Excuse me, how to appreciate seals (seal cutting)

Although China's seal is not as free as calligraphy and as bright and dark as painting, it has a simple and profound feeling, which contains China people's unique aesthetic taste and rich philosophy. Feng Zikai, a master of art, once said that seal cutting (China seal or seal) is "operating within a square inch, appreciating it almost unscathed, judging its density and distinguishing its beauty." Therefore, "calligraphy and painting are of the same origin, books are deeper than paintings, and stones are deeper than books." We can appreciate China's seal from two aspects, one is the artistic beauty of China's seal, and the other is the material beauty of China's seal. Generally speaking, the beauty of printing art can be divided into four parts: printing, printing, printing spectrum and printing decoration. To appreciate seal script, we must first master the characteristics of artistic expression techniques such as calligraphy, composition and knife cutting, and then understand the interest and implication contained in the content of seal script, and then savor it carefully and experience it slowly. Printers who have always made achievements in calligraphy attach great importance to calligraphy, and "making no mistakes" is an important prerequisite to ensure the appreciation value of seals. Calligraphy is the art of writing. If you can't even read, there is no artistic appreciation. The reason why seals have been respected and loved by intellectuals in past dynasties is precisely because of his difficulty and the challenges and temptations brought by his difficulty. What is easy to get is neither challenging nor attractive, not to mention the appreciation value. For connoisseurs, understanding seal script has become the primary task. The method of seal printing is the method of position arrangement and overall layout between words and lines. Reasonable rules and regulations can give people high-grade enjoyment, while unreasonable rules and regulations can make people know at a glance that the details are insufficient or even fake. The basic requirements of rules and regulations are balance, honesty, generosity and correctness. Most of the rules and regulations in China and India are based on this, and further require naturalness and vividness for negotiation and pondering. It is difficult and complicated for ancient people to cut copper and carve jade with knives. Good stone is extremely suitable for stress, just like good paper is subject to pen and ink, where the iron pen passes, stone chips are scattered, showing the effect of natural cracking, leaving traces of lines and bearing the vigorous stone flavor of Gu Zhuo. Knife method can be roughly divided into two types: punching knife and cutting knife. Punch and knife moves quickly, rushing thousands of miles, much like the brushwork of calligraphy, which can show vigorous momentum; The cutting knife moves slowly, and it cuts continuously with a short-distance kitchen knife, one step at a time, just like a pen in calligraphy, which can show vigorous, concise, heavy and steady breath. Sometimes the combination of the two knife methods is better. Interest and Significance As we know, many writers, poets, painters and calligraphers in the past dynasties have a special liking for seals, and many Indians also work as painters and calligraphers. They often use some allusions, idioms, poems or rude words as the content of idle chapters, which can often surprise and be interesting. When we appreciate such sentences, we will also find them particularly interesting and interesting. In China, Yin Zhangshi has a long history. Since ancient times, Yin Zhangshi has always been the embodiment of literati's mind and thought. There is a poem by Lu You that says, "Flowers are things that can't be explained, but stones are the most inexhaustible." Yin Shi, with its unique colors, patterns, phonology, rigidity and softness, and modeling, silently conveys meaning and silences the existing voices. As early as the Warring States to the Western Han Dynasty, talc was used to make seals, but its stone quality was poor and it was only used for human sacrifices. Later, ancient seals appeared, mostly made of durable copper and jade. At the end of Yuan Dynasty, Wang Mian, a famous painter in Zhejiang, carved his own seal with opal, which can be said to be the beginning of Yin Zhangshi's crowding into the forest of art. In the middle of Ming Dynasty, Wen Peng accidentally got four baskets of Qingtian frozen stones used to make women's jewelry in Nanjing and tried to carve his own seal. Since then, seal cutting has risen among literati. After several generations of development, Yin Zhangshi has become increasingly rich, with diverse carriers and different forms. Among them, Shoushan stone, Qingtian stone, feldspar stone and Bahrain stone are the most beautiful. [Changes of seal names in past dynasties]: Before the Qin Dynasty, official seals and private seals were both called "seals" (also called "bells"). After Qin unified the six countries, it was stipulated that the emperor only called "Feng" and his subjects only called "Feng". In the Han Dynasty, kings and queens also called it "seal". Don Wu Ze changed his name to "Bao" because he thought "seal" and "death" were homophones. From the Tang Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, the old system was followed, and "seal" and "treasure" were used together. Han general print called it "Zhang". After that, according to people's habits, seals have various names, such as "seal", "seal", "record", "Zhu Ji", "covenant", "seal", "pledge" and "seal".

