Every year after the college entrance examination, the number one scholar in each province is widely circulated, and countless parents envy him, and countless restaurants are waiting for him. It would be a great honor if the number one scholar's banquet could be hosted here. For a time, "No.1 scholar" became a hot topic.
But if you know something about the ancient imperial examination system in China, you will know that the so-called "No.1 scholar" at present is actually not a "No.1 scholar" at all, and may only be equivalent to an ancient "scholar", which is just a stepping stone to the official career. As for the current "number one scholar", compared with the previous "number one scholar" treatment, it is even more underground.
1. Let's learn about the ancient imperial examination system in China, so as to better continue the topic of "being the top scholar".
The ancient imperial examination system was divided into three levels in a big way, but it can be divided into five levels in more detail:
From the examination level map, the college examination is equivalent to our college entrance examination, once a year, the provincial and municipal examinations, in which the first name is "scholar" and the first name is "case head", which is equivalent to what we now call the top scholar in the provincial and municipal college entrance examination; Without passing the college entrance examination, you are not qualified to take the imperial examination later. This is a qualification certificate for taking the imperial examination, and it is also a stepping stone.
For those students who pass the examination, the students can study in local capital schools free of charge, with study allowance. Scholar takes part in the rural examination, with travel expenses and study allowance. And avoid the corvee and study with peace of mind. A scholar can be called a "student" when he sees an officer, and the other party will understand that this is a scholar and should be respected; In addition, scholars can engage in the enlightenment education industry, that is, private school teachers, work and study.
after having obtained a rural examination, it is equivalent to a national competition in which the best candidates from all over the country take part. It is held once every three years, and the whole country is unified. Let's compare it with modern undergraduate education. In the exam, the name is Juren, and the first name is Xieyuan (Tang Bohu is it). Juren's treatment is simply too good to be wanted: tax exemption. And have the qualification of alternate grassroots officials. When we meet, we should call you "Master Juren" or "Some Master". Because your land is not taxed, there will be more and more tenant farmers and land attached to your family, and you will become richer and richer. This is where the ordinary big landlords come from (those noble families who were given a lot of land by the emperor are not in this range). Why did Fan Jin, who was promoted by Fan Jin, go crazy with joy after being promoted by Fan Jin? Because he broke away from the "working people" class and officially entered the "landlord" class, he can not only be the local rich man, but also have the opportunity to upgrade to the official position. After Fan Jin's promotion, the servants who sent him money, food, land and houses were all local big landlords, indicating that everyone had accepted him to join the ranks of landlords, and the old landlords' acceptance of the new landlords had another meaning. The old landlords themselves had lost their ambition and focused on cultivating the next generation, while the new landlords would continue to move up in the imperial examination and probably enter the ranks of formal officials. Fan Jin later achieved the level of provincial education minister.
The examination is to formally select candidates from juren to enter the officialdom. Because the examination is conducted in only a few courtyards in the country, the successful candidates are called "Gong Sheng". As long as they pass the examination, they will officially enter the officialdom. What should I do if I don't get the qualification of "Gong Sheng"? First of all, you are still a juren, and you deserve a lot of treatment; Second, you can continue to take the exam, and your qualification is always valid. This level is equivalent to the current postgraduate selection. Tang Bohu Tang Jieyuan, whom we are familiar with, was falsely accused of plagiarism in the process of taking part in the examination, deprived of all fame and treatment, and forbidden to take the imperial examination for life.
palace examination, the place where the emperor worked, was called the "Temple". When he attended palace examination, the emperor personally looked at the talents in this session and graded them. In fact, ministers can also do a good job in grading, but in order to show the emperor's emphasis on talents, the emperor should personally select the three best people, that is, "No.1", "No.2" and "Exploring Flowers". The top three are a level, called A, which is called giving Jinshi and; The rest of the tribute students will be divided into dimethyl (with Jinshi origin) and top three (with Jinshi origin). This level can be compared with modern doctoral students. As for the "number one scholar", it is probably equivalent to the first place in the national entrance examination for doctoral students.
what's the difference between the ancient science and technology system and the modern education system?
