is good at Yiqiu in the whole country.
He asked Yi Qiu to teach two people. One of them was dedicated, but Yi Qiu was the only one who listened. Although a person listens to this, he thinks that the swan is approaching, and he wants to help him with his bow and shoots at it. Why is his wisdom so painful? Said: Not so.
Translation:
Yi Qiu is the best chess player in the country. He asked Yi Qiu to teach two people to play chess. One of them studied very seriously and memorized what Yi Qiu said. Although the other person seemed to be listening to Yi Qiu's speech, he imagined in his heart that the swans were coming. He wanted to draw his bow and shoot them. Although he learned to play chess with others, he was not as good as him. Could it be that he Are you less intelligent than someone who listens carefully? I said: No!
Chapter 2:
"Two Children Debating the Sun"
Original text:
Confucius traveled eastward and saw two children arguing. Ask why.
One son said: "I think that when the sun begins to rise, people are close, but when the sun is at noon, people are far away."
Yi'er said: "At the beginning of the day, it is as big as the hood of a car, and at midday, it is like a pan. Isn't this small if it is far away, and big if it is close?"
Yi'er Said: "At the beginning of the day, it is cool in Cangcang, and in the middle of the day, it is like exploring the soup. Isn't it hot for those who are close and cool for those who are far away?"
Confucius couldn't decide. The two children laughed and said, "Who knows more about you?"
Reference translation of "Two Children Debating the Sun":
Confucius traveled to the East and saw two children arguing on the way. Just ask them what they are debating.
A child said: "I think the sun is close to people when it first rises, and is far away from people at noon." Another child thought that the sun is far away from people when it first rises, and is close to people at noon.
The previous child said: "When the sun first rises, it is as big as the hood of a car, and when it reaches noon, it is as small as the mouth of a plate. Isn't this why things far away appear small and things close up appear large?" ?"
Another child said: "It feels cool and cool when the sun first comes out, but when it reaches noon it is as hot as putting your hand into hot water. Isn't it just that those who are close feel hot, and those who are far away feel hot? Do you feel cold?"
Confucius couldn't tell who was right and who was wrong. The two children laughed and said: "Who said you are smart?"
Points! Please! I've been looking for it for a long time! 6. Translation of classical Chinese
This article is a fable.
The article describes that in ancient times, two children relied on their own intuition. One believed that the sun was close to people in the morning, and the other believed that the sun was close to people at noon. For this reason, they each held their own sides and argued. Even a learned man like Confucius could not make a judgment. This story illustrates that in order to understand nature and explore objective truth, one must dare to think independently and question boldly; it also illustrates that the universe is infinite and knowledge is infinite, and even the most knowledgeable people will not know something, and learning is endless.
The story can be understood in three parts. First, it writes about Confucius' encounter with two children arguing on the road, and points out the time, place, characters and causes of the story.
The two children presented two completely different views on the issue of how far the sun is from the earth at different times. Then write about two children using the intuition (visual, tactile) that people can experience in daily life to clarify their opinions to refute the other party's opinions.
Finally, it is written that Confucius faced the argument between the two children and was unable to make a decision, which caused the two children to "laugh". The full text is only about a hundred words, but it can give people many enlightenments.
Expressing characters and unfolding storylines through dialogue descriptions are the characteristics of its language expression, which expresses the innocence and loveliness of the two children and Confucius's modest, prudent and practical scientific attitude. The main purpose of selecting this article is to enable students to initially understand the linguistic characteristics of ancient Chinese prose, and at the same time realize that knowledge is endless and learning is endless.
The different meanings of characters and words in ancient and modern times are the difficulty in learning this article. For example, "I go when the sun starts to rise and people are near" the word "go" means "distance", which is different from the common modern meaning.
In addition, "尰", "汝", etc. rarely appear in modern Chinese, and such words must be understood by students. The translation below is for reference only.
Confucius went to the East for a study tour. On the way, he saw two children arguing. Confucius asked them the reason for their dispute.
A child said: "I think the sun is closer to people when it first rises, and farther away at noon.
"Another child thinks that the sun is far away from people when it first rises, and is close to people at noon.