[Origin of Ancient Seals]: China's lettering, the oldest of which are Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Zhou and Qin stone carvings in Yin Ruins. All words engraved on gold, copper, jade and other materials are generally called "Jinshi". The seal is contained in the "stone". The origin of Xi seal, or three generations, or Yin dynasty, is still inconclusive. According to relics and historical records, it appeared at least in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period and was widely used in the Warring States Period. At first, it was only used as a voucher for commodity exchange. After Qin Shihuang unified China, the scope of the seal was expanded to represent the rights and interests of those in power, and it was held by those in power as a tool for ruling the people.

[Use of Ancient Seal]: After the Han Dynasty, the use of paper became more common. After the seal was dipped in watermark color, it was covered with a wok, and then there was inkpad. Before that, most documents were written on bamboo slips. In order to avoid the loss of bamboo slips and seal the contents of documents, a piece of wood with a square groove was added to the written bamboo slips and tied with a rope. Put the knot in the square groove, add a piece of soft mud, and press the seal with mud. This kind of soft clay, which hardens after drying, is the seal that we see today for filling soft clay. It is clear in white, and it is better to engrave it on paper, so there are many white seals in big bones. There are also some extra-large seals, on which wooden handles can be inserted, which are specially used to brand horses as marks, and may also be used as seals for large items.

[How are the ancient seals handed down]: Most of them are ancient seals handed down from ancient cities, rivers and ancient tombs. Some were abandoned by the defeated in the war in exile, while others were abandoned by the dead in the battlefield. At that time, the practice was that the engine was handed over to the seal seized on the battlefield, and officials had to take off the seal after transferring their posts and dying. Many others, such as official posts with names, auspicious seals, Xiao seals, etc. Generally, they are sacrificial offerings, not physical objects. Other pottery and standard measuring tools in the Warring States period, as well as gold coins from some countries, were all stamped with seals and recorded with the names of craftsmen or icons, which were also handed down.

[Ancient seal of Warring States]: Ancient seal is the general name of pre-Qin seal. Most of the earliest seals we can see now are ancient seals in the Warring States period. Many words of these ancient seals are still unknown to us. Most ancient seals in Zhu Wen are equipped with wide edges. The strokes of the seal are very fine, and they are all cast. The ancient seal script in white language is made by adding more side bars or vertical grids in the middle, and the characters are cast and chiseled. In addition to the names of Sima and Situ, the official seal has various irregular shapes, and the content is also engraved with auspicious words and vivid objects.

[Qin seal]: Qin seal refers to the seal that was popular from the end of the Warring States Period to the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, and the character used is Qin Zhuan. Look at its calligraphy style and Qin and Han dynasties, Qin stone carvings and other characters are very similar, are more popular and easy to understand than the ancient prose of the Warring States period. Qin seals are mostly carved in white with a square surface. The official seal used by junior officials is about half the size of the general square official seal and is rectangular, which is called "semi-pass seal". Private seals are generally rectangular, but also round and oval. In addition to official names, personal names and Kyrgyz, there are proverbs and idioms such as "respecting things", "thinking about success" and "being harmonious with the people".

[Official Seal of Han Dynasty]: Broadly speaking, it is the general name of official seal from Han Dynasty to Wei and Jin Dynasties. Compared with Qin Zhuan, the seal is more neat, straight, square and vigorous in style. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the handicraft industry was very developed, so the official seal ("Xin" was the name of Wang Mang's dynasty) was particularly exquisite and vivid in the times, and the seal art of the Han Dynasty reached its peak. Therefore, it became a model for later seal engravers to learn. The official seals of the two Han dynasties are mostly white, all of which are cast. Only a few troops are in urgent need of carving the official seal of the brothers instead of casting it, which will be introduced later.