First of all, the ancient imperial examination is more difficult than the modern examination. In ancient times, learning depended on oneself and family, and there was no compulsory education system in the country. Therefore, the phenomenon of being born in a poor family was very rare. Most of the children who were really qualified and qualified to study were "rich and noble" children and those who were rich. Therefore, knowledge is monopolized, and then politics is monopolized. It is not easy to give "poor children" opportunities unless you are particularly excellent or have special opportunities. Therefore, we can remember that those famous scholars, such as Fan Zhongyan, are rare species. On the one hand, they are really excellent enough. On the other hand, they are also in a good era. The imperial examination system received high courtesy in the Song Dynasty, and at that time, various ways were taken to prevent exam fraud, such as pasting the names of candidates in the exam paper, and finding someone to copy the answers in the exam again.
The modern education system is compulsory from primary school to high school in our country. Compared with the ancients, we are so happy. There are many universities to choose from when we graduated from high school. The ancients had no choice. Their competition is much greater, but it is also much more affordable. If we take a step forward, we will enter the officialdom.
the second difference is that the imperial examination system is a system of selecting officials by the state, but the modern education system is not.
the original intention of the imperial examination system is to select outstanding talents for the country. Scholars are all aiming at this goal. Nowadays, education is more about the popularization of knowledge, the inheritance of culture and the development of intelligence, and it is not the ultimate and only goal to enter the officialdom.
2. It's finally the turn of the top scholars to play.
In ancient times, the number one scholar had a specific meaning, that is, he was the first in the last examination of palace examination in the imperial examination system, the best among the good and the best among the excellent. After having obtained the provincial examination, the first name is Xieyuan, the first name is Huiyuan, and the first name is Champion in palace examination. They are the first in the country in the three-level exam in a row, which is the so-called ternary sum. The number one scholar is the top figure in the imperial examination pyramid in China, and winning the exam means "becoming famous in one fell swoop".
In the history of the imperial examination from Sui Dynasty to Qing Dynasty for more than 13 years, * * * produced 596 literary champions and 182 martial arts champions. And it is rare to be able to "connect the three elements" in palace examination after having obtained the provincial examination. In history, the exact number of "three yuan in a row" should be 19, including 16 Chinese champions and 3 Wushu champions.
Three names in the Tang Dynasty: Cui Yuanhan, the first person in China's "Lian Zhong San Yuan", has seven poems in Complete Tang Poetry. Wu yihuang. Zhang Youxin's "Jian Cha Shui Ji" is another important research work on tea ceremony in China after Lu Yu's "Tea Classic".
Sun He, a famous writer in the Song Dynasty, wrote more than ten refutations to Shi Tong, with 4 volumes of collected works handed down from generation to generation. Wang Zeng, the official to the prime minister, was famous when he was in Renzong. He was wise except Ding Wei Song dynasty, and his achievements were outstanding. He wrote Wang Wenzheng's Official Record, which was handed down from generation to generation. Song Yu lived in phase for a long time. Yang yi. Feng Jing. Wang Yansou, honest and frank, upright and upright, is the prime minister.
one from Liao dynasty: Wang Tang.
one Jin dynasty: Meng songxian.
one in the yuan dynasty: Wang chongzhe.
two people in Ming dynasty: Huang Guan, palace examination advocated in his strategy that "stationing troops in the traffic jam, ploughing and keeping them, refusing them when they come, and preventing them when they go, can disturb China's national yuan and worry about the border yuan", and won the first place in six exams (county exam, government exam, college exam, provincial exam, general exam and palace examination). At that time, people said that "there are three yuan in the world, and there are six poems in the world."