The first child said: "When the sun first rises, it is as big as the hood of a car. It's like a pan. Isn't it small in the distance and big in the distance? Another child said: "It's cool when the sun first comes out, but when it's noon it's as hot as putting your hand into hot water. Isn't it hot when it's close and cool when it's far away?" After hearing this, Confucius couldn't tell who was right and who was wrong. The two children laughed and said, "Who said you know many things?" ” 2. Learning objectives 1. Learn the three new words in this lesson and be able to clarify the meaning of the text according to the notes after class.
2. Read the text emotionally. Recite the text and retell the story.
< p> 3. Understand the content of the text, and learn from the ancients’ spirit of using their brains and bold questioning to understand nature and explore the truth, as well as the spirit of Confucius? 3. Teaching Suggestions 1. Before class, teachers can review the scientific knowledge involved in the text. They can also ask students to ask "Does the distance between the sun and the earth change during the day?" Why does the sun look bigger in the morning and smaller at noon? Collect information by yourself on questions such as "why it feels cooler in the morning and hotter at noon".2. Although this article is concise, the different meanings of ancient and modern words are still a difficulty for students to read and understand, such as those that rarely appear in modern texts. The modal particle "hu" appears three times in the text. There are three steps to solve this difficulty.
(1) After students read the text, they should initially understand the meaning of each sentence. If students don’t understand, the teacher can provide some guidance so that students can understand the context.
(2) Read the story repeatedly to understand the content.
3. This story contains profound truths. Teachers can organize students to discuss and share what they thought of after reading this text.
Students should be encouraged to speak freely and gain insights from multiple perspectives. For example, the two children like to explore, and their spirit is commendable; the two children understand things from different angles, and the results are different; Confucius can correctly treat the questions raised by the children, not knowing what is not known, and seeking truth from facts.
As for the end of the article, Confucius "cannot solve it" should let students know that many natural phenomena are common scientific knowledge to us, but in ancient times they were mysteries that were difficult to solve due to underdeveloped science and technology. Therefore, Confucius' "inability to solve" is understandable. It can be seen that the universe is huge and the knowledge is vast, up and down, even a wise man cannot know everything.
Confucius did not "know what you don't know, but don't know what you know". "I don't know" attitude of seeking truth from facts. Therefore, when teaching, do not interpret the joke about Confucius as the main theme.
4. For beginners of classical Chinese, repeated reading is the most important method. When learning this article, you should still pay attention to guided reading.
When reading this article, you can use the following tips to read the pauses in the sentence. Confucius traveled eastward and saw two children arguing.
One son said: "I thought. /When the sun begins to rise/people are close to you, but when /at the middle of the day/people are far away. "One son said: "When the sun rises at the beginning of the day, it is far away, but when the sun rises at the middle of the day, it is close."
One of the children said: "The sun rises at the beginning of the day and is as big as a car hood; when it reaches the middle of the day, it is like a pan. This is not /The far one is small/and the near one is big? "One son said: "At the beginning of the day, it is cool in Cangcang, and in the middle of the day, it is like exploring the soup. Isn't this because the people near are hot and the people far away are cool? " Confucius couldn't decide. The two children laughed and said, "Who do you know? "The description of the language and dialogue of the two children is the focus of the teacher's guidance of students in reading.
In the second natural paragraph, the two children have completely different views on the distance between the sun and the earth at different times. Students should be guided Use a positive tone to read out the two children's opinions and unwillingness to give in to each other. In the third and fourth paragraphs, the two children use their own feelings and experiences to prove their own opinions and refute each other's opinions.
The two paragraphs have the same sentence pattern and structure, and both end with a rhetorical question. Pay attention to the pronunciation of the rhetorical question. Among them, "as big as a car hood" and "like exploring soup" should be emphasized, and "like a plate bowl" and "cangcang cool" should be emphasized. It should be read lightly and with a contrasting tone, so as to create a confrontation between two peaks, an indisputable debate, and a *** that needs to be resolved urgently.
In the fifth natural paragraph, when the two children saw that the sage Confucius could not make a decision, they laughed and said: "Who knows more about you?" It also uses a rhetorical question. It should be made clear that the laughter of the two children is not sarcastic. Students should be guided to read in a lively and relaxed tone to express the innocence and cuteness of children. When guiding students to read classical Chinese texts, they should pay attention to standard reading and comprehension.
On the basis of students understanding the content of the article and being able to read the full text emotionally, students are then guided to read aloud by role, striving to achieve recitation in class. 5. After-school extension.