[China Private Seal]: The private seal in China is a private seal in Han Dynasty, which is the largest and richest in ancient seals. Not only do they have different shapes, but they are all made of cinnabar and white, or decorated with patterns such as four spirits, and there are also multi-sided printing, overprinter (mother-child printing) and hook printing. In addition to the name, the printed words often include Ji language, native place, table characters, and auxiliary words such as "seal", "private seal" and "letter seal". The button system is extremely diverse, which fully shows the ingenuity of craftsmen in the Han Dynasty. Private printing in the Han Dynasty was still dominated by white, engraving in the Western Han Dynasty and chiseling and casting in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

[General seal]: General seal is also a kind of official seal of China. These seals are often temporary dispatches on the way to March, and they are engraved on the printed surface with a knife, which is also called "urgent printing". Pu Yin's unique style is full of interest and has a great influence on his later artistic style. In the Han dynasty, generals used seals, which are generally called "seals" rather than "seals", which is a major feature of military seals.

Han: Two handfuls of Han are very precious and rare in ancient seals. "Dai Yu" was also an elegant fashion of famous officials and celebrities in ancient times. Generally, the jade seal is well-made, with rigorous composition and rounded strokes. At first glance, the strokes are straight and upright, but they have no intention of stagnation. Because jade is hard and not easy to be cut by a knife, a special seal cutting technique, the so-called "knife cutting method", has emerged. Because jade is not easy to corrode and damage, it preserves its true colors.

[Seal of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties]: The official seal, private seal form and button system in Wei and Jin Dynasties followed the Han Dynasty, but the casting method was not as beautiful as that in Han Dynasty. The official seal handed down from generation to generation by brothers is like a knife, and the calligraphy style naturally came into being in Xu Ya-sheng, becoming the representative of seal cutting style in a period. There were not many seals handed down from ancient times in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, but the official seal was slightly larger, and the words were hastily carved, but the official seal was not cast.

[Bai Zhu]: Bai Shuwen's alternate printing style is very clever in China printing. It is said that it originated in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Its ways are extremely diverse, and the position arrangement and word number of Bai Zhu characters can be flexibly changed without restriction. The number of seals cited here can be seen. Bai Zhu's principle is to look at the number of strokes, while Zhu Wen mostly has more strokes, Zhu Wen mostly has fewer strokes, while Bai Wen does the opposite, thus achieving the harmonious effect of Zhu Bairu and Bai Ruzhu. Most of these seals are privately printed and not used for official seals.

[Mother Seal]: Mother Seal, also known as "Xi Seal", originated in the Eastern Han Dynasty and prevailed in the Wei, Jin and Six Dynasties. It is a seal composed of two or three seals. A person's stomach is empty, and one or two baby seals can be properly inserted to form the shape of a mother's pocket. There are also two seals on one side (such as the "country one" seal in the right column) to form a group of three parties. There are several seals in the volume of one seal, which shows the technical level of ancient printing.