Shang Lu, outspoken and upright, was a minister in the same dynasty as Yu Qian, and was a senior official in the official department, which was praised by the world as "a generation of sages". He is the author of Shang Wenyi's Sketch, Shang Wenyi's Collected Works, Zheshan Pen Dust, as well as books compiled by Song and Yuan Dynasties as a Mirror, Universal Annals and so on.
two in Qing dynasty: Qian Bai. Chen Jichang, the official governor of Jiangsu Province, is the author of "Storing Poems as Words" and "palace examination Policy".
the military imperial examination, also a kind of imperial examination system, is a companion product of the "literary imperial examination", which started intermittently with the Wu Zetian period. There are only four martial arts champions in the history: Yin Feng, an official worshiper, who fought against Japan with Yu Dayou and made great achievements. Wang Mingshi. Wang Yubi, running the army is quite effective. Gu Lin.
because of the differences in historical data and different versions, the specific quantity is slightly different. From the profiles of the above characters, we can see that those top scholars are basically "big cows", and there are not many mediocre people after entering the officialdom.
The papers of the top scholars:
The top scholars in ancient times:
Wen Tianxiang, the top scholar in the Southern Song Dynasty, was known as the "top scholar among the top scholars" for his lofty patriotism and national integrity. Weng Tonghe, the top scholar of Qing Dynasty, actively supported Kang Youwei and promoted the Reform Movement of 1898. In the Tang Dynasty, Guo Ziyi was an official in Xuanzong, Suzong, Daizong and Dezong all his life, and served as prime minister twice. He was the only one among the top military scholars in the past dynasties who was promoted from the top military scholar to the prime minister. Wang Wei, the champion of Kaiyuan in Tang Dynasty, achieved the highest achievements in poetry and painting among the champions of all previous dynasties. Liu Gongquan, the No.1 scholar in Tang and Yuan Dynasties, achieved the highest achievement in calligraphy among the No.1 scholars in previous dynasties. Kou Zhun, Fan Zhongyan, Wang Anshi, Zhang Juzheng, Sima Guang, Ouyang Xiu and other famous people are all top scholars. There is also a scholar who is not well-known in the literary world, but in the Jianghu, he belongs to Daniel. He is Huang Shang, the scholar in Song Shenzong, and Song Huizong advocates Taoism. He ordered Huang Shang to collect Taoist classics in the world and print them into "Wan Shou Dao Cang". According to his prototype, Jin Yong regarded him as the author of Jiuyin Zhenjing.
In ancient times, those who had the opportunity but failed to become the top scholar for various reasons: Su Dongpo and Du Fu.
When Su Dongpo took the imperial examination, Ouyang Xiu was the examiner, because he thought the examinee's answer sheet was too good and the handwriting was good. It was probably his own student Ceng Gong, and he was afraid of others gossiping, so he gave him the second place. Who knows, after opening the book, he found that it was a Sichuanese named Su Shi. If Su Dongpo's story is still comic, Du Fu's story is an out-and-out tragedy. In an imperial examination in Xuanzong period of Tang Dynasty, the examiner was Li Linfu, who was the prototype of the "honey-mouthed sword". This guy is particularly worried about capable people coming up, so he won't admit any of them, and he said to Tang Xuanzong with great joy, Your Majesty, we have done a great job, and all the good talents are already in court. Tang Xuanzong was so proud that there was a examinee named Du Fu who cried himself unconscious in the toilet.
3. finally, talk about the treatment.
Today's "top scholars" just choose a good university for further study. What will happen in the future is unknown. Those top scholars in ancient times, once released, immediately officially entered the officialdom and got paid. Cross-horse parade, see all the Chang 'an flowers in one day, once famous in the world, the local government immediately went to the top scholar Lang's house to congratulate him, put up a plaque, and gathered in a big way, and senior officials at the central level scrambled to marry a daughter ... That's nothing! It won't be like the current "top scholars", and their families spend money to pull banners and set off firecrackers in hotels to congratulate themselves.
But the champion won't immediately become a county official and other real officials. Generally, the advanced Hanlin Academy awards six or seven products for editing, or the Hanlin Academy compiles, or writes as a lang, a secretary lang, or repairs national history, or teaches as a son of heaven, and slowly learns his qualifications. Their starting point is much higher than that of the students who were born in Jinshi who went to make county magistrate, and they are all court officials, who have benefited a lot. As for being a son of heaven and a prince, the future is even more promising, such as Zhang Juzheng.
now, do you already know the difference between the "top students" in the college entrance examination and the "top students" in ancient times?