It is recommended to arrange a language practice activity and perform "New." 7. Translation of classical Chinese
"Ten Principles of the Analects"
1. The Master said: "Isn't it also true to speak when one learns and practices it? Isn't it wonderful to have friends come from far away?" Isn’t it a gentleman who is unhappy if he doesn’t know? ”
1. Confucius said: “Isn’t it also happy to learn (knowledge) and then practice (review) it at a certain time?” Aren't you happy when people come from far away? They don't understand me, but I don't resent you. Aren't you also a gentleman?"
2. Zengzi said: "I examine myself three times in a day (xǐng). : To be unfaithful to others, to make friends without trust, to spread the word, and not to get used to it."
2. Zengzi said: "I reflect on myself many times every day: Do I do my best when doing things for others? When interacting with friends Are you honest? Have you reviewed the studies taught by the teacher?"
3. Confucius said: "He who reviews the past and learns the new can become a teacher."
3. Confucius said: "After reviewing old knowledge, you can have new understandings and new discoveries. With this, you can become a teacher."
4. Confucius said: "Learning without thinking is a waste; thinking without learning is a waste." Almost."
4. Confucius said: "If you only read without thinking, you will be confused and at a loss; if you just dream without reading, you will be harmful.
5. Confucius said: " Because, teach your daughter to know! To know is to know, not to know is to know, that is knowledge."
5. Confucius said: "You, teach you the attitude towards knowing and not knowing: knowing means knowing, not knowing means not knowing, this is Intelligent and wise."
6. Confucius said: "When you see a wise person, you should think about it; when you see an unworthy person, you should introspect yourself."
6. Confucius said: "When you see a wise person, You must think of following him, and when you see an unwise person, you should reflect on whether you have similar problems to him."
7. The Master said: "When three people walk together, there must be one who is my teacher; choose the one who is good. From this, those who are not good will change them."
7. Confucius said: "When several people are walking together (together), there must be my teacher among them. I will choose their strengths to learn from and see If you have the shortcomings they have, you should correct them."
8. Zengzi said: "A scholar cannot be without great perseverance. The responsibilities are heavy and the road is far. Benevolence is one's own responsibilities. It is not as important as death. It is not far away. Almost"
8. Zengzi said: "A scholar must have a broad mind and a firm will, because he shoulders a great mission and the journey is long. He regards the realization of the ideal of 'benevolence' as his own. Isn’t the mission very important? Isn’t it a long way until death?"
9. Master said: "When the years are cold, you will know that the pines and cypresses will wither."
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9. Confucius said: "After (encountering) a cold winter, I realized that the pines and cypresses are the last to lose their leaves."
10. Zigong asked: "There is a saying But those who can practice it for life?" The Master said: "How can I forgive you! Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you."
10. Zigong asked: "Is there one sentence that I can stick to throughout my life?" Confucius said: "That is probably 'Forgiveness'! Don't do things that you hate to others."
Confucius said: "Learn and practice it from time to time. It's not as if you have friends coming from afar. It's not like you are not aware of it. 愠(yùn), not a gentleman
1. I recall that when I was young, I could look directly at the sun with my eyes wide open. My eyesight was very good. Whenever I encountered small things, I had to observe them carefully. Because of its texture, you can often feel the joy of transcending the things themselves.
In the summer night, the mosquitoes made a thunderous cry. I compared them to a group of cranes flying in the sky. When I thought about it, there were literally thousands of white cranes in front of me. Looking up at them, Even my neck became stiff. I left a few mosquitoes in the white tent and slowly sprayed them with smoke so that they flew and screamed into the smoke, forming a picture of white cranes on the blue clouds. It was really like a group of cranes screaming on the edge of the blue clouds. Makes me very happy.
I often squat down in places with uneven earth walls or overgrown weeds on flower beds, making my body as high as the platform. I regard the grass as a forest, and the insects and mosquitoes as wild beasts. Treating the bulging parts of the clod as hills and the depressed parts as ravines, I traveled around this realm based on my imagination, feeling happy and satisfied.
One day, I saw two small insects fighting in the grass. I squatted down to observe. I was very interested. Suddenly, a huge beast came up from the mountain and knocked down the tree. It turned out that It was a toad, and as soon as it stuck out its tongue, it ate up both bugs. I was very young at the time, and I was fascinated by what I saw, and I couldn't help but scream in surprise. When he regained consciousness, he caught the toad, whipped it dozens of times, and drove it to another yard.