[Six-sided printing]: Six-sided printing is rare. This kind of "convex" print has a hole in the nose, which can be worn, and a small print on the nose, together with the other five printing surfaces, is called six-sided print. The typical style of six-sided printing handed down from ancient times is a white band with one line for each word, which is dense on the top and sparse on the bottom. The vertical strokes of the seal are long and drooping, and the tip is as sharp as a hanging needle, so it has the common name of "hanging needle seal". Although this style has the advantages of stroke stretching and contrast, it is easy to become vulgar, far less than that of China and India, so seal engravers have only done it occasionally. The Changes of Seal Culture in China During the Pre-Qin Period, official seal and private seal were both called "seals". After Qin unified the six countries, it was stipulated that the emperor's seal was called "seal" and his subjects were only called "seal". In the Han dynasty, princes also called it "seal". Tang changed its name to Bao because it felt that "seal" was similar to "death" (some people said it was the same as "interest"). From the Tang Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, the old system was followed, and "seal" and "treasure" were used together. Han general print called it "Zhang". After that, according to people's habits, seals have various names, such as "seal", "seal", "record", "Zhu Ji", "covenant", "seal", "pledge" and "seal". The origin of ancient seals: the carved characters in China, the oldest of which are the stone carvings of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Zhou and Qin in Yin. All words engraved on gold, copper, jade and other materials are generally called "Jinshi". The seal is contained in the "stone". The origin of Xi seal, or Shang Dynasty, or Yin Dynasty, is still inconclusive. According to relics and historical records, it appeared at least in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and it was widely used in the Warring States Period. At first, it was only used as a voucher for commodity exchange. After Qin Shihuang unified China, the scope of the seal was expanded to prove the rights and interests of those in power, and it was held by those in power as a tool for ruling the people. Seal is also called "seal". It was called "seal" in ancient times. After Qin unified the six countries, the emperor used the word "seal" to refer to jade, so later generations called it "jade seal"; Both official and private use were renamed "seal". In the Han Dynasty, the official seal was called "seal" and "seal". After the Tang Dynasty, emperors used or called "Bao", and official and folk names also included "Ji", "Unji", "Fangguan", "Seal" and "Hua". The form of writing changes with the times and has different styles. It is generally believed that the appearance and use of seals began in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The seals in the pre-Qin and Qin and Han dynasties were mostly used as seals and bamboo slips, and the seals were stamped on the mud to prevent private disassembly for credit reporting. And the official seal is like exerting power. Bamboo slips on the back barrel are easily made of paper and silk, and the use of sealing mud is gradually abandoned. Zhu Caihong's seal is not only used for daily life, but also for calligraphy and painting inscriptions, so it has become a unique work of art in China. In ancient times, copper, silver, gold, jade and glass were used as printing materials, followed by teeth, horns, wood and crystals, and lithographs prevailed after the Yuan Dynasty. Most of the ancient seals handed down from ancient times came from ancient city ruins, rivers and ancient tombs. Some were abandoned by the defeated in the war in exile, while others were abandoned by the dead in the battlefield. At that time, the practice was that the engine was handed over to the seal seized on the battlefield, and officials had to take off the seal after transferring their posts and dying. Many others, such as official posts with names, auspicious seals, Xiao seals, etc. Generally, they are sacrificial offerings, not physical objects. Other pottery and standard measuring tools of the Warring States period, as well as gold coins of some vassal States, were all stamped with seals, and the names of craftsmen or symbols with icons were recorded, which were also handed down. The ancient seal of the Warring States period is the general name of seals in the pre-Qin period. Most of the earliest seals we can see now are ancient seals in the Warring States period. Many words of these ancient seals are still unknown to us. Most ancient seals in Zhu Wen are equipped with wide edges. The strokes of the seal are very fine, and they are all cast. The ancient seal script in white language is made by adding more side bars or vertical grids in the middle, and the characters are cast and chiseled. In addition to the names of Sima and Situ, the official seal has various irregular shapes, and the content is also engraved with auspicious words and vivid objects. Qin Zhuan refers to the seal that was popular from the end of the Warring States Period to the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, and the characters used are called. Look at its calligraphy style and Qin and Han dynasties, Qin stone carvings and other characters are very similar, are more popular and easy to understand than the ancient prose of the Warring States period. Qin seals are mostly carved in white with a square surface. The official seal used by junior officials is about half the size of the general square official seal and is rectangular, which is called "semi-pass seal". Private seals are generally rectangular, but also round and oval. In addition to official names, personal names and Kyrgyz, there are epigrams and idioms such as "respecting things" and "being friendly to the people", which are elegant and beautiful in style. It was learned by later Chinese-Indian seal engravers. In a broad sense, the official seal of Han Dynasty is the general name of official seal from Han Dynasty to Wei and Jin Dynasties. Compared with Qin Zhuan, the seal is more neat, straight and square, and its style is vigorous and solemn. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the handicraft industry was very developed, so the official seal ("Xin" was the name of Wang Mang's dynasty) was particularly exquisite and vivid in the times, and seal cutting in the Han Dynasty also reached its peak, becoming a model for later seal engravers to learn. The official seals of the two Han dynasties are mostly white, all of which are cast. Only a few troops urgently need and carve the official seal of the brotherly country, instead of casting it. China Private Seal China Private Seal is a private seal in the Han Dynasty, which is the largest and richest kind of ancient seals. Not only do they have different shapes, but they are all made of cinnabar and white, or decorated with patterns such as four spirits, and there are also multi-sided printing, overprinter (mother-child printing) and hook printing. In addition to the name, printed characters often include Ji language, native place, table characters, and auxiliary characters such as "seal", "private seal" and "letter seal". The button system is extremely diverse, which fully shows the ingenuity of craftsmen in the Han Dynasty. Private printing in the Han Dynasty was still dominated by white, engraving in the Western Han Dynasty and chiseling and casting in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Han Ba Han is very precious and rare in ancient printing. "Dai Yu" was also an elegant fashion of famous officials and celebrities in ancient times. Generally, the jade seal is well-made, the composition is rigorous and the brushwork is euphemistic. At first glance, the strokes are straight and upright, but they have no intention of stagnation. Because jade is hard and not easy to be cut by a knife, a special seal cutting technique, the so-called "knife cutting method", has emerged. Because jade is not easy to corrode and damage, it has been passed down from generation to generation, which better preserves its true colors. Official seal. In the pre-Qin period, India was commonly known as India. After Qin unified the six countries, there were two kinds of "seal" (imperial use) and "seal" (official private use). All the official seals of the past dynasties have their own systems. Generally, it is larger than private printing, more square, and has a nose button, so the layout of printing is naturally stretched and not chaotic. In the Qin Dynasty, four seal characters were used for printing, and the number of words ranged from slender white characters to Japanese, which was dense, natural and vivid. Under the Qin system, emperors, empresses and princes called it "seal", while Liehou, Cheng Xiang, Qiu, left and right generals, township pavilions, subordinates of generals and county guards all called it "seal", and generals called it "seal". Wu Zetian changed her name to "Bao" because she thought the seal sounded ominous. This kind of seal was often used in Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. When the printing size is more than 4 inches, the print button is changed to a straight handle, which is called "print handle" to demonstrate its strength. Yuan is printed in Mongolian. In the Ming Dynasty, nine-fold printing was also related to the prevention and rectangular official seal, which was more embellished and rough. The Qing dynasty combined seal script and Manchu into one. The official seal, private seal and button system in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties followed the Han Dynasty, but the casting method was not as beautiful as China's seal. The official seal handed down from generation to generation by brothers is like a knife, and the calligraphy style naturally came into being in Xu Ya-sheng, becoming the representative of seal cutting style in a period. There were not many seals handed down from ancient times in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, but the official seal was slightly larger, and the words were hastily carved, but the official seal was not cast. The official seal since the Sui and Tang Dynasties reached the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and the number of seals began to increase. With the wide application of paper, Zhu Wen gradually replaced Bai Wen. Many official seals began to engrave year numbers on the back. In terms of characters, Sui seal was used more, and the "10% off" printing was started (the number of "nine" in ancient times was the ultimate, and it didn't have to be 10% off to get the name. Can vary with the complexity of the strokes) to fill the printed surface. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, official script printing began. The official seal of the Qing dynasty is Manchu, which is used in both Chinese and Chinese, and is engraved in one seal. The official seals left by the ignorant peasant regimes in the Qing Dynasty are also cultural relics worth cherishing. Since Song and Yuan Dynasties, Zhu and Wei and Jin Dynasties, paper and silk have gradually replaced bamboo slips. By the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the use of seals had directly covered the seals and cymbals. In the Yuan Dynasty, when literati painting was in its heyday, the seals written by literati and engraved by printers had been integrated into poetry, calligraphy and painting, which played a bright role in embellishment and was loved by painters. At this stage, firstly, Zhao Mengfu, a painter and calligrapher at the end of Song Dynasty, strongly advocated seal cutting. Due to the influence of Li's seal script on calligraphy, the seal script is smooth and elegant, forming a unique seal script-"round" seal, which was adopted by later seal engravers. Under the influence of Han culture, brothers since Song Dynasty created their own characters based on China's calligraphy, and handed them down from generation to generation with their characters as official seals. The seals they have seen are Jin Guo (Jurchen) book, Yuan Dynasty Basiba script and Xixia script, many of which are still unknown. A form of translucent seal. The seals used by low-ranking officials in Qin and Han Dynasties are straight rectangles, which are about half of the square official seals, hence the name. Private seals are also rectangular. Most of the public and private bamboo slips in ancient China were written on bamboo slips and wooden slips. When sealing, tie it with a rope, check the wood at the end or intersection of the rope, seal it with mud, and stamp it as a credit check to prevent the phenomenon of private demolition. Mud seal, also known as "mud seal", is not a seal, but a relic of an ancient seal-a dry and hard mud mass covering the ancient seal. Because the original seal was a negative seal, the clock became a positive seal on the mud, and its edge was a mud surface, so it formed a wide edge and different edges. Pipa was used from the Warring States Period to the Han and Wei Dynasties, until after the Jin Dynasty, when paper, silk and silks gradually replaced bamboo slips and wooden slips, pipa could not be used. Later seal engravers borrowed these precious seal engraving rubbings for printing, thus expanding the range of seal engraving methods. Private seal is a general term for seals other than official seals. The system is complex, in terms of shape, there are single-sided printing and double-sided printing (that is, wearing tape printing, mother-child printing, hook printing, six-sided printing, beading, overprinting and so on). ); In terms of characters, there are name seals, courtiers seals, Zhaitang Pavilion seals, poetry seals, collection seals, auspicious language seals, flower seals, pictographic seals, palindromes seals and so on. Auspicious words are used as the seal of auspicious words. It is often printed in Italy, happiness, longevity, wealth, daughters and children. Qin has a small seal: "Get rid of the disease, Yongkang Hugh, Wan Shouning." There are also names with Kyrgyz characters on the top and bottom. It is more common in double-sided printing in Han Dynasty. Tape printing (also known as "double-sided printing") is a kind of private printing. There are holes on the left and right sides of the print, so it can be worn, hence the name. The upper and lower sides of the seal are engraved with seals, and most of them are engraved with names and numbers on one side, so it is also called "double-sided printing". Prevalent in the Han Dynasty. A private printing in red and white. Zhu Bai's double-sided printing is common in Han Dynasty, including one Zhu Yi Bai, one Zhu Yi Bai, two Zhu Yi Bai, two Zhu Yi Bai, three Zhu Yi Bai and so on. Generally, there is a distinction between Bai Zhu and Bai Zhu. Zhu Wen has fewer strokes and Bai Wen has more strokes. Bai Wen is listed as all white, which makes Bai Zhu bring out the best in each other and the whole seal is harmonious. Bai Zhu's principle depends on the number of strokes. Most of Zhu Wen's strokes are less, but the opposite is true, thus achieving the harmonious effect between Zhu and Zhu. Most of these seals are used for private printing, not official printing. Mother seal, also known as "Xi seal", is a seal made up of two or three seals. Most printing languages are Zhu. It began in the Eastern Han Dynasty and flourished in the Wei, Jin and Six Dynasties. Generally, buttons such as beasts and turtles are cast, with the external seal as the mother, the buttons as the mother, the internal seal as the child and the buttons as the child, which can be nested in the big seal to synthesize the shape of the mother holding the child, so it is called "mother seal". If there is a mother button for the animal's body and a child button for the animal's head, they are combined into a complete animal shape, which is also called overprint. There are one mother and one son overprinter, one mother and three sons and two overprinter, etc. There are several seals in the volume of one seal, which shows the technical level of ancient printing. Overprint is a seal composed of large and small stamps. The "mother seal" in Han Dynasty is one of the overprinting. Overprinting is divided into several layers. If there are as many as five or six layers, each layer (that is, each side of the quilt cover) can be engraved. The last layer is a small square seal, which can be engraved on six sides. After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, overprinter was made of copper, stone and teeth for portability. Pictographic seals, also known as "pattern seals" and "small seals", are the general names of seals engraved with patterns. Ancient pictographic prints are generally engraved with figures, animals and other images. , wide range of materials, simple and simple, concise and vivid. There are many white characters, one is a pure picture, and the other is a picture with words. Most of what we see today is from the Han Dynasty. The pictures printed on the case were from the Warring States to the Han and Wei Dynasties, with the Han Dynasty as the most. Also known as Xiao seal or pictographic seal. Various forms, concise and vivid, in addition to figures, birds and animals, chariots and horses, auspicious sheep, fish, geese and so on. , generally printed with auspicious four spirits (dragon, tiger, sparrow, phoenix), also known as "four spirits seal". Chiseling (also known as "urgent printing") generally refers to a method of carving-chiseling on prefabricated metal marks; Also refers to the seal carved in this way. Its printed texts are patchy, mostly in general print and official seals issued by ethnic minorities, which were popular in the Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. According to legend, its origin is that military attache is often eager to appoint, and the seals are mostly hastily carved, so it is also called "urgent seal". This method was imitated by later seal engravers. Method of making metal seal by casting and printing. Usually, a wax mold is carved first, clay is used as a model around the mold, and molten metal is poured into the mold. Therefore, casting is also called "wax removal". In ancient casting and printing, only the embryo was cast and printed, then carved and carved; At the same time, it is cast with marks and seals. The seal is exquisite, neat and unique, which was adopted by later seal engravers.